‎Abraham‎

‎Mills, Abraham‎

‎The Poets And The Poetry Of The Ancient Greeks: With A Historical Introduction 1858‎

‎paperback. Good. Access codes and supplements are not guaranteed with used items. May be an ex-library book. paperback‎

Référence libraire : 1165613948.G ISBN : 1165613948 9781165613946

‎Mills, Abraham‎

‎The Poets and the Poetry of the Ancient Greeks: With an Historical Introduction and a Brief View of Grecian Philosophers Orators and Historians‎

‎hardcover. Good. Access codes and supplements are not guaranteed with used items. May be an ex-library book. hardcover‎

Référence libraire : 101839186X.G ISBN : 101839186X 9781018391861

‎Milos Forman director; Phil Bray and Jaromir Komarek still photographers; Peter Shaffer screenwriter; F. Murray Abraham Tom Hul‎

‎Amadeus Original French poster for the 1984 film‎

‎Los Angeles: Orion Pictures 1984. Vintage French moyenne poster for the 1984 US film. Winner of eight Academy awards including Best Picture Best Director Best Adapted Screenplay and both Best Supporting Actor and Best Actor. <br/><br/>Adapted from Peter Shaffer's 1979 play of the same name the film presents a fictionalized account of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart's life as well as that of his "rival" Antonio Salieri. <br/><br/>Set in Vienna shot on location in Prague Kromeriz and Vienna. <br/><br/>24 x 32 inches folded. Near Fine with two small stains to the verso. <br/><br/>Ebert II. Orion Pictures unknown books‎

Référence libraire : 140060

‎Minadoi, Giovanni-tommaso/ Matthee, Rudi (Introduction by)/ Hartwell, Abraham (Translator)‎

‎The War Between the Turks and the Persians: Conflict and Religion in the Safavid and Ottoman Worlds‎

‎I B Tauris & Co Ltd 2021. Paperback. New. 296 pages. 9.68x7.44x0.61 inches. I B Tauris & Co Ltd paperback‎

Référence libraire : x-0755642759 ISBN : 0755642759 9780755642755

‎Mindel, Abraham Simon‎

‎Russian Commercial Correspondence: Letters Idioms Grammatical Notes and Full Vocabulary Classic Reprint‎

‎paperback. Good. Access codes and supplements are not guaranteed with used items. May be an ex-library book. paperback‎

Référence libraire : 0364085460.G ISBN : 0364085460 9780364085462

‎Mini M Abraham‎

‎Academic Deliberations on Words Visuals and Beyond‎

‎2019. New. English unknown‎

Référence libraire : Raj-9789388742122 ISBN : 9388742125 9789388742122

‎Minkowycz, W J (Editor)/ Sparrow, E M (Editor)/ Abraham, J P (Editor)‎

‎Nanoparticle Heat Transfer and Fluid Flow‎

‎CRC Pr I Llc 2012. Hardcover. New. 1st edition. 342 pages. 9.25x6.25x0.75 inches. CRC Pr I Llc hardcover‎

Référence libraire : x-1439861927 ISBN : 1439861927 9781439861929

‎Mirvis, Philip (Editor)/ Shani, Abraham B (Editor)/ Worley, Christopher G (Editor)/ Mohrman, Susan Albers (Editor)‎

‎Building Networks and Partnerships: Vol 3‎

‎Emerald Group Pub Ltd 2013. Hardcover. New. 301 pages. 9.00x6.25x1.25 inches. Emerald Group Pub Ltd hardcover‎

Référence libraire : x-1781908869 ISBN : 1781908869 9781781908860

‎Mishika, Abraham Woncheso‎

‎Factors Influencing Employee Voice Behavior‎

‎LAP LAMBERT Academic Publishing 2019. Paperback. New. 212 pages. 8.66x5.91x0.48 inches. LAP LAMBERT Academic Publishing paperback‎

Référence libraire : __6200290539 ISBN : 6200290539 9786200290533

‎Misson (Maximilien - Chabrol (Jean-Paul) [ Protestantisme]‎

‎Le théâtre sacré des Cévennes.‎

‎Les éditions de Paris, 1998. In-8, br., couverture ill rempliée, 208 pp., Présentation de Jean-Pierre Richardot et introduction en 37 pp.par Jean Paul Chabrol. Fané et en bon état.‎

‎Publié à Londres en 1707, Le Théâtre sacré des Cévennes est un document capital pour comprendre le climat religieux dans lequel ont vécu les protestants du Languedoc, soulevés contre Louis XIV de 1702 à 1705 pour défendre le libre exercice de leur religion. Autour des dépositions de quatre prophètes-camisards (Élie Marion, Durand Fage, Jean Cavalier de Sauve et Abraham Mazel), l'écrivain Maximilien Misson a sollicité plusieurs Cévenols, réfugiés à Londres, pour qu'ils apportent leur témoignage sur le prophétisme, le moteur de cette insurrection populaire. En replaçant l'histoire de ce texte fondateur dans son contexte londonien, l'historien Jean-Paul Chabrol présente une lecture nouvelle de cet ouvrage incontournable pour comprendre la guerre des Camisards.« C'est une pleine réussite à la mesure de ce document de première importance. » Philippe Joutard Mise à jour du Samedi 27 Juin 2026. Paiement PayPal immédiat, Mondial Relay pour : France, Allemagne, Autriche, Belgique, Espagne, Italie, Portugal, Luxembourg, Pays-Bas, Pologne (Communiquer votre point ou locker si connu). Une participation supplémentaire peut être demandée pour les colis lourds hors France où les envois compris entre 5 et 25 kg sont dégressifs : 2 à 4 kilogrammes - 7.99 / 5 à 10 kg - 15.99 / 15 -25 kg - 25.99. Certaines de nos collections ( Vian, Céline, Camus (...) peuvent être expédiées en Franco de port. Pour linternational hors Europe (Suisse, Canada, Japon, Etats-Unis, les frais dexpéditions peuvent varier selon le poids (mise à jour : 1 juin 2026).‎

Référence libraire : 21129

‎Mitchell, Maggie (1832-1918). American actress who was a friend of John Wilkes Booth yet admired by Abraham Lincoln; and Daboll,‎

‎AUTOGRAPH SENTIMENTS SIGNED by the American actress MAGGIE MITCHELL together with An AUTOGRAPH SENTIMENT SIGNED by the American character actor W.S. DABOLL.‎

‎<p>New York May 12th and July 26th 1886. 1886. Very good. - Two autograph sentiments alternately penned on 4 inch high by 4-3/8 inch wide and 4-7/8 inch high by 4-3/8 inch wide paper mounted with glue from the verso onto both sides of sheet clipped from an autograph album. The first penned by the famous American actress reads "With much pleasure / Yours truly / Maggie Mitchell / May 12th - 1886". The second penned by the American character actor reads "Very Truly Yours / W.S. Daboll / N.Y. City / July 26th 1886". Both were once folded and are in very good condition.</p><p>Born in New York the American actress Maggie Mitchell 1832-1918 made her debut in 1851 as Julia in "The Soldier's Daughter". She earned much fame for her roles in Jane Eyre Mignon Little Barefoot and Fanchon the Cricket. Once a supporter of the Confederacy she was a close friend of John Wilkes Booth but she later moderated her views and was admired by Abraham Lincoln who enjoyed her performances at Ford's Theatre and had her over for tea in the Executive Mansion.</p><p>The prominent American actor W.S. Dobell d 1892 was known for his role as Ravennes in a popular comic opera "Erminie". At the age of 35 Daboll committed suicide by poison on August 23 1892 while in Boston engaged to appear in "Puritania" at the Tremont Theatre.</p> New York, May 12th and July 26th, 1886.‎

Référence libraire : 101012

‎MIZRAHI, Elijah ben Abraham‎

‎Sefer Elijah Mizrahi al HaTorah.‎

‎Furth Itzik ben Leib Buchbinder 1763. . 4to; restored publisher's half-calf marbled covers almost entirely perished spine rubbed and chipped at the top end; some browning to leaves a stamp and an old ownership inscription to title; 2 241 ll.<br /> Commentary on Rashi's commentary on the Pentatuch with a schematic map of Israel from the collection of Yosef Asher Pollock a 19th-century rabbi whose books were posthumously gifted to various collections.<br /><br />Elijah ben Abraham Mizrahi a.k.a. Re'em c. 1455-1525 or 1526 was a Constantinople rabbi and mathematician who became the Chief Rabbi of the Ottoman Empire in 1495 a post which he held until his death. As part of the role Mizrahi had a seat in the divan assigned to him by the Sultan beside the Mufti and above the Patriarch of the Christians. He had written several works in his lifetime but considered this to be his most important one. 'Sefer HaMizrahi' as it's known is a super-commentary on Rashi's commentary on the Torah and is counted as one of the most important works on the subject. It was first published in Venice in 1527 after Mizrahi's death by his son Israel. Israel edited his work adding a preface to it in which he asked the readers in case they were unable to understand certain passages not to criticise his father but to apply to Israel for explanations instead.<br /><br />In this edition Rashi's commentary is printed in block letters while the Biur Mizrahi commentary appears in Rashi script. On reverse of l.211 there is a schematic map of Israel drawn primarily in straight lines with its east side facing upward. This map was first printed in 1717.<br /> Vinograd Furth 292. Furth, Itzik ben Leib Buchbinder, 1763. unknown‎

Référence libraire : 109205

‎Mlombo, Abraham (Author)‎

‎Southern Rhodesia–South Africa Relations 1923–1953: Political Social and Economic Ties‎

‎Palgrave Macmillan 2020. Hardcover. New. 229 pages. 8.27x5.83x0.56 inches. Palgrave Macmillan hardcover‎

Référence libraire : x-3030542823 ISBN : 3030542823 9783030542825

‎Mlombo, Abraham,‎

‎Southern Rhodesia-South Africa Relations 1923-1953‎

‎like new. unknown‎

Référence libraire : 43663509 ISBN : 3030542858 9783030542856

‎Mlombo, Abraham‎

‎Southern RhodesiaSouth Africa Relations 19231953: Political Social and Economic Ties Cambridge Imperial and Post-Colonial Studies‎

‎paperback. Good. Access codes and supplements are not guaranteed with used items. May be an ex-library book. paperback‎

Référence libraire : 3030542858.G ISBN : 3030542858 9783030542856

‎Mo Abraham‎

‎Personal Development with Success Ingredients: Step-By-Step Guide for Success Wealth & Happiness‎

‎Paperback / softback. New. paperback‎

Référence libraire : A9781523606603 ISBN : 1523606606 9781523606603

‎Mo Abraham‎

‎Personal Development with Success Ingredients: Step-by-Steb Guide for Success Wealth & Happiness‎

‎Paperback / softback. New. paperback‎

Référence libraire : B9781523644551 ISBN : 1523644559 9781523644551

‎MODENE, Leo de; Abraham GODART (transl); Richard SIMON‎

‎Kerk-zeeden ende gewoonten die huiden in gebruik zijn onder de Jooden. Uit het Italiaans van Leo de Modene. . Waar by noch een tweede deel is gevoegt welkers opschrift is: Vergelyking de Joodsche Kerk-zeeden met de Leere der Kerke … door de Hr. Simonville ende in ’t Nederduitsch vertaalt door A. Godart.‎

‎Amsterdam 1683. 8vo. Timotheus ten Hoorn Contemporary vellum manuscript title on spine. With an engraved frontispiece dated 1684 of a circumcision and 4 folding engraved plates ca. 14 x 17 cm of a Jewish wedding a Jewish divorce a refusal to marry the widow of your brother and a circumcision. Also with woodcut vignettes on the title pages and woodcut initials. 2 works in 1 volume issued as 1. 64 200 10; 201 =203 4 pp. First edition of the Dutch translation of Léon de Modene’s Historia degli riti hebraici 1637. The translation was made by the minor Utrecht poet Abraham Godart fl. 1666-1683 after the French translation which had appeared in 1682 in The Hague Céremonies et Coustumes … parmi les Juifs The Hague Adriaan Moetjens 1682 and which was made by Richard Simon 1638-1712 a French priest member of the Oratorians who was an influential biblical critic orientalist and controversialist - Simon was early at odds with the Port-Royalists and Antoine Arnauld himself - using many pseudonyms such as here the pseudonym ‘Simon Ville’.The French translator Richard Simon added his own comments in a separate book Comparaison des ceremonies des Juifs which was also printed in 1682 in The Hague by the same publisher of Modene’s work Adriaan Moetjens. The Dutch translator Abraham Godart also translated Simon’s additional text and the Amsterdam printer Timotheus ten Hoorn not only combined these two works in one book but also added the frontispiece and the plates of the 1682 French translation in reverse. At least six further editions of the two translations appeared from 1693 till 1744. Binding a little dust-soiled somewhat waterstained. Overall in good condition.l STCN 100016928 8 copies; cf. Yaacob Dweck The Scandal of Kabbalah: Leon Modena Jewish Mysticism Early Modern Venice. Princeton Princeton University Press 2011. hardcover‎

Référence libraire : ABC_46148

‎Moheban, Abraham Levi‎

‎The Encyclopedia of Antique Carpets: Twenty-Five Centuries of Weaving‎

‎Princeton Architectural Press 2015-12-15. Slp. hardcover. Used: Good. 9.38x3.25x15.38. Buy with confidence. Excellent Customer Service & Return policy. Princeton Architectural Press hardcover‎

Référence libraire : SONG1616893877 ISBN : 1616893877 9781616893873

‎Moheban, Abraham Levi‎

‎The Encyclopedia of Antique Carpets: Twenty-Five Centuries of Weaving‎

‎Princeton Architectural Press 2015-12-15. Slp. hardcover. New. 9.38x3.25x15.38. Buy with confidence. Excellent Customer Service & Return policy. Princeton Architectural Press hardcover‎

Référence libraire : DADAX1616893877 ISBN : 1616893877 9781616893873

‎Mohr Abraham Menahem Mendel‎

‎Dagul me-revavah : sefer toldot melekh rav Napole on ha-rishon kesar erets Tsarfat .‎

‎Czernowitz: Gedruckt bei Johann Eckardt 1855. Boards. Good-. 228 pp. In Hebrew ex library with stamps and pocket taped spine with white titles boards worn Gedruckt bei Johann Eckardt hardcover‎

Référence libraire : 272337

‎Moine, Abraham Le‎

‎A Treatise On Miracles: Wherein Their Nature Conditions Characteristics And True Immediate Cause Are Clearly Stated‎

‎paperback. Good. Access codes and supplements are not guaranteed with used items. May be an ex-library book. paperback‎

Référence libraire : 1245035630.G ISBN : 1245035630 9781245035637

‎Moivre Abraham de‎

‎Annuities upon lives: or the valuation of annuities upon any number of lives; as also of reversions. To which is added an appendix concerning the expectations of life and probabilities of survivorship‎

‎Dublin: re-printed by and for Samuel Fuller 1731. Second edition "corrected" 8vo A-R4; woodcut initials head- and tail-pieces text diagrams and tables throughout; 20th-century green cloth gilt-lettered spine; ex-Northwestern National Life Ins. Co. Minneapolis with their rubber stamps; some shallow losses to front endpaper edges textblock foxed else very good and sound. An early actuarial treatise by one of the founders of the science of life-contingencies which was first published in 1725 and dedicated to the Earl of Macclesfield see DNB XIII p. 536. See Morrison 1690 for the first edition. <br/><br/> re-printed, by and for Samuel Fuller hardcover books‎

Référence libraire : 44795

‎MOIVRE Abraham de‎

‎The Doctrine of Chances: or A Method of Calculating the Probability of Events in Play‎

‎Engraved vignette on title and engraved head- & tailpieces. 2 p.l. xiv 175 pp. Large 4to cont. mottled calf expertly rebacked & recornered by Aquarius spine richly gilt red morocco lettering piece on spine. London: W. Pearson for the Author 1718. First edition and a fine copy of this classic on the theory of probability; it is dedicated to Isaac Newton who was a personal friend of the author. "His work on the theory of probability surpasses anything done by any other mathematician except P.S. Laplace. His principal contributions are his investigations respecting the Duration of Play his Theory of Recurring Series and his extension of the value of Daniel Bernoulli's theorem by the aid of Stirling's theorem."-Cajori A History of Mathematics p. 230. Nice copy. &#10087; Babson 181-"He was among the intimate friends of Newton to whom this book is dedicated. It is the second book devoted entirely to the theory of probability and a classic on the subject." Stigler The History of Statistics pp. 70-85. Tomash M 114. unknown books‎

Référence libraire : 2989

‎MOIVRE, Abraham de‎

‎'De Mensura Sortis seu de Probabilitate Eventuum in Ludis a Casu Fortuito Pendentibus' pp. 213-264 in Philosophical Transactions Vol. XXVII. For the Years 1710 1711 and 1712‎

‎London: Printed for H. Clements . and W. Innys . and D. Brown 1712. First edition. <p>First edition published in the Philosophical Transactions and de Moivre's first published work on probability-the earliest original contribution to the subject to appear in Britain. This pioneering paper laid the groundwork for his later masterpiece The Doctrine of Chances 1718 the definitive English-language textbook on probability theory for over a century. As Hald notes "Nearly all of De Mensura Sortis was later incorporated into The Doctrine of Chances . the most important textbook on probability theory until the publication of Laplace's Théorie Analytique des Probabilités 1812."</p>. <p>THE FOUNDATION OF THE DOCTRINE OF CHANCES</p> . <p>First edition contained in a complete volume of the Phil. Trans. of de Moivre's first published work on probability and the first original work on the subject published in Britain a precursor to his Doctrine of Chances which appeared seven years later. "De Moivre's work on the theory of probability surpasses anything done by any other mathematician except Laplace. His principal contributions are his investigations respecting the Duration of Play his Theory of Recurring Series and his extension of the value of Daniel Bernoulli's theorem by the aid of Stirling's theorem" Cajori p. 245. "The only systematic treatises on probability printed before 1711 were Huygens' De ratiociniis in ludo aleae 1657 and Pierre Rémond de Montmort's Essay d'analyse sur les jeux de hazard 1708. Problems which had been posed in these two books prompted de Moivre's earliest work and incidentally caused a feud between Montmort and de Moivre on the subject of originality and priority" DSB. "Nearly all of De Mensura Sortis was later incorporated into de Moivre's book The Doctrine of Chances 1718 1738 1756 which was the most important textbook on probability theory until the publication of Laplace's Théorie Analytique des Probabilités 1812. In the preface de Moivre states that he began his work on probability theory at the exhortation of Francis Robartes who asked him to solve the division problem for two gamesters playing bowls and also to find the probability of getting certain given faces as the outcome of a given number of throws with a die. He also states that he had previously read the books by Huygens and Montmort 'but these distinguished gentlemen do not seem to have employed that simplicity and generality which the nature of the matter demands.' Furthermore he writes that 'while they suppose that the skill of the gamesters is always equal they confine this doctrine of games within limits too narrow.' Finally his remarks about Montmort may be read as if Montmort had used only the method of Huygens on some new examples. These rash remarks naturally provoked a dispute with Montmort" Hald 1984 pp. 230-1. "The most remarkable of de Moivre's contributions in De mensura sortis are his derivation of the ruin probability in Huygens' fifth problem; his use of the Poisson approximation to solve the binomial equation Bc n p = ½ with respect to n; his solution of the occupancy problem by means of the method of inclusion and exclusion and the algorithm for the continuation probability in the duration of play for the ruin problem. Furthermore he gives without proof the probability of getting a given number of points by throwing any given number of dice and the probability of ruin when one of the players has infinitely many counters. The only contemporary evaluation of these impressive results is the critical review given by Montmort in a letter of 5 September 1712 to Nicholas Bernoulli about a month after Montmort had received a copy of the paper from de Moivre . Montmort recognizes de Moivre's priority to the Poisson approximation to Robartes' problem and to the algorithm for finding the continuation probability in the problem of the duration of play" Hald 2003 pp. 403-4. No copies in auction records.</p> <br /> <p>Provenance: Toft Hall in Cheshire England seat of the Leycester family since the 14th century bookplate on front paste-down.</p> <br /> <p>De Moivre's interest in probability was awakened by Francis Robartes 1649-1718 Member of Parliament and scion of an aristocratic family. In 1692 Robartes wrote a manuscript on two probability problems that he presented to the Royal Society but never published and in the following year he succeeded in publishing another paper on probability. In 1710 Robartes helped John Harris with his article entitled "Play" in Harris's scientific dictionary Lexicon Technicum. Robartes devised an algorithm that Harris used to extract the appropriate terms in a binomial expansion in order to solve the problem of the division of stakes. At some point over the years 1708 to 1710 Robartes received a copy of Montmort's Essay which he showed to de Moivre. He also gave de Moivre three challenge problems of his own devising to work on. "Once de Moivre had solved the first problem within a day of Robartes posing it Robartes gave de Moivre the other two problems to work on while at the same time encouraging him to write on probability. The encouragement proved fruitful. De Moivre finished his manuscript on probability during a holiday that he spent at a country house possibly Robartes's. On June 11 1711 de Moivre submitted his manuscript to the Royal Society. The Society's Journal Book quietly marked the beginning of a new era for probability in England with the note 'Mr. De Moivre presented a Treatise Intituled de Probabilitate Eventum in Ludo Alea This Treatise was Ordered to be printed in the Transactions.' The treatise with the title De Mensura Sortis or 'Of the measurement of lots' comprises an entire issue Number 329 of Philosophical Transactions. At 52 journal pages it is more than three times longer than anything else de Moivre had written to that date" Bellhouse p. 70.</p> <br /> <p>De Moivre begins De Mensura Sortis with two basic definitions from which many of his results are derived. The first comes directly from Huygens's De ratiociniis. For two players A and B contending for a stake of value a A has p chances to win and B has q. The expected value for each player follows what Huygens obtained: ap/ p q for A and aq/ p q for B. The second definition may have come from Edmond Halley or Francis Robartes. If an event can happen in p ways and fail to happen in q and a second event can happen in r ways and fail to happen in s then all the chances for events happening or failing are in the product p qr s or pr qr ps qs. For example pr is the number of ways both events can happen and ps is the number of ways that the first event happens and the second fails. This is the approach that Halley used in evaluating joint life annuities in his 1693 paper on mortality data from the city of Breslau .</p> <br /> <p>"De Moivre finishes the introduction by saying that if the first event is repeated n times then the total number of chances in the game is given in the binomial expression p qn. When this expression is expanded it may be written as a sum containing terms of the form piqn-imultiplied by an appropriate coefficient where i represents the number of times the event happens and n - i represents the number of times it fails the sum of the first c terms of this expansion is denoted Bc n p . The binomial expansion becomes the motif for the paper . At the beginning nine of the first ten problems there are some simple variations on the use of the expansion of p qn and then at the end the last seven problems the expansion is used to solve a very complex problem the problem of the duration of play. In the middle there are several solutions to a number of challenge problems taken from various sources including the three from Robartes" Bellhouse p. 73.</p> <br /> <p>Problems 1 3 and 4 are relatively straightforward applications of the binomial distribution. Problem 1 is to find the chance of throwing an ace two or more times in 8 throws with a single die. Problem 3 is to determine the chances of A and B winning a single game supposing that A can give B two games out of three. Problem 4 is similar.</p> <br /> <p>In problems 5 to 7 de Moivre considers the problem of finding the number of trials that gives an even chance for getting at least one success but fewer than some given number of successes c say. This means he has to solve the equation Bc - 1 n p = ½ for n when c and p are given. De Moivre considers the two extreme cases p = ½ and p tends to 0 of which the first is easy by symmetry. De Moivre shows that as p tends to 0 Bc - 1 n p tends to e-mmultiplied by the sum of the first c terms in the series expansion of em in powers of m where m = np/1 - p de Moivre was not able to express the result this way because our notation for the exponential function had not yet been invented. This result the 'Poisson approximation' to the binomial distribution played a very important role in later developments. "There has been some discussion of whether it is reasonable to contend that de Moivre found the Poisson distribution" Hald 1984 p. 231 more than a century before Simeon-Denis Poisson. </p> <br /> <p>Problems 2 3 4 and 10 are on the division of stakes or 'problem of points'. "Consider a series of games with two players A and B where in each game A has probability p and B probability q = 1 - p of winning a point. If play stops when A lacks a points and B lacks b points in winning how should the stake be divided between them De Moivre proves that A's probability of winning equals the sum of the last b terms of the expansion of p qab-1 and B's probability of winning equals the remaining a terms. This result had already been derived by Johann Bernoulli in 1710 in a letter to Montmort but it was not published until 1713 . In Problem 8 de Moivre generalizes to k players say and gives the solution as the sum of the appropriate terms of the multinomial pl p2 . pknl-k n being the total number of points lacking. He points out that certain terms have to be divided among the players depending on the permutation of the p's.</p> <br /> <p>"In Problems 16 and 17 he gives the solution of Robartes's problem: the division problem for two gamesters playing bowls. In each game B say gets a number of points equal to the number of his bowls which is nearer to the jack than any of A's bowls. By combinatorial methods de Moivre finds the probability of getting i points in a single game assuming that the players have the same number of bowls and are of the same skill. The division problem is then solved by recursion" Hald 1984 pp. 231-2.</p> <br /> <p>Problems 11 12 and 13 are related to the first two of the five problems Huygens posed at the end of his De ratiociniis. "In these problems the players take turns in a specified order until one of them wins. De Moivre gives the solution as the sum of an infinite series" ibid. p. 232.</p> <br /> <p>Problem 15 is 'Waldegrave's problem' James Waldegrave 1684-1741 later the first Earl Waldegrave was a British diplomat living in Paris who himself published nothing in mathematics. "Let there be n 1 players A1 . An1 of equal skill. Players A1 and A2 play a game and the loser pays a crown to a common stock and does not enter the play again until all the other players have played; the winner plays against A3 and the loser pays a crown to the stock and so on. If the winner of the first game beats all the rest the play is finished; if not the play goes on each player coming in again in turn until one player has beaten in succession all the other players and he then receives all the money in the stock.<br /> The problem is to determine</p> <br /> <br /> the probability of each player winning the stock;<br /> the expectation of each player; and<br /> <br /> the probability of a given duration of the play.<br /> <br /> <p>"In a letter to Bernoulli of I0 April 1711 Montmort writes that the problem has been proposed to him and also solved by Waldegrave for three players. Independently de Moivre formulated and solved the problem for three p1ayers in De Mensura Sortis 1712" Hald 2003 p. 378. "De Moivre solves this problem by means of conditional expectations. First he supposes that A beats B in the first game. On this assumption the play may end with A as winner in the second fifth eighth . game. The probabilities of A for reaching these games and winning are ½ ½4 ½7 . Hence the expected stake plus fines may be found and subtracting A's expected fine his conditional expectation results. Under the same assumption B's expectation is obtained. The unconditional expectation is then found as the average of the two conditional expectations" Hald 1984 p. 232.</p> <br /> <p>Problems 18 and 19 are 'occupancy problems' the third type of problem posed to de Moivre by Robartes: Find the probability pn that f specified faces occur at least once in n throws with a die having k faces. De Moivre calculates pn by means of the method of 'inclusion and exclusion'. In Problem 19 he solves the equation pn = ½ under the assumption that f is small compared to k.</p> <br /> <p>Problem 9 is a generalization of the 'gambler's ruin problem' the fifth of Huygens's problems in De ratiociniis. "Consider two players A and B having a and b counters respectively. In each game A has probability p and B has probability q = 1 - p of winning and the winner gets a counter from the loser. The play continues until one of the players is ruined. What is the probability of A being ruined Huygens's fifth problem is obtained for a = b = 12" ibid. Problems 20-26 are a continuation of the discussion of the ruin problem: what is the probability that the play ends at the nth game or before Problem 25 is the case when A has infinitely many counters; de Moivre states the result without proof.</p> <br /> <p>"Although the publication date is given as 1711 De Mensura Sortis was not in print until 1712. Shortly after its publication de Moivre sent copies of the issue to several people in England including Edmond Halley Isaac Newton and de Moivre's fellow chess player at Slaughter's Coffeehouse the Earl of Sunderland. De Moivre's friend Pierre des Maizeaux handled several copies that were bound for the Continent. Using his connections in the Republic of Letters des Maizeaux sent copies of De Mensura Sortis to Abbé Jean-Paul Bignon at that time the French minister of state with responsibility for the Académie Royale des Sciences. Bignon wrote to des Maizeaux on September 24 1712 saying that the copies he received had been distributed. He also enclosed a letter from Montmort to de Moivre thanking him for his treatise; the letter has not survived. Whatever he thought personally about de Moivre's treatise Montmort was adhering to the code of civility in the Republic of Letters by sending the letter of thanks. Other people on the Continent receiving copies were Nicolaus Bernoulli Johann Bernoulli and Pierre Varignon. Johann Bernoulli received his copy via William Burnet a younger son of Gilbert Burnet Bishop of Salisbury; Bernoulli had asked Burnet to obtain a copy for him" Bellhouse p. 71.</p> <br /> <p>Abraham Moivre stemmed from a Protestant family. His father was a surgeon from Vitry-le-François in the Champagne. From the age of five to eleven he was educated by the Catholic Péres de la doctrine Chrètienne. Then he moved to the Protestant Academy at Sedan were he mainly studied Greek. After the latter was forced to close in 1681 for its profession of faith Moivre continued his studies at Saumur between 1682 and 1684 before joining his parents who had meanwhile moved to Paris. At that time he had studied some books on elementary mathematics and the first six books of Euclid's elements. He had even tried his hand at Huygens' 1657 tract without mastering it completely. In Paris he was taught mathematics by Jacques Ozanam who had made a reputation from a series of books on practical mathematics and mathematical recreations. Ozanam made his living as a private teacher of mathematics. He had extended the usual teachings of the European reckoning masters and mathematical practitioners by what was considered fashionable mathematics in Paris. Ozanam enjoyed a moderate financial success due to the many students he attracted. It seems plausible that young Moivre took him as a model he wanted to follow when he had to support himself. After the revocation of the Edict of Nantes in 1685 the Protestant faith was no longer tolerated in France and hundreds of thousands of Huguenots who had refused to convert to Catholicism emigrated to Protestant countries. Amongst them was Moivre who arrived in England in 1687. There he began his occupation as a tutor in mathematics. He also added a 'De' to his name probably because he wanted to take advantage of the prestige of a pretended noble birth in France in dealing with his clients many of whom were noblemen. An anecdote from this time which goes back to de Moivre himself tells that he cut out the pages of Newton's Principia of 1687 and read them while waiting for his students or walking from one to the other - the main function of this anecdote was to demonstrate that de Moivre was amongst the first true and loyal Newtonians and that as such he deserved help and protection in order to gain a better position than that of a humble tutor of mathematics. In 1692 de Moivre met with Edmond Halley and shortly afterwards with Newton. Halley ensured the publication of de Moivre's first paper on Newton's doctrine of fluxions in the Philosophical Transactions for 1695 and saw to his election to the Royal Society in 1697. Newton's influence concerning university positions in mathematics and natural philosophy persuaded de Moivre to engage in the solution of problems posed by the new infinitesimal calculus. In 1697 and 1698 he published the polynomial theorem a generalization of Newton's binomial theorem together with application in the theory of series. In 1704 de Moivre began a correspondence with Johann Bernoulli but Bernoulli's letters showed de Moivre that he lacked the time and perhaps the mathematical power to compete with a mathematician of this calibre in the new field of analysis. De Moivre ceased his correspondence with Bernoulli after he was made a member of the Royal Society commission to adjudicate in the priority dispute between Newton and Leibniz over the invention of calculus - continuing the correspondence may have made him appear disloyal to the Newtonian cause. When the Lucasian chair in mathematics at Cambridge was given in 1711 on Newton's recommendation to Nicholas Saunderson de Moivre realized that this only option was to continue his occupation as a tutor and consultant in mathematical affairs in the world of the coffee houses where he met his clients; additional income he could draw from the publication of books and from translations. He therefore turned to the calculus of games of chance and probability theory which was of great interest for many of his students and where he had few competitors in England.</p> <br /> <p>Hald 'A. de Moivre: De Mensura Sortis or On the Measurement of Chance' International Statistical Review 52 1984 pp. 229-262. Hald History of Probability and Statistics and their Applications before 1750 2003. Bellhouse Abraham de Moivre 2011. Cajori A History of Mathematics 1894.</p> <br/> <br/> 4to 218 x 168 mm pp. vi 555 with 13 plates a little browning and foxing. Contemporary calf sides decorated in blind with corner fleurons a little rubbed joints starting spine label mostly missing. A handsome copy with no restoration. Printed for H. Clements ... and W. Innys ... and D. Brown unknown‎

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