|
CURIE MARIE SKLODOWSKA. THE DISCOVERY OF THE RADIOACTIVITY OF THORIUM COINING THE TERM 'RADIOACTIVITY'
Rayons �mis par les compos�s de l'uranium et de thorium. Present�e par M. Lippmann. S�ance du Mardi 12 Avril 1898.
Paris Gauthier-Villars 1898. 4to. No wrappers. In: "Comptes Rendus Hebdomadaires des S�ances de L'Academie des Sciences" Tome 126 No 15. Entire issue offered. With htitle and titlepage to vol. 126. Pp. 1059-1110. Curie's paper: pp. 1101-1103. � First printing of this milestone paper being the first "Note" from Marie Curie about "radioactivity". This same "Note" contains a the fundamental observation: "Two uranium ores. are much more active than uranium itself. This fact. leads one to believe that these ores may contain an element much more active than uranium." This paper gives the first proof of the fact that radiation is an atomic property.<br><br>"Henri Becquerel discovered 1896 that uranium salts shielded from light for several months spontaneously emit rays related in their effects to Roentgen rays. Mme. Curie became enthusiastic about this subject filled with the unknown and as she later acknowledged involving no bibliographic research.<br>The first step in the research was to determine whether there existed other elements capable like uranium of emitting radiation. Abandoning the idea of hyperfluorescence couldn�t one calculate by electrical measurement the effects on the conductivity of air that were revealed by the gold-leaf electroscope Pierre Curie and his brother Jacques had constructed an extremely sensitive apparatus to measure weak currents; Mme. Curie employed it in testing both pure substances and various ores. In her first "Note" in the Comptes rendus"de l Acad�mie des sciences 12 April 1898 she described the method that she followed throughout her life the method that enabled her to make comparisons through time and crosschecks with other techniques:<br><br>"I employed. a plate condenser one of the plates being covered with a uniform layer of uranium or of another finely pulverized substance diameter of the plates eight centimeters; distance between them three centimeters. A potential difference of 100 volts was established between the plates. The current that traversed the condenser was measured in absolute value by means of an electrometer and a piezoelectric quartz. In general she preferred the zero method in which the operator compensates for the current created by the active material by manipulating the quartz. All of her students followed this procedure."DSB.<br><br>The first results came in 1898: the measurements varied between 83 � 10-12 amperes for pitch blende to less than 0.3 � 10-12 for almost inactive salts passing through 53 � 10-12 for thorium oxide and for chalcolite double phosphate of uranium and copper. Thorium would thus be "radioactive" the term is Mme. Curie�s; its radioactive properties were discovered at the same time independently by Schmidt in Germany. unknown
Referenz des Buchhändlers : 46852
|
|
|
RSTED OERSTED HC. THE DISCOVERY OF ELECTROMAGNETISM H. C.
Versuche �ber die Wirkung des electrischen Conflicts auf die Magnetnadel. Experimenta circa Effectum etc. Exp�riences sur l'effet du conflict �lectrique sur l'aiguille animant�e.
Leipzig Johann Ambrosius Barth 1820. Contemporary half calf. Raised bands gilt spine. Spine slightly rubbed. "Annalen der Physik. Hrsg. von Ludwig Wilhelm Gilbert" Bd. 66. Small stamps on verso of title-pages 2 and verso of plates. 12 426 pp. 1 folded table a. 3 engraved plates. The entire volume offered. Oersted's paper: pp. 295-304. Internally clean and fine. � First edition of the first German translation by Gilbert of Oersted's epoch-making announcement of his discovery of electromagnetism printed in the same year as the Latin original. The work originally appeared in Latin as "Experimenta circa effectum conflictus electrici in acun magneticam. Hafni� 1820"; this Latin pamphlet is impossibly scarce and only a few copies are known as it was privately printed in a very small number and was only distributed to colleagues in Europe. <br><br>This discovery and confirmation of the connection between 2 forces electricity and magnetism must be considered one of the happiest events in the history of science both with regard to scientific and practical results.<br><br>"From the moment that �rsted's discovery became known it created an enormous sensation. The results communicated were so astounding that they were received with a certain distrust but they were stated with such accuracy that it could hardly be permitted to entertain any doubts. In the course of a short time the treatise was translated into all the chief languages." Kirstine Meyer. <br><br>In a note Gilbert says that it is a word by word translation of Oersted's small Latin pamphlet "Eine fast w�rtliche Uebersetzung des einzeln gedruckten lateinischen de 21 Juli 1820 geschriebenen Viertel-Bogens de von Hrn. Oersted mehreren zugeschicht worden ist."<br><br>When Oersted's discovery became known to European physicists they became busy with testing Oersted's results; thus this volume of "Annalen" contains some important papers on electromagnetism in German: Gilbert: Untersuchungen �ber die Einwirkung des geschlossenen galvanisch-electrischen Kreises uaf die Magnetnadel. pp. 331-391; Biot & Savart: Von einer Abhandlung �ber die Magnetismus der Voltaischen S�ule The Law of Biot & Savart pp. 392-394 German extract; Yelin: Ueber den Zusammenhang der Electricit�t mit dem Magnetismus.mit einigen Zus�tzen von Gilbert.; Muncke: Einiges die Polarisierung des Lichtes und die Oersted'schen Versuche betreffend. The volume also contains first German editions of papers by Biot Gay-Lussac G.G. Schmidt Humphrey Davy etc.<br><br>Dibner:61 - PMM: 282 - Horblitt: 3 b. - Sparrow: 152. hardcover
Referenz des Buchhändlers : 43416
|
|
|
BRAUN FERDINAND. THE DISCOVERY OF SEMICONDUCTOR RECTIFIER EFFECT.
Ueber die Stromleitung durch Schwefelmetalle.
Leipzig Johann Ambrosius Barth 1874. 8vo. Contemp. hcalf. 5 raised bands gilt spine and gilt lettering to spine. A few scratches to spine. Small stamp on verso of first -and general- titlepage. In: "Annalen der Physik und Chemie. Hrsg. von J.C. Poggendorff" Sechste Reihe Bd. 3 = Poggendorff Bd. 153. X636 pp. 4 plates. Entire volume offered. Braun's paper: pp. 556-563. � First printing of Brown's importent paper in which he described his discovery of a semiconductor diode noting that electrical currents flows freely in only one direction at the contact between a metal point and a galena crystal.<br><br>"In 1874 Braun published the results of his research on mineral metal sulfides. He found that these crystals conducted electric currents in only one direction. This information was important in electrical research and in measuring another property of substances the electrical conductivity but Braun�s discovery did not have immediate practical application. In the early twentieth century the principle that Braun had discovered was employed in crystal radio receivers."DSB.<br><br>The Nobel Prize in Physics 1909 was awarded jointly to Guglielmo Marconi and Karl Ferdinand Braun "in recognition of their contributions to the development of wireless telegraphy". hardcover
Referenz des Buchhändlers : 49327
|
|
|
SOBRERO ASCAGNE. THE DISCOVERY OF NITROGLYCERIN.
Sur plusieur compos�s d�tonants produits avec l'acide nitrique et le sucre la dextrine la lactine la mannite et la glyc�rine.
Paris Bachelier1847. 4to. No wrappers. In: "Comptes Rendus Hebdomadaires des S�ances de L'Academie des Sciences" Tome XXIV No. 7. Pp. 209- 252. Entire issue offered. Sobrero's paper: pp. 247-248. Clean and fine. � First appearance of the paper in which Sobrero announced his discovery of nitroglycerin.<br><br>"When I think of all the victims killed during nitroglycerine explosions and the terrible havoc that has been wreaked which in all probability will continue to occur in the future I am almost ashamed to admit to be its discoverer." Sobrero<br><br>"Nitroglycerin was synthesized by the chemist Ascagne Sobrero in the middle of the nineteenth century. When he tasted it as all good nineteenth century chemists did when they discovered a new compound it gave him what he called a migraine because of its vasodilatory effect which was later harnessed in the treatment of angina by William Murrell 1879 following the experience of a distinguished British clinician Lauder Brunton using amyl nitrite 1867 <br> Later in the nineteenth century Alfred Nobel discovered how to stabilize nitroglycerin using kieselguhr diatomite clay; this led to highly successful industrial applications of dynamite and created the fortune that eventually funded the eponymous prizes. For medical purposes nitroglycerin was subsequently renamed glyceryl trinitrate to hide the fact that it was literally dynamite as well as metaphorically." unknown
Referenz des Buchhändlers : 48815
|
|
|
COURTOIS BERNARD ET AL. THE DISCOVERY OF IODINE.
D�couverte d'une substance nouvelle dans le Vareck. Annonc�e par M. Cl�ment. - Sur un nouvel acide form� avec la substance d�couverte par M. Courtois. - Note Sur la combinaison de l'iode avec l'oxig�ne; Par M. Gay-Lussac. - Lettre de M. Humphry Davy Sur la nouvelle substance d�couverte par M. Courtois dans le sel de Vareck. 4 Papers.
Paris J. Klostermann 1813. Contemp. hcalf. Spine gilt. A few scratches to binding. In: "Annales de Chimie ou Recueil de M�moires concernant la Chemie" Tome 88. - 336 pp. the entire volume offered. Pp. 304-310 311-318 319-321 a. 322-329. Scattered brownspots. � First printing of this paper announcing the discovery of Iodine. Courtois found this substance which he suspected to be a new element while burning algae in order to obtain sodium and potassium compounds. Although Courtois discovered the element in 1811 the announcement of it was not made until two years later after he had turned it over to Charles Desorm�s and Nicolas Cl�ment.<br><br>"The first publication on iodine are somewhat confusing. Courtois's research is found in a paper attributed to him the paper offered but actually the work of Cl�ment. was followed by an anonymous article the second paper offered. Gay-Lussac. who repeated and extended Courtios's work was responsible for this paper. Courtois himself published nothing. These two articles were immediately followed by short contributions of Gay-Lussac and Humphry Davy on the new element third and fourth paper offered. Gay-Lussacs views none too flattering to Davy on the history ofthe discovery of iodine appeared in his "M�moire sur l'iode" 1814."DSB III p. 455. - Weeks "Discovery of the Elements" pp. 257-262.<br><br>The volume contains further importent papers in chemistry Guyton de Morveau "Sur la chaux maigre" "Sur le dissolvant des pierres biliaires" an importent paper by Chevreul on animal fats "Recherches chimiques sur plusieurs corps gras et particulierement sur leurs combinaisons avec les alcalis" Berzelius's papers "M�moires sur la compositions des fluides animaux" first edition in French Suite first edition Parmentier etc. etc. unknown
Referenz des Buchhändlers : 43081
|
|
|
SZILARD LEO. THE DISCOVERY OF NUCLEAR CHAIN REACTION
Improvements in or relating to the Transmutation of Chemical Elements. British patent No.: 630726.
Leamington Spa His Majestry's Stationary Office by the Currier Press 1949 - Application date: 1934. 8vo. Extracted with traces after stitching in left margin. With a small stamp to top of first leaf. Fine and clean. 8 pp. 5 plates depicting 8 figures 2 of them being detached. � Scarce original printed patent for what is one of the most important invention in the second half of the twentieth century namely the nuclear chain reaction. Szil�rd realized that if a nuclear reaction produced neutrons which then caused further nuclear reactions the process might be self-perpetuating thereby anticipating Hahn and Strassman's discovery of fission by five years and the famous Fermi-patent patent no. 465045. PMM 422A by a year. Furthermore Szilard introduced the concept of a 'critical mass': "if the thickness is larger than the critical value . it can produce an explosion" from the present patent the earliest understanding that a chain reaction potentially can lead to an explosion - that is the Atom-Bomb.<br> <br>The patent was entirely theoretical when filed Szilard had no idea whether a nuclear chain reaction was possible or what materials might sustain one a fact which caused many of his colleagues initially to dismiss it as being too speculative. However after the discovery of fission in late 1938/early 1939 the visionary aspects of Szilard's work suddenly became evident. <br><br>Szilard filed for the patent in June 1934 and it was granted to him in April 1935. It was however not published until 1949 the reason for this was: <br>"Szilard had a theoretical understanding of what substances might work to release energy and produce radioactive substances via chain reaction. The funds he needed to confirm his theory were not available to him. By 1936 Szilard became so concerned about the possiblity of Nazi scientists understanding his patents and using them to construct an atomic bomb that he asked the British Patent Office to withdrew the patents and to assign them to the Royal Navy in secret. This was done. The patents were not published until 1949. In the meantime the patents were passed to the University of California San Diego. They reside in archives there today." Paul Langley's Nuclear History. <br><br>"Nuclear Scientist Szilard started work in nuclear physics in 1934 at St. Bartholomew�s Hospital London England and by the late 1930s he had become part of the distinguished group of top atomic scientists. In London Szilard started to experiment with Thomas A. Chalmers on radioactive elements. They produced a method for the separation of a radioactive element from the mass of the stable element. They also separated photo neutrons from beryllium a process that ultimately resulted in the possibility for inducing the fission process that was of critical importance for war-related nuclear research. This discovery later provided the key to the problem of the chain reaction. Szilard also found that radium-beryllium photo neutrons represented a useful tool in nuclear research. His British experiments proved of value for the discovery and investigation of neutron emission of uranium on which a chain reaction is based. Szilard was invited to the Clarendon Laboratory in Oxford in 1935." DSB.<br><br>In 1941 the Nobel laureate Eugene P. Wigner recalled that Szilard�s patent applications of 1934-1935 contained references to pure neutron chains in which the links of the chain are formed by neutrons of the mass number 1 alone. "In spring 1934 Szilard applied for a provisional British patent on a chain-reacting system based on the concept that beryllium may give off two neutrons when reacting with one slow neutron. A year later he filed a patent application a part of which was assigned to the British Admiralty as a sealed secret. Szilard�s patents described methods of production of fast protons one of which became the cyclotron as well as the production of radioactive elements by bombardment of fast protons and alpha-particles by neutrons. His patents also included a method for the artificial production of radioactive bodies based on a process discovered by Enrico Fermi." DSB unknown
Referenz des Buchhändlers : 53785
|
|
|
RUTHERFORD ERNEST NIELS BOHR CG. DARWIN. THE DISCOVERY OF THE 'PROTON'. C. G.
The Structure of the Atom. Rutherford Darwin: Collision of 'alpha' Particles with Light Atoms. Bohr: On the Effect of Electric and Magnetic Fields on Spectral Lines
London 1914. No wrappers but stiched. All three papers contained in: "Philosophical Magazine" Sixth Series Vol. 27. No. 159. March 1914. The whole issue issue offered =no. 159: pp. 397-540 and 2 plates.<br>Rutherford's paper.pp. 488-498. - Darwin's paper: pp. 499-506. - Bohr's paper: pp. 506-523. All clean and fine. � First edition and first printing of all three papers. Rutherford in this paper for the first time identifies the hydrogen nucleus and called it the 'positive electron'. He later called it 'the proton' . In his definitive paper of 1911 he estimated the radius of the nucleus a hundred thousand times smaller than that of an atom. Darwin in his paper offered here gave a more precise measure.<br>In the first lines of the paper Rutherford outlines the content "The present paper and and the accompanying paper by Mr. C. Darwin the second paper offered here deal with certain points in connection with the "nucleus" theory of the atom which were purposely omitted in my first communication on that subject Phil. Mag. May 1911. A brief account is given of the later investigations which have been made to test the theory and of the deductions which can be drawn from them. At the same time a brief statement is given of recent observations on the passage of alpha particles through hydrogen which throw importent light on the dimensions of the nucleus." - Rutherford had studies alpha-particles intensely in the years before 1914 and proved quite conclusively that the individual particle was a helium atom with its electrons removed. The alpha particles were like the positive rays that had been discovered by Goldstein 1886 and now in 1914 the paper offered Rutherford suggested that the simplest positive rays must be those obtained from the hydrogen and that these must be the fundamentall positively-charged particle. He names it a 'positive electron'.<br>Darwin in the paper offered "concluded from the known data:"No force proportional to some power of the distance other than the inverse square can give the dependence the Rutherford scattering cross section on the initial velocity" and he then calculated the distance of closest alpha-particle-nucleus approach.<br><br>The paper by Niels Bohr relates to "The Stark effect". In 1913 appeared "an importent new discovery: when atomic hydrogen is exposed to a static electrical field its spectral lines split the amount of splitting being proportional to thefield strenght the linear Stark effect. After Rutherford read this news in "Nature" he at once wrote to Bohr:'I think it is rather up to you at the present time to write something on.electric effects.'" A. Pais. Bohrs paper on The Stark effect appeared in 1914 the paper offered here. - Rosenfeld. Niels Bohr' publications No. 10. unknown
Referenz des Buchhändlers : 41545
|
|
|
CURIE IRENE et MF. JOLIOT. ANNOUNCING THE DISCOVERY OF ARTIFICIAL RADIOACTIVITY NOBEL PRIZE PAPER OF 1935. M. F.
Un nouveau type de radioactivit�. S�ance du 15 Janvier 1934.
Paris Gauthier-Villars 1934. 4to. No wrappers. In: "Comptes Rendus Hebdomadaires des S�ances de L'Academie des Sciences" Tome 198 No 3. Titlepage to vol. 198. Pp. 213- 292. Entire issue offered. The joint paper: pp. 254-256 a. 1 photographic illustration in the text. Titlepage with a stamp on verso 2 small tears and a tiny bit of upper right corner gone. Titlepage a bit browned. � First appearance of this seminal paper in which artificial radioactivity was announced for the first time. Curie and Joliot were awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1935 "in recognition of their synthesis of new radioactive elements".<br><br>"Until this date 1934 atomic nuclei emitting radiation were found in nature: it was called the natural radioactivity. It had been known since Rutherford that this natural radioactivity changed a nucleus into an other one: for instance radium becomes finally lead after many radioactive decays. We could say that lead does not become gold but gold becomes lead! But. this change of matter was not under control. It was not possible to construct the desired chemical element as the alchemist dreamed. But Irene and Frederic Joliot-Curie made the dream become almost reality."<br><br>"Another very important development in the early 1934 by the Joliot-Curies in connection with irradiation of aluminum by alpha particles. The two French scientists detected the production of the recently discovered positrons. . However they soon realized that the positron activity continued after the alpha source was removed and that they had in fact discovered positive beta radioactivity. The importance of the discovery of artificial radioactivity was immediately recognized and resulted in a Nobel Prize in chemistry to the Joliot-Curies in 1935. The new phenomenon immediately became widely employed in nuclear physics chemistry biology and medicine." Kragh Quantum Generations p. 187<br><br>"These elegant experiments which provided the first chemical proof of induced transmutations and showed the possibility of artificially creating radioisotopes of known stable elements were repeated and extended in the major nuclear physics laboratories of various countries " DSB.<br><br>Born on 12 September 1897 in Paris Ir�ne Curie was the daughter of Pierre and Marie Curie. "During World War I she worked as a nurse helping her mother operate radiography equipment and then studied physics and mathematics at the Sorbonne gaining a doctorate for studying the range of alpha particles. She then went to work for her mother at the Radium Institute. There she met Fr�d�ric Joliot whom she married in 1926. Fr�d�ric Joliot was born on 19 March 1900 in Paris - He joined the Radium Institute in 1925 and obtained his PhD in 1930. Together the Joliot-Curies worked on radioactivity and the transmutation of the elements. Twice they just missed major discoveries: in 1932 when Chadwick beat them to the neutron and in 1933 when Anderson discovered the positron. However in 1934 whilst bombarding light elements with alpha particles the Joliot-Curies noticed that although proton production stopped when the alpha particle bombardment stopped another form of radiation continued. The alpha particles had produced an isotope of phosphorus not found in nature. This isotope was radioactive and was decaying through beta-decay" DSB. unknown
Referenz des Buchhändlers : 47071
|
|
|
BECK GUIDO. ANTICIPATION OF THE DISCOVERY OF THE NEUTRON
�ber die Systematik der Isotopen.
Berlin Julius Springer 1928. 8vo. Bound in contemporary half cloth with gilt lettering In "Zeitschrift f�r Physik" Band 47 1928. Entire issue offered. Two stamps to title page otherwise fine. Pp. 407-16 one folded table. Entire volume: VII 1 914 pp. � First printing of Beck's important paper in which he anticipates the discovery of the neutron by four years a seminal contribution to the discovery of the nuclear shell model. <br><br>In 1914 Moseley introduced the periodic table and in 1925 Pauli explained the periodicity by enumerating the electrons fitting in shells surrounding the atomic nucleus.<br>"It became apparent that there are in general several different isotopes per element. . This was a problem of nuclear physics since isotopes of the same element differ only by their isotopes. A first attempt was made in late 1927 by Beck the present paper in Vienna who compiled a comprehensive table of known isotopes . The paper written more than four years before the discovery of the neutron is remarkable not so much for its results but for two nearly prophetic statements:" Brandt. The Harvest of a Century p. 317. <br><br>The prophetic statements in the present paper are: <br><br>1. "Die einfachste Annahme die man diesbez�glich machen kann ist dass man sich die Kerne analog wie die Elektronenh�lle der Atome schalenf�rmig aufgebaut denkt." i.e. The simplest assumption one can make in this respect it to imagine nuclei in analogy to the electron hull of atoms to be built up of shell.<br><br>2. "Die Gesetzm�ssligkeiten der Tabellen lassen aber hoffer dass das Pauliprinzipund der Spin sich auch auf dem Gebiet der Kerne als Wegweiser bew�hren werden." i.e. The regularities observed in the table of isotopes allow to hope that the Pauli principle and the spin will prove of value as guideposts also in the field of nuclei. hardcover
Referenz des Buchhändlers : 49089
|
|
|
ROBIQUET PIERRE JEAN THE DISCOVERY OF THE FIRST AMINO ACID.
Essai analytique des asperges;
Paris Chez Bernard AN XIII 1805. No wrappers. In: "Annales de Chimie ou Recueil de M�moires." Vol. 55 Cahier 2 30 Thermidor an XIII. Pp. 113-224 entire issue offered. Htitle to vol. 55 present. Robiquet's paper: pp. 152-171. � First appearance of Robiquet's first chemical paper in which he relates his discovery of asparagine by analysis of asparagus juice the first amino acid to be discovered. The following year he made the first isolation of this amino acid together with Vaguelin.<br> <br>Pierre Jean Robiquet was a French chemist who laid founding work in identifying amino acids the fundamental bricks of proteins through recognizing the first of them asparagin in 1806 in the take up of the industry of industrial dyes with the identification of alizarin in 1826 and in the emergence of modern medications through the identification of codeine in 1832 a powerful molecule today of widespread use with analgesic and antidiarrheal properties. unknown
Referenz des Buchhändlers : 45516
|
|
|
WURTZ ADOLPHE. THE DISCOVERY OF THE AMINES IN CHEMISTRY.
M�moire sur une S�rie D'Alcalo�des homologues avec L'Ammoniaque.
Paris Victor Masson 1855. 8vo. Without wrappers. In 'Annales de Chimie et de Physique' Series 3 tome 30 December-issue. With halftitle to vol. 30. Pp. 385-508 a. 1 plate. Entire issue offered. Wurtz's paper: pp. 443-506. � First appearance of the entire memoir in which Wurtz describes his outstanding discovery of Liebig�s prediction that there might be organic compounds analogous to ammonia and derivable from it by the replacement of hydrogen - the amines. The discovery was announced in 1849 and a small extract was printed in "Comptes rendu" 4 pp. The offered paper is the memoir in full.<br><br>Wurtz is most noted for his investigation of glycols and for his discovery of the amines. The latter discovery in 1849 the paper offered was very significant at the time for ot suggested the possibility of a new type the ammonia type which helped to explain the behaviour of nitrogenous compounds. Leicester & Klickstein "A Source Book." pp. 362-63. - Parkinson "Breakthroughs" 1849 C.<br><br>Charles Adolphe Wurtz was born at Strasbourg 1817. For many years he was Professor of Chemistry at the Ecole de M�dicine and at Sorbonne in Paris. He was known not only for his researches in organic chemistry but also for his many literary works. He was editor of a Dictionnaire de Chemie Pure et Appliqu�e and after 1868 one of the editors of the Annalen der Chemie et de Physique. He died in Paris in 1884. unknown
Referenz des Buchhändlers : 45031
|
|
|
LIBBY WF. WILLARD FRANK. THE DISCOVERY OF RADIOCARBON DATING W. F.
Four Papers: 1. Together with Arnold J.R. Radiocarbon Dates. - 2. Radiocarbon Dates II. - 3. Chicago Radiocarbon Dates III - 4. Chicago Radiocarbon Dates IV.
Chicago Illinois: Institute for Nuclear Studies University of Chicago 1951. 1951 1952 1954. 4to. All 4 with orig. printed wrappers being offprints from "Science" Vol. 113 114116 a. 119. - 10 pp. 6 pp. 91 pp. 6 pp. Light marginal stain to the first work. � First editions off-prints of all four papers which together constitute the first printed results of radiocarbon dating based on samples gathered by Libby and his co-workers. It was due to this discovery which revolutionized the practice of archaeology and other branches of science e.g. geology geophysics etc. that Libby received the Nobel Prize in 1960. <br><br>Willard F. Libby 1908-80 was a skilled chemist who is remembered today for having developed the process of carbon-14 dating which is now of the utmost importance to several branches of science. Libby studied chemistry at Berkeley California from where he obtained his doctorate in 1933; here he stayed on as first instructor and then associate professor. In 1941 he was recruited into the Manhattan Project. After the war he became professor at the University of Chicago at the Institute for Nuclear Studies. It was here that he made his seminal discovery namely that a hitherto rarely noticed isotope of carbon that called carbon-14 was absorbed by plants through photosynthesis and that after a plant died it would no longer absorb the carbon-14 causing its remains to gradually lose the carbon-14 that it had accumulated through radioactive decay. Thus by measuring how much carbon-14 was left in the dead plant material it would be possible to determine when it died. Libby now developed a method for measuring the carbon-14 content and he began testing his technique also on things the dates of which were already known and found that it applied to all locations everywhere.<br><br>The isotope carbon-14 had first been isolated in 1940 by two of Libby's students while working on the atomic bomb project. It had been shown that carbon 14 was continually being formed by cosmic rays colliding with atmospheric nitrogen. Libby surmised that traces should always be found in air's carbon dioxide and that carbon 14 could be detected by modern devices in all products of life such as archaeology geology geophysics and other branches of science. It was in 1950 that he reduced the small amount of ancient wood to pure carbon and in measuring its radioactivity he deduced its age. After the announcement of this result scientists from around the worlds presented him with samples of items to date. <br><br>Naturally Libby's discovery caused general excitement within scientific circles; archaeologists geologists etc. now only needed something organic e.g. wood plant remains charcoal etc. to possibly date a find. The method is surprisingly accurate and only when dating things more than 10.000 years old does it become less accurate. <br><br>Libby received the Nobel Prize in 1960 for his discovery of methods to use carbon 14. unknown
Referenz des Buchhändlers : 38684
|
|
|
MAYER MARIA G. & EDWARD TELLER. THE DISCOVERY OF THE NUCLEAR SHELL MODEL AND "MAGIC NUMBERS"
On the Origin of Elements.
Lancaster American Institute of Physics 1949. Lex8vo. Volume 76 October 15 No. 8 1949 of "The Physical Review" Second Series. Entire volume offered. In the original printed blue wrappers. Previous owner's name to vaguely stamped to top right corner of front wrapper. Minor traces of wear to extremities and a few small tears to spine. Overall a very nice and clean copy. Pp. 1226-1231. Entire issue: Pp. 1005-1274. � First printing of Mayer's seminal paper which led to the finding of "magic number" and the Goeppert-Mayer "shell model". Marie Goeppert-Mayer and Marie Curie are the only two women to have received the Nobel Prize in Physics.<br><br>The nuclear shell model is partly analogous to the atomic shell model which describes the arrangement of electrons in an atom. The nuclear shell model describes the structure of the nucleus in terms of energy based on the Pauli exclusion principle.<br><br>"With Edward Teller in 1947 Marie Goeppert-Mayer began work on the origin of elements which led to the finding that stable elements contained what would become known as "magic numbers" or patterns in the number of particles their nuclei contain. This ultimately led Goeppert-Mayer to the "shell model" of the nucleus - the theory that atomic nuclei owe their stability to the existence of relatively fixed "shells" or orbits upon which proton and neutrons travel. While other physicists also had envisioned a shell model there was no convincing evidence until Marie Goeppert-Mayer acting on a suggestion made by Enrico Fermi and German scientist H. H. D. Jensen working simultaneously but seperatly discovered that spin-orbit coupling occurred within nuclei." Cullen-DuPont Kathryn. Encyclopedia of women's history in America 2000 p. 102<br> <br>"When Teller and I worked on a paper on the origin of elements I stumbled over the magic numbers. We found that there were a few nuclei which had a greater isotopic as well as cosmic abundance than our theory or any other reasonable continuum theory could possible explain. Then I found that those nuclei had something in common: they either had 82 neutrons whatever the associated proton number or 50 neutrons. Eighty-two and fifty are " magic " numbers. That nuclei of this type are unusually abundant indicates that the excess stability must have played a part in the process of the creation of elements." Marie Goeppert-Mayer's Nobel Lecture December 12 1963 unknown
Referenz des Buchhändlers : 43514
|
|
|
PASTEUR LOUIS. ANNOUNCING THE DISCOVERY OF "MOLECULAR ASSYMETRY"
M�moire sur la relation qui peut exister entre la forme cristalline et la composition chimique et sur la cause de la polarisation rotatoire; Extrait. S�ance du Lundi 22 Mai 1848.
Paris Bachelier 1848. 4to. No wrappers. In: "Comptes Rendus Hebdomadaires des S�ances de L'Academie des Sciences" Tome 26 No 21. Pp. 529- 548. Entire issue offered. Pasteur's paper: pp. 535-538. Clean and fine. � First appearance of the announcement of Pasteur's momentous and revolutionary discovery of "molecular assymetry" and founding the science of Polarimetry.<br>The discovery was first announced by Pasteur in may 1848 by the printing of the preliminary report of only 4 short pages in order to establish priority the paper offered. A more full exposition was published the same year in "Annales de Chimie et de Physique" 3me Series - Tome XXIV.<br><br>"In 1848.Pasteur studied the crystals of tartrates one of the substances that exhibited the now-clockwise now-counterclockwise effect under the microscope and found that the xcrystasls were mirror images of the others. The two crystals resemmbled each other as a right-hand glove resembles a left-hand glove.This was a revolutionary discovery and it took some courage to announce it. A few years before the well-known chemist Mitscherlich had studies the same tartrate crystals and declared them all to be identical. Pasteur was only a twenty-sic-year-old unknown. neverthelless he announced his findings and went before Biot to repeat the separation ofthe crystals before the eyes of the aged authority in the field. Biot was convinced and Pasteur received the Rumford medal of the Royal Society for his work.Pasteur had thus founded the science of polarimetry in which the measurements of the manner in which the plane of polarized light was twisted could be used to help to determine the structure of organic substance to follow various chemical reactions and so on."Asimov. <br><br>Leicester & Klickstein "A Source Book of Chemistry" p. 374-379. unknown
Referenz des Buchhändlers : 49456
|
|
|
DAVY HUMPHRY THE DISCOVERY OF HYDROGEN TELLURIDE.
The Bakerian Lecture for 1809. On some new Electrochemical Researches on various Objects particularly the metallic Bodies from the Alkalies and Earth and on some Combinations of Hydrogene. Read November 16 1809.
London W. Bulmer and Co. 1810. 4to. No wrappers as extracted from "Philosophical Transactions" 1810 - Part I. Pp. 16-74 and 2 engraved plates showing Davy's electrochemical apparatus for decomposing substances. The plates dampstained. Text fine and clean. � First appearence of this historical chemical paper Davy' fifth Bakerian Lecture in which he announced his discovery of hydrogen telluride.<br><br>"Mr. Davy having from the commencement of his electro-chemical researches communicated the several steps of his progress to the Society The Royal Society takes the present opportunity of reporting the results of his further inquiries under four principal heads. First on the nature of the metals of the fixed alkalis. Second on the nature of Hydrogen and composition of ammonia. Thirdly on the metals of the earth; and Fourthly he makes a comparison between the antiphlogistic doctrine and a modified phlogistic hypothesis."Abstract. He further gives arguments for considering potassium and sodium which he discovered in 1808 as a element.<br><br>"Humphry Davy was one of the most brilliant chemists of the early nineteenth century. His early study of nitrous oxide brought him his first reputation but his later and most importent investigations were devoted to electrochemistry. Following Galvani's experiments and the discovery of the voltaic pile interest in galvanic electricity had become widespread. The first electrolysis by means of the pile was carried out in 1800 by Nicholson and Carisle who obtained oxygen and hydrogen from water. Davy began to examine the chemical effects of electricity in 1800 and his numerous discoveries were presented in his Bakerian lectures." - Wheeler Gift: 2518. unknown
Referenz des Buchhändlers : 42219
|
|
|
HUDDART JOSEPH. DISCOVERY OF COLOR BLINDNESS.
An Account of Persons who could not distinguish Colours. In a Letter to Joseph Priestly.
London W. Bowyer and J. Nichols 1777. 4to. Extracted from "Philosophical Transactions" Year 1777. Vol. 67 - Part I. Pp. 260-265. Clean and fine broadmargined. � First apperarance of this paper constituting the first reliable account of colour blindness.<br><br>Usually Goethe or John Dalton - Huddart's case was cited in Dalton's paper of 1794 - is supposed to have discovered colourblindness. However the English oculist Joseph Huddart was the discoverer of this phenomenon. The first physiological explanation of it does come from Goethe.<br><br>Garrison & Morton: 5832. unknown
Referenz des Buchhändlers : 46614
|
|
|
PASTEUR LOUIS. ANNOUNCING THE DISCOVERY OF "MOLECULAR ASSYMETRY"
M�moire sur la relation qui peut exister entre la forme cristalline et la composition chimique et sur la cause de la polarisation rotatoire; Extrait. S�ance du Lundi 22 Mai 1848.
Paris Bachelier 1848. 4to. No wrappers. In: "Comptes Rendus Hebdomadaires des S�ances de L'Academie des Sciences" Tome 26 No 21. Pp. 529- 548. Entire issue offered. Pasteur's paper: pp. 535-538. � First appearance of the announcement of Pasteur's momentous and revolutionary discovery of "molecular assymetry" and founding the science of Polarimetry.<br>The discovery was first announced by Pasteur in may 1848 by the printing of the preliminary report of only 4 short pages in order to establish priority the paper offered. A more full exposition was published the same year in "Annales de Chimie et de Physique" 3me Series - Tome XXIV.<br><br>"In 1848.Pasteur studied the crystals of tartrates one of the substances that exhibited the now-clockwise now-counterclockwise effect under the microscope and found that the xcrystasls were mirror images of the others. The two crystals resemmbled each other as a right-hand glove resembles a left-hand glove.This was a revolutionary discovery and it took some courage to announce it. A few years before the well-known chemist Mitscherlich had studies the same tartrate crystals and declared them all to be identical. Pasteur was only a twenty-sic-year-old unknown. neverthelless he announced his findings and went before Biot to repeat the separation ofthe crystals before the eyes of the aged authority in the field. Biot was convinced and Pasteur received the Rumford medal of the Royal Society for his work.Pasteur had thus founded the science of polarimetry in which the measurements of the manner in which the plane of polarized light was twisted could be used to help to determine the structure of organic substance to follow various chemical reactions and so on."Asimov. <br><br>Leicester & Klickstein "A Source Book of Chemistry" p. 374-379. unknown
Referenz des Buchhändlers : 47149
|
|
|
BECK GUIDO. ANTICIPATION OF THE DISCOVERY OF THE NEUTRON
�ber die Systematik der Isotopen.
Berlin Julius Springer 1928. 8vo. Entire volume 47 of "Zeitschrift f�r Physik" bound in contemporary brown-red half cloth with gilt title to spine. Library stamp to title-page. Minor wear to extrimities. Inner front hinge a bit weak. A nice and clean copy. Pp. 407-16 one folded table. Entire volume: VII 1 914 pp. � First printing of Beck's important paper in which he anticipates the discovery of the neutron by four years a seminal contribution to the discovery of the nuclear shell model. <br><br>In 1914 Moseley introduced the periodic table and in 1925 Pauli explained the periodicity by enumerating the electrons fitting in shells surrounding the atomic nucleus.<br>"It became apparent that there are in general several different isotopes per element. . This was a problem of nuclear physics since isotopes of the same element differ only by their isotopes. A first attempt was made in late 1927 by Beck the present paper in Vienna who compiled a comprehensive table of known isotopes . The paper written more than four years before the discovery of the neutron is remarkable not so much for its results but for two nearly prophetic statements:" Brandt. The Harvest of a Century p. 317. <br><br>The prophetic statements in the present paper are: <br><br>1. "Die einfachste Annahme die man diesbez�glich machen kann ist dass man sich die Kerne analog wie die Elektronenh�lle der Atome schalenf�rmig aufgebaut denkt." i.e. The simplest assumption one can make in this respect it to imagine nuclei in analogy to the electron hull of atoms to be built up of shell.<br><br>2. "Die Gesetzm�ssligkeiten der Tabellen lassen aber hoffer dass das Pauliprinzipund der Spin sich auch auf dem Gebiet der Kerne als Wegweiser bew�hren werden." i.e. The regularities observed in the table of isotopes allow to hope that the Pauli principle and the spin will prove of value as guideposts also in the field of nuclei. hardcover
Referenz des Buchhändlers : 43608
|
|
|
RONTGEN W. THE DISCOVERY OF X RAYS
On a New Kind of Rays.
London Macmillan and Co. 1895-96. Royal8vo. Bound in contemporary half calf with five raised bands and two black leather title labels with gilt lettering to spine. In "Nature" November - April 1895-96 Vol. LIII 53. Pp. 274-6. Entire volume: XL 624 pp. � First printing of the English translation translated by Arthur Stanton of G�ntgen's seminal paper in which he presented his groundbreaking discovery of X-rays; the foundation of roentgenology and thereby unveiling a new form of matter and offering a new revolutionary method for medical diagnosis.<br>"Translations of Rontgen's paper soon started to appear beginning with an English translation in Nature on 23 January. By 20 Febrary Nature was commenting that "so numerous are the communications being made to scientific societies that it is difficult to keep pace with them and the limits of our space would be exceeded if we attempted to describe the whole of the contributions to the subject even at this early stage." Bakker p. 319<br><br>"Their X-rays importance in surgery medicine and metallurgy is well known. Incomparable the most important aspect of R�ntgen's experiments however is his discovery of matter in a new form which has completely revolutionized the study of chemistry and physics. Laue and the Braggs have used X-rays to show us the atomic structure of crystals. Moseley has reconstructed the periodic table of the elements. Becquerel was directly inspired by R�ntgen's results to the investigation that discovered radio-activity. Finally J. J. Thomson enunciated the electron theory as a result of investigating the nature of the X-rays." DSB.<br><br>"On Friday 8 November 1895 R�ntgen first suspected the existence of a new phenomenon when he observed that crystals of barium platinocyanide fluoresced at some distance from a Crookes tube with which he was experimenting. Hertz and Lenard had published on the penetrating powers of cathode rays electrons and R�ntgen thought that there were unsolved problems worth investigation. He found time to begin his repetition of their experiments in October 1895. Although others had operated Crookes tubes in laboratories for over thirty years it was R�ntgen who found that X rays are emitted by the part of the glass wall of the tube that is opposite the cathode and that receives the beam of cathode rays. He soon discovered the penetrating properties of the rays and was able to produce photographs of balance-weights in a closed box the chamber of a shotgun and a piece of nonhomogeneous metal. The apparent magical nature of the new rays was something of a shock even to R�ntgen and he naturally wished to be absolutely sure of the repeatability of the effects before publishing. <br>The first communication on the rays on 28 December was to the editors of the Physical and Medical Society of W�rzburg and by 1 January 1896 R�ntgen was able to send reprints and in some cases photographs to his friends and colleagues. Emil Warburg displayed some of the photographs at a meeting of the Berlin Physical Society on 4 January. The Wiener Presse carried the story of the discovery on 5 January and on the following day the news broke around the world. The world's response was remarkably swift both the general public and the scientific community reacting in their characteristic ways. For the former the apparent magic caught the imagination and for the latter Crookes tubes and generators were promptly sold in great numbers.<br>After a royal summons R�ntgen demonstrated the effects of X rays to the Kaiser and the court on 13 January. He was immediately awarded the Prussian Order of the Crown Second Class.<br>In March 1896 a second paper on X rays was published and there followed a third in 1897 after which R�ntgen returned to the study of the physics of solids. " DSB<br><br>"Aside from its obvious applications Roentgen's discovery galvanized the world of physics and led to a rash of further discoveries that so completely overturned the old concepts of the science that the discovery of X-rays is sometimes considered the first stroke of the Second Scientific Revolution. The First Scientific Revolution is of course that which included Galileo and his experiments on falling bodies. Within a matter of months investigations of X rays led to the discovery of radioactivity by Becquerel.The importence of the discovery was well recognized in its own time. In 1896 Roentgen shared the Rumford Medal with Lenard and in 1901 when Nobel Prizes were set up.the first to be honoured with a Nobel Prize in Physics was Roentgen." Asimov. hardcover
Referenz des Buchhändlers : 46973
|
|
|
PASTEUR LOUIS. DISCOVERY OF "MOLECULAR ASSYMETRY"
Recherches sur les relations qui peuvent exister entre la forme cristalline la composition chimique et le sens de la polarisation rotatoire. Note sur la Cristallisation du soufre. Memoir on the relation that can exist between crystalline form and chemical composition and on the cause of rotatory polarization. Nouvelles Recherches sur les relations qui peuvent exister entre la forme cristalline la composition chimique et le ph�nomen� de la polarisation rotatoire.
Paris Victor Masson 1848 a. 1851. 8vo. 2 contemp. hcalf raised bands gilt spine. Light wear along edges. Small stamps on verso of titlepages and on verso of 1 plate. In "Annales de Chimie et de Physique" 3me Series - Tome XXIV and XXXI. 6512 pp. and 2 plates 512 pp. a. 4 plates.2 entire volumes offered. Pasteur's papers: pp. 442-459 a. pp. 459-460 1 double-page folded engraved plate pp. 67-102 a. 1 plate. Some scattered brownspots to first part of the first volume not affecting P's papers. � First full exposition of Pasteur's momentous and revolutionary discovery of "molecular assymetry" and founding the science of Polarimetry.<br>The discovery was first announced by Pasteur in may 1848 by the printing of the preliminary report of only 4 short pages in order to establish priority. The announcement - 4 pages - was published in Comptes rendus hebdomadaires de l�Acad�mie des Sciences Paris Seance of May 15 1848 26 21 535-538 Published on May 1848.<br><br>"In 1848.Pasteur studied the crystals of tartrates one of the substances that exhibited the now-clockwise now-counterclockwise effect under the microscope and found that the crystals were mirror images of the others. The two crystals resembled each other as a right-hand glove resembles a left-hand glove.This was a revolutionary discovery and it took some courage to announce it. A few years before the well-known chemist Mitscherlich had studies the same tartrate crystals and declared them all to be identical. Pasteur was only a twenty-sic-year-old unknown. neverthelless he announced his findings and went before Biot to repeat the separation ofthe crystals before the eyes of the aged authority in the field. Biot was convinced and Pasteur received the Rumford medal of the Royal Society for his work.Pasteur had thus founded the science of polarimetry in which the measurements of the manner in which the plane of polarized light was twisted could be used to help to determine the structure of organic substance to follow various chemical reactions and so on."Asimov. <br><br>Leicester & Klickstein "A Source Book of Chemistry" p. 374-379. hardcover
Referenz des Buchhändlers : 49336
|
|
|
VILLARD P. PAUL ULRICH. THE DISCOVERY OF GAMMA RAYS AND GAMMA RADIATION.
Sur la r�flexion et la r�fraction des rayons cathodiques et des rayons d�viables du radium. Sur le rayonnement du radium.
Paris Gauthier-Villars 1900. 4to. No wrappers. In: "Comptes Rendus Hebdomadaires des S�ances de L'Academie des Sciences" Tome 130 No 15 a. No 18. Pp. 962- 1044 a. pp. 1145- 1220. Entire issues offered. Villard's papers: pp. 1010-1012 a. 1178-1182 textillustrations. Clean and fine. � First apperance of Villard's two papers in which he announced and described the discovery of a new type of radiation more powerfull and penetrating than alpha-and beta rays. The new type of rays was named by Rutherford as gammarays. unknown
Referenz des Buchhändlers : 51313
|
|
|
SOUBEIRAN EUGENE THE DISCOVERY OF CHLOROFORM.
Recherches sur quelques Combinaisons du Chlore. Communiqu� par l'auteur.
Paris Crochard 1831. Contemp. hcloth. Some scattered brownspots. "Annales de Chimie et de Physique" 2. Series Tome 48. 448 pp. 1 engraved plate. Entire volume offered. Soubeiran's paper: pp. 113-157. Scattered brownspots. � First appearance of an importent paper in chemistry and medicine as it for the first time relates the finding of Chloroform which some years later was proved to have anaesthetic effects and was introduced in chirurgy in 1848 by Simpson.<br>Justus von Liebig Souberain and Guthrie independently discovered Chloroform in 1831 but Souberain was the first to publish his results. <br>Garrison & Morton No. 1851. - Gedeon "Science and Technology in Medicine" 36.7.<br><br>The volume contains other notable papers by LIEBIG DUMAS DUTROCHET W�HLER LECANU BECQUEREL etc. hardcover
Referenz des Buchhändlers : 49604
|
|
|
FARADAY MICHAEL. ON THE DISCOVERY OF ELECTOMAGNETIC INDUCTION.
Lettr� A M. Gay-Lussac. Institution royale Ier d�cembre 1832. The letter "On Magneto-electric Induction".
Paris Crochard 1832. No wrappers. In: "Annales de Chimie et de Physique" 2e Series vol. 51 Cahier 4. Pp. 337-444 Entire issue offered. Faraday's letter: pp. 404-434 a. 1 engraved plate. Some brownspots. � First printing of Faraday's famous letter to Gay-Lussac in which he claim to be the discoverer of electro-magnetic induction analysed the results of the Italian philosophers pointing out their errors and defending himself from what he regarded as imputations on his character. The style of this letter is unexceptionable for Faraday could not write otherwise than as a gentleman; but the letter shows that had he willed it he could have hit hard. The letter was later translated into English and published in "Philosophical Magazine" in 1840 under the title "On Magneto-electric Induction".<br><br>"In 1831 seemingly out of nowhere came the discovery of electromagnetic induction and the beginning of the experimental researches in electricity which were to lead Faraday to the discovery of the laws of electrochemistry specific inductive capacity <br>the Faraday effect and the foundations of classical field theory." DSB. unknown
Referenz des Buchhändlers : 48329
|
|
|
ARNISON G. CARLO RUBIA SIMON VAN DER MEER et al. THE DISCOVERY OF THE WEAK NUCLEAR FORCES THE Z BOSON AND W BOSON.
Experimental Observation of lepton pairs of invariant mass around 95 GeV/c2 at the Cern SPS collider. together with 137 others from Cern Experimental observations of isolated large transverse energy electrons with associated missing energy at Vs=540 GeV. together with 134 others from Cern.
Amstyerdam North Holland 1983. 4to. Bound in 2 contemp. hcloth. Gilt lettring to spines. In: "Physics Letters" Vol. 122 B and Vol. 126 B. 8517 pp. and 10525 pp. Entire volumes offered. The papers: pp. 394-410 vol. 122 B and pp. 103-116 vol. 126 B. Clean and fine. � First editions of the 2 papers recording the discovery of the intermediate vector bosons in 1983 at CERN which marked the culmination of a long effort to unify the theory of weak and electromagnetic forces.<br><br>"The W and Z bosoms are the elementary particles that mediate the weak interactions. Their discovery was a major success for what is now called the Standard Model of Particle Physics. Following the spectacular success of quantum electrodynamics in the 1950s attempts were undertaken to formulate a similar theory of the weak nuclear force. This culminated around 1968 in a unified theory of electromagnetism and weak interactions by Sheldon Glashow Steven Weinberg and Abdus Salam for which they shared the 1979 Nobel Prize in Physics. Their electroweak theory postulated not only the W bosoms necessary to explain beta decay butalso a new Z bosom that had never been observed.<br>The discovery of the W and Z bosons themselves had to wait for the construction of a particle accelerator powerfull enough to produce them. The first such machine that became available was the Super Proton Synchroton where unambigous signals of W bosonss were seen in January 1983 during a series of experiments conducted by Carlo Rubbia and Simon van der Meer. The actual experiments were called UA1 lead by Rubbia and UA2 led by Peter Jenni and were the collective effort of many people. Van der Meer was the driving force on the accelerator end stochastic cooling. UA1 and UA2 found the Z boson a few month later in May 1983. Rubbia and van der Meer were promptly awardes the Nobel Prize in Physics a most unusual step for the conservative Nobel Foundation."Wikipedia. hardcover
Referenz des Buchhändlers : 46960
|
|
|
PLUCKER JULIUS. THE DISCOVERY OF CATHODE RAYS.
Ueber die Constitution der elektrischen Spectra der verschiedenen Gase und D�mpfe. Nachtrag zu der Abhandlung �ber die Consstitution der elektrischen Spectra der verschiedenen Gase und D�mpfe. 2 papers.
Leipzig Johann Ambrosius Barth 1859. Without wrappers as issued in "Annalen der Physik und Chemie. Hrsg.von Poggendorff" Bd. 107 Viertes St�ck.= Heft No. 8 of 1859. The entire issue offered Heft 4 of vol. 107 with titlepage to vol. 107. Pp. 497-660. - Pl�cker's papers: pp. 497-539 a. 638-643. Clean and fine. � First printing of this milestone paper describing Pl�ckers first observations on Cathode Rays which he called "the beautiful and mysterious green glow" and produced by discharges in tubes exhausted by means of the Geissler pump. These importent observations lead directly to R�ntgens discovery of the R�ntgen Rays.<br><br>"Cathode rays were first observed by Julius Pl�cker in 1859 the paper offered. They are rays which are found in the neighbourhood of the point of exit of an electrical current passing through a Geissler tube. These rays stimulated intense interest and experiment. William Crookes greatly improved these discharge tubes and intensified the degree of rarification of gases within them. The tubes in this form is known as Crookes tube. Crookes declared his conciction that the cathode rays represented matter in a fourth hitherto unobserved form.It was reserved for J.J. Thomson in 1908 to discover the true nature of the cathode rays."PMM no 386. unknown
Referenz des Buchhändlers : 43325
|
|
|
HAHN O. OTTO. THE DISCOVERY OF RADIOTHORIUM.
�ber ein neues die Emanation des Thoriums gebendes radioaktives Element.
Leipzig S. Hirzel 1905. No wrappers. Issued in "Jahrbuch der Radioaktivit�t und Elekronik" 2. Bd. Heft 3. Hahn's paper: pp. 233-264. Enntire issue: pp. 233-262 = entire "Heft 3". Fine and clean. � First printing of this paper which is Hahn's Habilitation paper announcung his discovery of a new element in residues from a Ceylon mineral called Thorianite. He later showed that it is an intermediate disintegration product.<br><br>"Because the sample thorianite was small Ramsay proposed that Hahn confirm Marie Curie's determination of the atomic weight of radium by preparing it in some organic compounds thereby greatly increasing the total amount being examined and calculating the atomic weight from the measured molecular weights. Chance sometimes favors the unprepared mind and Hahn who familiarized himself with only the basic of radioactivity followed the prescribed separationss technique and found himself the discovere of a new radioelement: radiothorium. The explanation was that the material given him came from an ore which contained a large percentage of thorium in addition to the radium. Thus upon completion of the chemical procedure not all the activity was confined in the radium-containg fraction; indeed the nes subsyance in the remainder was several hundred thousand times more active than thorium and ultimately yielded the characteristic one.minute halflife of thorium emanation."DSB VI p. 15. - Weeks Discovery of the Elementsp. 308 ff. unknown
Referenz des Buchhändlers : 42829
|
|
|
BECQUEREL HENRI. THE DISCOVERY OF RADIO ACTIVITY
Sur les radiations �mises par phosphorescence. Sur les radiations invisibles �mises par les corps phosphorescents. Sur quelques propri�t�s nouvelles des radiations invisibles �mises par divers corps phosphorescents. Sur les radiations invisibles �mises par les sels d'uranium. Sur propri�t�s des radiations invisibles �mises par les sels d'uranium et du rayonnement de la paroi anticathodique d'un tube de Crookes. �mission de radiations nouvelles par l'uranium m�tallique.
Paris Gauthier-Villars 1896. 4to. Bound in contemporary half cloth with marbled boards. "Comptes Rendus Hebdomadaires des S�ances de L'Academie des Sciences" Tome 122 Entire volume offered. Two title labels with gilt lettering to spine. Minor wear to extremities upper title label with a few nicks. Library stamp to title page otherwise a fine and clean copy. Pp. 420-421; Pp. 501-502; Pp. 559-564; Pp. 689-694; Pp. 762-767; Pp. 1086-1088. � First appearance of the six landmark papers in which Becquerel documents his discovery of Radio-activity PROMPTING THE NUCLEAR AGE.<br><br>Becquerel was an expert in fluorescence and phosphorescence continuing the work of his father and grandfather. Follwing the discovery of X-rays by R�ntgen Bexquerel investigated fluorescent materials to see if they also emitted X-rays. He exposed a fluorescent uranium salt pechblende to light and then placed it on a wrapped photographic plate.He found that a faint image was left on the plate which he believed was due to the pichblende emitting the light it had absorbed as a more penetrating radiation. However by chace he left a sample that had not been exposed to light on top of a photographic plate in a drawer. he noticed that the photographic plate also had a a faint image of the pechblende. After several chemical tests he concluded that these "Becquerel rays" were a property of atoms. He had by chace discovered radio-activity and prompted thee beginning of the nuclear age. He shared the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1903 with Marie and Pierre Curie. The "Becquerel Rays" were later discovered to be a composite of three forms of emanation distinguished by Rutherford as alpha beta and gamma rays.<br><br>Dibner: 163 the later M�moire from 1903 - PMM: 393 1903- M�moire - Garrison & Morton: 2001 only the first paper. - Magie "A Source Book in Physics" p. 610 ff. - Norman:157. hardcover
Referenz des Buchhändlers : 46935
|
|
|
FERMI E. ENRICO. THE DISCOVERY BETA DECAY AND THE NEUTRINO.
Versuche einer Theorie der Beta-Strahlen.
Berlin Julius Springer 1934. 8vo. Bound in contemporary full cloth with gilt lettering to spine. Published in "Zeitschrift f�r Physik". Embossed library stamp to tiel page John Hopkins University Library. Clean and fine. Pp. 161-177. Entire volume: VIII 825 pp. � First edition of Fermi's seminal and exceedingly important paper on beta-decay. In one stroke Fermi had solved the major problem of beta decay: How do electrons come out of the nucleus if there are non to begin with In the paper he coined the term neutrino and his groundbreaking work awarded him the Nobel Prize in physics in 1938.<br><br>How pioneering and daring Fermi's theory was became clear when he first submitted his paper to the prestigious journal Nature. The journal's editor turned it down because "it contained speculations which were too remote from reality" consequently it became published in Zeitschrift f�r Physik. Eventually six years later in 1939 Nature published Fermi's paper.<br><br>In late 1933 Fermi wrote his famous article offering an elegant solution to a well know problem: Fermi proposed an entire new force of nature the weak force. "This new force together with gravity electromagnetism and the strong interaction which binds the particles of the nucleus constitutes the family of forces presently known in physics. The should account for the whole universe. Weak interactions forces occur between all particles and are thus unlike electromagnetism or strong interactions which are restricted to certain particles. The first manifestation of the weak interaction to be treated in detail was the beta decay." DSB IV p. 579b.<br><br>The "canonical formalism of Heisenberg and Pauli gave rise in the thirties and forties to many applications of which the most important may be mentioned here: 1934 Enrico Fermi gave the formal explanation of beta-radioactivity of atomic nuclei by making use of the hypothesis formulated by Pauli in 1930 which postulated the existence." Enz Charles. Of Matter And Spirit 2009 p. 167.<br><br>Pauli had named his proposed light particle a neutron. James Chadwick had named his much more massive nuclear particle a neutron as well which left the two particles with the same name. Fermi therefore to solve the confusion coined the term neutrino Italian diminutive of neutron. <br>Fermi is widely regarded as one of the leading scientists of the 20th century Along with Oppenheimer he is frequently referred to as "the father of the atomic bomb". hardcover
Referenz des Buchhändlers : 47090
|
|
|
BOTHE W. + H. BECKER. ANTICIPATING THE DISCOVERY OF THE NEUTRON
K�nstliche Erregung von Kern-y-Strahlen.
Berlin Springer 1930. 8vo. In contemporary halv cloth with gilt lettering to spine. In "Zeitschrift f�r Physik" Bd. 66 1930. Entire volume offered. Stamp to front free end-paper otherwise fine and clean. Pp. 289-310. Entire volume: VIII 863 pp. � First appearance of Bothe and Becker's seminal paper in which they found that if the very energetic alpha particles emitted from polonium fell on certain light elements an unusually penetrating radiation was produced. Two years later this led directly to Chadwick's discovery of the neutron. <br>"In 1930 Bothe and Becker detected a highly penetrative radiation from beryllium bombarded by alpha particles and they assumed that it was gamma radiation. Bothe estimated the photon energy from the degree of absorption of the secondary electrons. When physicists studied this "beryllium radiation" estimating its energy constituted a problem for it varied greatly according to the substance used as absorber. Chadwick later suggested that the radiation was particulate and consisted of a new particle the neutron." hardcover
Referenz des Buchhändlers : 49390
|
|
|
KAPITZA P + J. F. ALLEN + A. D. MISENER. THE DISCOVERY OF SUPERFLUIDITY
Viscosity of liquid Helium below the lambda-point Kapitza Flow of liquid Helium II J. F. Allen & A. D. Misener The volume also contain the following papers: New phenomena connected with heat flow in liquid Helium II J. F. Allen & H. Jones The lambda-phenomenon of liquid Helium and the Bose-Einstein degeneracy F. London Transfer of Helium II on glass J. G. Daunt & K. Mendelssohn Experiments with liquid Helium II A. K. Kikoin & B. G. Lasarew Transport phenomena in Helium II L. Tisza
New York Macmillian and Co 1938. Royal8vo. In publisher's pictorial cloth with the original wrappers in the back. Gilt lettering and Nature's logo to spine and front board. Entire issue of "Nature" January - June 1938 Vol. 141. "Emmanuel College" in gilt lettering to spine and two library stamps to title-page and first index page. Two small white paper labels pasted on to spine and a small tear to top of spine. Very slight wear to extremities otherwise a very fine and clean copy. Rare in the publisher's binding. P. 74; P. 75. Entire volume: LXIV 1156 VIII IV VIII VIII XVI VIII VIII XVI VIII XII VIII XII XII IV IV VIII XII VIII VIII VIII VIII XII VIII IV XVI CCLX Advertisements. � First publication of these two seminal papers which constitutes one of the most significant discovery in 20th century physics. It ushered a golden period of low-temperature physics and created a new research field within physics which was later to be called quantum liquids. Both paper described a hitherto unknown state of matter: superfluidity of matter. The two discoveries were made independently Kapitza's paper superseding Allen and Misener's by two weeks. Both studies reported that liquid helium flowed with almost no measurable viscosity below the transition temperature of 2.18 K.<br><br>"Although the discovery of superfluidity stands as one of the most significant in physics in the 20th century it was to be 40 years before the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences honoured this seminal discovery with a Nobel prize - an exceptionally long interval. In 1978 Kapitza by then 84 was given half of that year's Nobel Prize for Physics with a somewhat vague citation reading "for his basic inventions and discoveries in the area of low-temperature physics". The other half did not go to Allen and Misener. Today science popularizers generally give sole credit for the discovery of superfluidity to Kapitza." Physics world University of Toronto. <br><br>"Kapitza observed that He II flowed between two closely spaced parallel plates extremely rapidly compared to He I for the same pressure difference. This result published in Nature on 8 January 1938 showed unambiguously that here was a new and mysterious kind of liquid - one with almost no viscosity. On the page facing Kapitza's one-page paper was another by the young Canadian physicists Jack Allen and Donald Misener with essentially equivalent results on helium flow on long capillary tubes. It was submitted two weeks after Kapitza's but both papers are the standard reference for the discovery of superfluidity". Griffin A Century of Nature 2003 p. 52.<br><br>While investigating the thermal conductivity of liquid helium Kapitsa measured the flow as the fluid flows through a gap between two discs into a surrounding bath. Above the lambda point there was little flow but below the lambda temperature the liquid flowed with such great ease that Kapitsa drew an analogy with superconductors. It was a liquid of zero viscosity. He discovered the phenomenon in 1937 and published a paper about it in Nature in January 1938. He wrote: "The helium below the lambda point enters a special state that might be called a �superfluid.�" DSB.<br><br>Today the theory behind superfluidity is widely used within a broad variety of different subject such as spectroscopic and in high-precision devices as gyroscopes which allow the measurement of some theoretically predicted gravitational effects. <br>In 1999 a type of superfluid was used to trap light and greatly reduce its speed. Light was passed through a Bose-Einstein condensed gas of sodium superfluid and found to be slowed to 17 m/s from its normal speed of 299792458 metres per second.<br><br>Brandt The Harvest of a Century Pp. 254-7. hardcover
Referenz des Buchhändlers : 46897
|
|
|
CHADWICK J. JAMES & ES. BIELER. THE DISCOVERY OF THE STRONG NUCLEAR FORCES. E. S.
The Collisions of alpha particles with Hydrogen Nuclei.
London Taylor and Francis 1921. Blank wrapper. In: "The London Edinburgh and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science" Sixth Series Vol.42 No. 252 December 1921. Pp. 873-1024 textillustr. a. 1 plate. Entire issue offered. Chadwick & Bieler's paper: pp. 923-940 textillustr. � First printingof this milestone paper in which the strong nuclear forces are mentioned for the first time.<br><br>"It was only in 1921 that Chadwick had first shown that at very small distances the interactions of alpha particles with the atomic nucleus did not follow exactly the inverse square law predicted from the repulsion of their positive electrical scharges. Chadwick concluded that his experiments showed that these nuclear forces are of "very great intensity". According to Pais this is THE FIRST PUBLISHED STATEMENT ABOUT THE EXISTENCE OF A STRONG NUCLEAR FORCE. This 'new force' interpretation was disputed untill well into 1920s."Hey & Walters.<br><br>"In any event Chadwick and Bieler's final conclusion avoid all reference to a possible electromagnetic cause for the deviations from the simple theory: "The present experiments do not seem to throw any light on the nature of the law of variation of the forces at the seat of an electric charge but merely show that the forces are of very great intensity. It is our task to find some field of force which will reproduce these effects." I consider this statement made in 1921 as marking the birth of the strong interaction."Pais in "Inward Bound" p. 240. unknown
Referenz des Buchhändlers : 46992
|
|
|
GAMOW G. GAMOW'S DISCOVERY OF NUCLEOTIDES
Possible Relation Between Deoxyribonucleic Acid and Protein Structures.
London Macmillian and Co 1954. Royal8vo. Bound in contemporary full cloth with title to spine. In "Nature" Vol. 173 1968. Library stamp to upper right corner of title page otherwise a fine and clean copy. Pp. 709-13. Entier volume: LXVVI 1246 pp. � First printing of Gamow's exceedingly influential discovery of four different kinds of acino-acids nucleotides which were to influence Watson and Crick in their further work. To Gamow most famous for his work within physics and cosmology this was a highly unfamiliar field. His work was described as: "perhaps the last example of amateurism in scientific work on a grand scale".<br><br>"In early 1954 less than a year after J. D. Watson and Francis Crick discovered the double helical structure of DNA Gamow recognized that the information contained in the four different kinds of nucleotides adenine thymine guanine cytosine constituting the DNA chains could be translated into the sequence of twenty amino acids which form protein molecules by counting all possible triplets one can form from four different quantities. This remarkable way in which Gamow could rapidly enter a more or less unfamiliar field at the forefront of its activity and make a highly creative contribution to it often far more by intuition than by calculation led Ulam to characterize his work as "perhaps the last example of amateurism in scientific work on a grand scale." It earned him membership in a number of professional societies-American Physical Society Washington Philosophical Society International Astronomical Union American Astronomical Society U.S. National Academy of Sciences Royal Danish Academy of Sciences and Letters-as well as an overseas fellowship in Churchill College Cambridge." DSB<br><br>"Even as he was starting research in relativistic cosmogony Gamow came to think that the time was nearly ripe for phys-ics to help biology move beyond its descriptive stage. This perception probably derived from Erwin Schr�dinger's What Is Life The Physical Aspect of the Living Cell 1945 and his longtime friend Max Delbr�ck's successful migration from theoretical physics to experimental genetics. In any case Gamow got so caught up with the idea that rejecting his initial plans to revive the Washington conferences with one focused on cosmogony he instead devoted the first postwar gathering to "the physics of living matter." His preparations for the conference held in the fall of 1946 and his subse-quent endeavours to promote the infusion of more physics into biology led Gamow to believe by the early 1950s that the central "riddle of life" is how each species' genes shape its distinctive proteins. But lacking any notion about the molecular structure of genes he could not imagine how to formulate this enigma in a tangible way.<br>In June 1953 Gamow got an idea for doing so from reading James Watson and Francis Crick's soon-to-be-famous Nature paper on DNA's structure. Confident that they were on the right track he impulsively introduced himself to them by letter praising them for their success in moving biology into the "exact' sciences" and expressing his hope that he could meet with them in England at the end of the summer to talk about the possibility of using combinatorics to tackle genetic problems. As both were planning to be away then Watson discussed Gamow's letter briefly with Crick then filed it away. In late October undeterred by their failure to respond Gamow sent a short note off to Nature on a "Possible Relation between Deoxyribonucleic Acid and Protein Structures" 1954. He opened by crediting Watson and Crick with having established that the basic hereditary materials are DNA molecules. Then he daringly outlined what soon evolved into the protein-coding research program. He proposed that each organism's DNA "could be characterized by a long number written in a four-digital system" that "completely determined" the composition of its unique complement of proteins which in turn "are long peptide chains formed by about 20 different amino-acids that can be considered as 'long' words based on a 20-letter alphabet." The problem to be solved was how these "four-digital 26 numbers are translated into such 'words.'" Gamow closed by suggesting how this might be done and promising that a fuller account would be published elsewhere.<br>During the next few months Gamow plunged into work on the protein-coding problem. He wrote up an expanded version of his note in Nature for the National Academy of Sciences' Proceedings and when it was not accepted there-possibly because Gamow jokingly listed his fictional character Tompkins as co-author-submitted it successfully without Tompkins as co-author to the Royal Danish Society of Sciences' biological series. He also spurred first Crick then Watson and then many other researchers-especially those associated with Caltech's Delbr�ck and Berkeley's Gunther Stent-to join the enterprise of identifying how DNAcoded proteins. As this growing research circle reviewed prior and ongoing experimental work of relevance a consensus soon emerged that DNA did not serve as a simple template in protein synthesis. It appeared instead that the coding might be a two-step process in which DNA first coded RNA and then RNA coded proteins. Although initially resisting this view Gamow ended up as the "synthesizer" in the "RNATie Club" founded in mid-1954 to foster the circle's informal communications and camaraderie.<br>Gamow's involvement in the expanding circle of coding researchers remained intense for another year and a half. He found it stimulating to be once again on the wave crest of an exciting new specialty. Just as important if not more so he enjoyed being at the center of the ambitious circle's partying and joking. But starting in late 1955 years before a consensus emerged about the coding of proteins Gamow's engagement with the problem wilted. One reason was that his marriage of 23years had just fallen apart. Asecond and more compelling reason was that as he had experienced toward the end of his active participation in nuclear stellar and cosmogonical researches he was getting bored with coding research because the opportunities for someone with his freewheeling style were ever more limited in this increasingly competitive and empirically constrained field" George Gamow: A Biographical Memoir National Academy of Sciences. hardcover
Referenz des Buchhändlers : 46966
|
|
|
WOHLER F. und J. LIEBIG. THE DISCOVERY OF "EMULSIN" A MAIN WORK IN ORGANIC CHEMISTRY.
Ueber die Bildung des Bittermandel�ls. Vorschlag zur Einf�hrung eines neuen Arzneimittels anstatt des destillirten Kirschlorbeer- und Bittermandelswassers. Ueber Marcet's Xanthic-Oxyd. 3 papers all by W�hler u. Liebig.
Leipzig Johann Ambrosius Barth 1837. Without wrappers as issued in "Annalen der Physik und Chemie. Hrsg.von Poggendorff" Bd. 41 Zweites St�ck. Entire issue No 6 offered. Titlepage to vol. 41. Pp. 225-448 a. 2 folded engraved plates. W�hler & Liebig's papers: pp. 345-366 pp. 366-374 a. pp. 393-397. Clean and fine. � First appearance of this classic paper in organic chemistry in which W�hler and Liebig showed how Amygdalin could be decomposed by a vegetable emulsion the first example of a glycoside.<br><br>"The conclusions which you have drawn from the investigation of bitter-almond oil" wrote Berzelius to Liebig and W�hler "are certainly the most importent which have so far been reached in the domain of vegetable chemistry and give promise of shedding an unexpected light over this part of the science.The facts which you have set forth inspire such reflections that they may be regarded as the dawn of a new day in vegetable chemistry."Berzelius-W�hler Briefwechsel.<br><br>"During the years that Liebig was preoccupied with the ether theory and with organic acids he also carried out two importent investigations with W�hler. In october 1836 W�hler wrote that he had discovered a way to transform amygdalin to oil of bitter almonds and hydrocyanid acis by distilling it with manganese and sulfuric acid and he invited Liebig to join in pursuing the topic. Two days later he made a more remarkable discovery. It had occurred to him that perhaps thetransformation of amygdalin could be effected by the albumin in the almonds in a manner similar to the action of yeast in sugar.W�hler suspected that the decomposition was an example of what Berzelius had recently defined as catalysis. Liebig and W�hler then divided up the detailed examination of the properties and composition of amygdalin. They precipitated from the emulsion of almonds a substance which when dissolved retain its action. They named the active substance "emulsion". Its effectiveness in very small quantities confirmed that it acted like yeast."DSB VIII p. 342. unknown
Referenz des Buchhändlers : 43739
|
|
|
DAVY HUMPHREY. THE DISCOVERY OF CHLORINE DIOXYD.
Some experiments on a solid compound of iodine and oxygene and on its chemical agencies. Read April 20 1815. On the action of acids on the salts usually called hyperoxymuriates. Read May 4 1815. 2 papers.
London W. Bulmer and Co. 1815. 4to. No wrappers as extracted from "Philosophical Transactions" 1815 - Part II. Pp. 203-213 a. pp. 214-219. � First appearance of two importent papers by davy. In the second paper offered he relates his discovery of chlorine dioxyd.<br><br>"By explosion over mercury he found that 2 vols. give from 2.7 to 2.9 of gas and this would probably be 3 vols. if no chlorine had been absorbed by the mercury. This gas contains 2 vols. of oxygen and the remainder chlorine hence the compound consists of 'two in volume of oxygen and one of chlorine condensed into the space of two volumes' ClO2. He found it to explode at about 100 deg. with more viollence than euchlorine."Partington III p. 57.<br><br>Together with ROBERT PORRETT "Further analytical experiments relative to the constitution of the prussic; of the ferruretted chyazic and of the sulphuretted chyazic acids; and of their salts; together with the application of the atomic theory to the analysis of these bodies." pp. 220-230 a. 2 tables one folding. unknown
Referenz des Buchhändlers : 45715
|
|
|
LECOQ de BOISBAUDRAN PAUL EMILE. ANNOUNCING THE DISCOVERY OF THE ELEMENT GALLIUM.
Caract�res chimique et spectroscopiques d'un nouveau m�tal le Gallium d�couvert dans une blende de la mine de Pierrefitte vall�e d'Argel�s Pyr�n�es. S�ance du Lundi 20 Septembre 1875. Sur quelques propri�t�s dy gallium. S�ance du Lundi 6 decembre 1875
Paris Gauthier-Villars 1875. 4to. No wrappers. In: "Comptes Rendus Hebdomadaires des S�ances de L'Academie des Sciences" Tome 81 No 12 and No 23. Pp. 485- 508 a. 1065- 1148. 2 entire issues offered. Boisbaudran's papers: pp. 493-495 a. pp. 1100-1105. � First printing of the paper in which Boisbaudran announced his discovery of Gallium together with the first printing of the paper in which he by a series of experiments proved that Gallium the metal that he had discovered amd named in honour of France is a true element. A larger paper on the discovery was published in 1877 in "Annales de Chimie et Physique". In 1879 Bausbaudran was awarded the Davy Medal for his discovery of Gallium. <br><br>"In 1875 Boisbaudran spectroscopically discovered a new element gallium which he found in zinc blende from a mine in Hautes-Pyr�n�es. Continuing his work in Wurtz�s laboratory in Paris he was a able to obtain the free metal by electrolysis of a solution of the hydroxide in potassium hydroxide. Gallium Boisbaudran realized was the "eka-aluminum" predicted by Mendeleev and was the first of Mendeleev�s predicted elements to be isolated. Boisbaudran�s finding thus provided valuable evidence for the validity of Mendeleev�s periodic classification of the elements."DSB.<br><br>"Lecoq de Boisbaudran announced his discovery by spectroscopic analysis of the new element gallium. Mendeleev had first predicted its existence and had named it eka-aluminium. The discovery was made in the author's private laboratory in a specimen of zinc blende from the Pierrefitte mine in the Angel�s Valley in the Hautes Pyr�n�es. He describes how on the evening of 27 August 1875 he detected the existence of this new element which he named "gallium" in honor of France Gallia. A month later he "performed in Wurtz's laboratory in Paris.a series of experiments to prove that gallium.is a true element"Weeks. he discusses how he eventually isloated small amounts of pure metallic gallium and determined its physical and chemical properties. The paper the paper offered first describes gallium compounds e.g. ammonium gallium alum chloride oxide and sulphate."Roy G. Neville II p. 29. unknown
Referenz des Buchhändlers : 47271
|
|
|
UNVERDORBEN OTTO. THE DISCOVERY OF ANILINE.
Ueber das Verhalten der organischen K�rper in h�heren Temperaturen.
Leipzig Johann Ambrosius Barth 1826. Contemp. hcalf. Gilt spine. A few scratches to spine. In "Annalen der Physik und Chemie. Hrsg.von Poggendorff" Bd. 8. 10526 pp. and 3 folded engraved plates. Small stamps onverso of titlepage. Entire volume offered. Unverdorben's paper: pp. 253-265 397-410 477-487. Clean and fine. � First appearance of the paper in which Unverdorben describes the method by which he discovered Aniline which became so importent in the manufacture of dyes plastics and pharmaceuticals. <br><br>"Aniline from the Portugese anil applied to indigo and derived from the Arabic an-nil the blue substance was first obtained by Unverdorben by heating indigo and was given the name 'crystalline'. In 1841 Carl Julius von Fritzsche 1807-71 an assistant to Mitscherlich and later a member of the Academy of Sciences in St. petersburg obtained the same compound from anthranilic acid which was produced by the action of caustioc alkalis on indigo and called it 'aniline'. in 1843 Hofmann showed that the three substances crystalline aniline and benzidam were identical with the base isolated from coal tar."Findlay "A Hundred years of Chemistry" p. 134.<br><br>Parkinson "Breakthroughs" 1826 C.<br><br>The volume contains other importent papers Antoine Jerome Balard "Ueber eine besondere Substanz im Meereswasser" in which he describes his discovery of the element BROMINE first German edition pp. 114-124 a. pp. 319-336. Parkinson "Breakthroughs" 1826 C. And Eilhard Mitscherlich "Ueber eine neue Klasse von Krystallformen" pp. 427-442. unknown
Referenz des Buchhändlers : 46031
|
|
|
FERMI E. ENRICO. THE DISCOVERY BETA DECAY AND THE NEUTRINO.
Versuche einer Theorie der Beta-Strahlen.
Berlin Julius Springer 1934. 8vo. Bound in nice half calf with gilt lettering to spine. Published in "Zeitschrift f�r Physik". Pp. 161-177. Entire volume: VIII 825 pp. Library stamp to free front end-paper. Clean and fine. � First edition of Fermi's seminal and exceedingly important paper on beta-decay. In one stroke Fermi had solved the major problem of beta decay: How do electrons come out of the nucleus if there are non to begin with In the paper he coined the term neutrino and his groundbreaking work awarded him the Nobel Prize in physics in 1938.<br><br>How pioneering and daring Fermi's theory was became clear when he first submitted his paper to the prestigious journal Nature. The journal's editor turned it down because "it contained speculations which were too remote from reality" consequently it became published in Zeitschrift f�r Physik. Eventually six years later in 1939 Nature published Fermi's paper.<br><br>In late 1933 Fermi wrote his famous article offering an elegant solution to a well know problem: Fermi proposed an entire new force of nature the weak force. "This new force together with gravity electromagnetism and the strong interaction which binds the particles of the nucleus constitutes the family of forces presently known in physics. The should account for the whole universe. Weak interactions forces occur between all particles and are thus unlike electromagnetism or strong interactions which are restricted to certain particles. The first manifestation of the weak interaction to be treated in detail was the beta decay." DSB IV p. 579b.<br><br>The "canonical formalism of Heisenberg and Pauli gave rise in the thirties and forties to many applications of which the most important may be mentioned here: 1934 Enrico Fermi gave the formal explanation of beta-radioactivity of atomic nuclei by making use of the hypothesis formulated by Pauli in 1930 which postulated the existence." Enz Charles. Of Matter And Spirit 2009 p. 167.<br><br>Pauli had named his proposed light particle a neutron. James Chadwick had named his much more massive nuclear particle a neutron as well which left the two particles with the same name. Fermi therefore to solve the confusion coined the term neutrino Italian diminutive of neutron. <br>Fermi is widely regarded as one of the leading scientists of the 20th century Along with Oppenheimer he is frequently referred to as "the father of the atomic bomb". unknown
Referenz des Buchhändlers : 43033
|
|
|
STERN O. OTTO + WALTHER GERLACH. DISCOVERY OF SPATIAL QUANTIZATION THE STERN GERLACH EXPERIMENT
Ein Weg zur experimentellen Pr�fung der Richtungsquantelung im Magnetfeld in: Zeitschr. f�r Physik vol. 7 1921: Der experimentelle Nachweis des magnetischen Moments des Silberatoms in Zeitschr. f�r Physik vol. 8 1922
Berlin Julius Springer 1921 & 1922. 8vo. Bound in two uniform contemporary. In "Zeitschrift f�r Physik" Vol. 7 8 & 9 1922. All three volumes offered. Both with library stamp to title page and light wear to extremities. A fine set. Pp. 249-53; 110-11; 349-55. Entire volumes: VI 414 pp; IV 419 pp.; IV 412 pp. � First printing of Stern and Gerlach's seminal papers in which the first spatial quantization atomic magnetic moments was first presented. With these papers the first clear proof for the spin of the electron appeared profoundly influencing the world of physics. The discovery of the deflection of particles is often used to illustrate basic principles of quantum mechanics and demonstrates that electrons and atoms have inherent quantum properties.<br><br>Spatial quantization had been introduced merely as a theoretical concept by Sommerfeld in 1916 but no one before Stern had ever empirically demonstrated its existence and some physicists even considered it to be nothing more than a mathematical tool. In his 1921-paper Stern proposed an empirical test:<br>"The idea for the experiment proposed by Stern was simple enough. A beam of silver atoms is produced by letting silver evaporate in an oven with a small opening. The beam is collimated and travels in X direction until it falls on a glass plate. Between collimators and plate an inhomogeneous magnetic field is produced. It points in y direction and also changes its strength as a function of y. If the atoms possess a magnetic moment the field pulls them away from the X axis. If the moments are oriented at random there will be a broadening of the beam. But if spatial quantization exists with just two possible orientations then the beam will be split in two. Half the atoms are pulled in the positive and half in the negative y direction. It should be treated as a spinning top with a magnetic needle in its axis." Brandt. The Harvest of a Century p. 124.<br><br>In November 1921 Stern and Gerlach observed a broadening of the beam its size increased from 0.1 mm till 0.3 mm when the field was turned on. "This result proved that silver atoms possess a magnetic moment. With a still better collimated beam in February 1922 where the splitting of the beam into two was observed. Spatial quantization was established." Brandt. The Harvest of a Century p. 124.<br><br>Only after the birth of quantum mechanics it became clear that the atoms themselves are not turned but that their quantum mechanical wave function assumes one of its possible values in the apparatus. <br>The discovery penetrated all aspects of physics; it was documented that electrons are responsible for the hyperfine structure of the spectroscopic lines and more generally that the direct observation of the spin of the electron is the most clear evidence of quantization in quantum mechanics.<br><br>The three volumes also contains the following papers of interest:<br>1. Born Max. �ber elektrostatische Gitterpotentiale. Bd. 7. pp. 124-140.<br>2. Born Max. Zur Thermodynamik der Kristallgitter. Bd. 7. pp. 217-248.<br>3. Geiger H. Reichweitemessungen an alfa-Strahlen. Bd. 8. pp. 45-58.<br>4. Brody E. & Max Born. Bemerkungen zy unseren Abhandlungen "�ber die Schwingungen eines mechanischen Systems mit endlicher Amplitude und ihre Quantelung" . . Bd. 8. Pp. 205-208.<br>5. Heisenberg Werner. Zur Quantentheorie der Linienstruktur und der anomalen Zeemaneffekte. Bd. 8. pp. 273-297.<br>6. Bohr Niels. Der Bau der Atome und die physikalischen und chemischen Eigenschaften der Elemente. Bd. 9. pp. 1-67.<br><br>And many others. unknown
Referenz des Buchhändlers : 49490
|
|
|
STERN O. OTTO + WALTHER GERLACH. DISCOVERY OF SPATIAL QUANTIZATION THE STERN GERLACH EXPERIMENT
Ein Weg zur experimentellen Pr�fung der Richtungsquantelung im Magnetfeld in: Zeitschr. f�r Physik vol. 7 1921: Der experimentelle Nachweis des magnetischen Moments des Silberatoms in Zeitschr. f�r Physik vol. 8 1922 Der experimentelle Nachweis der Richtungsquantelung im Magnetfeld. in Zeitschr. f�r Physik vol. 9 1922:.
Berlin Julius Springer 1921 & 1922. 8vo. Entire volumes 7-9 1921 and 1922 of "Zeitschrift f�r Physik" bound in three contemporary half cloth bindings over marbled boards volumes 7 and 8 in uniform bindings volume 9 slightly differing with more gilding to spine. Tiny marginal dampstain to the first leaves of vol. 9 and large library-stamp to front free end-papers of volumes 7-8 otherwise all three volumes fine clean and tight. All three title-pages with library-stamp. Pp. 249-53; 110-11; 349-55. Entire volumes: VI 414 pp; IV 419 pp.; IV 412 pp. � First printing of Stern and Gerlach's seminal papers in which the first spatial quantization atomic magnetic moments was first presented. With these papers the first clear proof for the spin of the electron appeared profoundly influencing the world of physics. The discovery of the deflection of particles is often used to illustrate basic principles of quantum mechanics and demonstrates that electrons and atoms have inherent quantum properties.<br><br>Spatial quantization had been introduced merely as a theoretical concept by Sommerfeld in 1916 but no one before Stern had ever empirically demonstrated its existence and some physicists even considered it to be nothing more than a mathematical tool. In his 1921-paper Stern proposed an empirical test:<br>"The idea for the experiment proposed by Stern was simple enough. A beam of silver atoms is produced by letting silver evaporate in an oven with a small opening. The beam is collimated and travels in X direction until it falls on a glass plate. Between collimators and plate an inhomogeneous magnetic field is produced. It points in y direction and also changes its strength as a function of y. If the atoms possess a magnetic moment the field pulls them away from the X axis. If the moments are oriented at random there will be a broadening of the beam. But if spatial quantization exists with just two possible orientations then the beam will be split in two. Half the atoms are pulled in the positive and half in the negative y direction. It should be treated as a spinning top with a magnetic needle in its axis." Brandt. The Harvest of a Century p. 124.<br><br>In November 1921 Stern and Gerlach observed a broadening of the beam its size increased from 0.1 mm till 0.3 mm when the field was turned on. "This result proved that silver atoms possess a magnetic moment. With a still better collimated beam in February 1922 where the splitting of the beam into two was observed. Spatial quantization was established." Brandt. The Harvest of a Century p. 124.<br><br>Only after the birth of quantum mechanics it became clear that the atoms themselves are not turned but that their quantum mechanical wave function assumes one of its possible values in the apparatus. <br>The discovery penetrated all aspects of physics; it was documented that electrons are responsible for the hyperfine structure of the spectroscopic lines and more generally that the direct observation of the spin of the electron is the most clear evidence of quantization in quantum mechanics.<br><br>The three volumes also contains the following papers of interest:<br>1. Born Max. �ber elektrostatische Gitterpotentiale. Bd. 7. pp. 124-140.<br>2. Born Max. Zur Thermodynamik der Kristallgitter. Bd. 7. pp. 217-248.<br>3. Geiger H. Reichweitemessungen an alfa-Strahlen. Bd. 8. pp. 45-58.<br>4. Brody E. & Max Born. Bemerkungen zy unseren Abhandlungen "�ber die Schwingungen eines mechanischen Systems mit endlicher Amplitude und ihre Quantelung" . . Bd. 8. Pp. 205-208.<br>5. Heisenberg Werner. Zur Quantentheorie der Linienstruktur und der anomalen Zeemaneffekte. Bd. 8. pp. 273-297.<br>6. Bohr Niels. Der Bau der Atome und die physikalischen und chemischen Eigenschaften der Elemente. Bd. 9. pp. 1-67.<br><br>And many others. hardcover
Referenz des Buchhändlers : 43611
|
|
|
FARADAY MICHAEL. THE DISCOVERY OF ELECTRO MAGNETIC INDUCTION PMM 308 GERMAN VERSION.
Experimental-Untersuchungen �ber Elektricit�t. Frei �bersetzt aus dem Philosop. Transact. f. 1832. Erste- Zweite Reihe. � I-V. I. Vertheilung elektrischer Str�me. II. Electricit�tserregung durc Magnetismus. III. Neuer elektrischer Zustand der Materie. IV. Erkl�rung der von Hrn. Arago beobachteten magnetischen Erscheinungen. V. Magneto-elektrische Vertheilung durch Erdmagnetismus. Numb. 1-139 u. 140-264.
Leipzig Johann Ambrosius Barth 1832. Contemp. hcalf. raised bands gilt spine. Light wear along edges. In "Annalen der Physik und Chemie. Hrsg. von J.C. Poggendorff" Band 25. Entire volume offered. VIII648 pp. and 6 folded engraved plates. Small stamps on verso of titlepage and plates. Faraday's papers: pp. 91-142 a. pp. 142-186. with 3 folded engraved plates. Clean and fine. � First German editions of the 2 first memoirs of Faradays groundbreaking researches on electricity constituting the first 2 papers of his "Experimental Researches in Electricity" and containing his fundamental discovery of electromagnetic induction THE FOUNDATION OF NEARLY ALL THE ELECTRICITY IN USE TODAY. In 1820 Oersted had generated magnetism from electricity Faraday here finds the opposite effect generating electricity by magnetism. He also described the first electrical generator second paper. THESE PAPERS ARE SOME OF THE GREAT CLASSICS OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS.<br><br>"Faraday demonstrated this theory involving the lines of force.by inserting a magnet into a coil of wire attached to a galvanometer. While the magnet was being inserted or removd current flowed through the wire. If the magnet was held stationary and the coil moved over it one way or the other there was current in the wire. In either case the magnetic lines of force about the magnet were cut by the wire.If the magnet and coil were both held motionless whether the magnet was within the coil or not there was no current.Faraday hd thus discovered electricalinduction.It was to lead to great things but this was not apparent."Asimov.<br><br>"Although his discovery of the electric motor and the dynamo was almost entirely identical to his theoretical discoveries it laid the foundation of the modern electrical industry - electric light and power te�lephony wireless telegraphy televison etc. - by providing for the production of continous mechanical motion from an electrical source and vice versa." PMM 308.<br><br>Horblit 29 - Milestones 62. - Dibner 64. - PMM 308.<br><br>The volume contains further notable papers. Elie de Beaumont "Zweiter geologischer Brief.an A.v. Humboldt �ber die relative Alter der Gebirgsz�ge" pp. 1-58 a. 2 plates one handcoloured papers by D�bereiner E. Lenz Moser Mitscherlich de Saussure J. Dumas F.E. Neumann Gay-Lussac Johannes M�ller "Beobachtungen zur Analyse der Lymphe des Bluts und des Chylus" pp. 513-590. hardcover
Referenz des Buchhändlers : 44146
|
|
|
RONTGEN W. WILHELM CONRAD.t THE DISCOVERY OF X RAYS PMM 380
Eine neue Art von Strahlen. Vorl�ufige Mittheilung.
W�rzburg Stahel'schen K. Hof- und Universit�tsbuch und Kunsthandlung Ende 1895. 8vo. In the original printed wrappers. Offprint from "Sitzungsberichten der W�rzburger Physik -Medic. Gesellschaft" but published before the journal-issue. Lower right corner of front wrapper with repair after a 10 cm long tear no loss of text. "Gratis �berreicht / von der Verlagsbuchhandlung" stamped to lower left corner of front wrapper. Light overall soiling to wrappers internally fine and clean. No title-page as issued. 10 pp. 1 blank leaf. � First printing rare offprint in the original printed wrappers published before the journal-issue of R�ntgen's landmark discovery of X-rays: "the foundation stones of roentgenology" Garrison & Morton and "one of the most important advances in the history of scientific development" Heirs of Hippocrates. Here R�ntgen unveiled a new form of matter and offered a new revolutionary method for medical diagnosis being "the greatest advance in diagnostic medicine since the invention of the stethoscope" Norman crystallography and radioactivity - "Practically every science was improved by the new technique" Dibner.<br>R�ntgen's was the first Nobel Prize in physics given in 1901 "in recognition of the extraordinary services he has rendered by the discovery of the remarkable rays subsequently named after him." <br><br>In order to ensure priority for his discovery R�ntgen first published the paper as an offprint from "Sitzungsberichte der Physikalisch-medicinischen Gesellschaft zu W�rtzburg" in 1895. "Roentgen sent his paper "Eine neue Art von Strahlen Vorlaufige Mittheilung" to the W�rzburg Physical-Medical Society for publication in its proceedings. The article appeared in the December 1895 number of the society's journal although that number probably was not actually published until January 1896." Norman<br>Apart from a second paper on X-rays in March 1896 and a third in 1897 R�ntgen wrote no further papers on the subject leaving the elucidation of the nature of X-rays and application to others.<br><br>"Their X-rays importance in surgery medicine and metallurgy is well known. Incomparable the most important aspect of R�ntgen's experiments however is his discovery of matter in a new form which has completely revolutionized the study of chemistry and physics. Laue and the Braggs have used X-rays to show us the atomic structure of crystals. Moseley has reconstructed the periodic table of the elements. Becquerel was directly inspired by R�ntgen's results to the investigation that discovered radio-activity. Finally J. J. Thomson enunciated the electron theory as a result of investigating the nature of the X-rays." DSB.<br><br>"On Friday 8 November 1895 R�ntgen first suspected the existence of a new phenomenon when he observed that crystals of barium platinocyanide fluoresced at some distance from a Crookes tube with which he was experimenting. Hertz and Lenard had published on the penetrating powers of cathode rays electrons and R�ntgen thought that there were unsolved problems worth investigation. He found time to begin his repetition of their experiments in October 1895. Although others had operated Crookes tubes in laboratories for over thirty years it was R�ntgen who found that X rays are emitted by the part of the glass wall of the tube that is opposite the cathode and that receives the beam of cathode rays. He soon discovered the penetrating properties of the rays and was able to produce photographs of balance-weights in a closed box the chamber of a shotgun and a piece of nonhomogeneous metal. The apparent magical nature of the new rays was something of a shock even to R�ntgen and he naturally wished to be absolutely sure of the repeatability of the effects before publishing. <br>The first communication on the rays on 28 December was to the editors of the Physical and Medical Society of W�rzburg and by 1 January 1896 R�ntgen was able to send reprints and in some cases photographs to his friends and colleagues. Emil Warburg displayed some of the photographs at a meeting of the Berlin Physical Society on 4 January. The Wiener Presse carried the story of the discovery on 5 January and on the following day the news broke around the world. The world's response was remarkably swift both the general public and the scientific community reacting in their characteristic ways. For the former the apparent magic caught the imagination and for the latter Crookes tubes and generators were promptly sold in great numbers.<br>After a royal summons R�ntgen demonstrated the effects of X rays to the Kaiser and the court on 13 January. He was immediately awarded the Prussian Order of the Crown Second Class.<br>In March 1896 a second paper on X rays was published and there followed a third in 1897 after which R�ntgen returned to the study of the physics of solids. " DSB<br><br>"Aside from its obvious applications Roentgen's discovery galvanized the world of physics and led to a rash of further discoveries that so completely overturned the old concepts of the science that the discovery of X-rays is sometimes considered the first stroke of the Second Scientific Revolution. The First Scientific Revolution is of course that which included Galileo and his experiments on falling bodies. Within a matter of months investigations of X rays led to the discovery of radioactivity by Becquerel. The importance of the discovery was well recognized in its own time. In 1896 Roentgen shared the Rumford Medal with Lenard and in 1901 when Nobel Prizes were set up.the first to be honoured with a Nobel Prize in Physics was Roentgen." Asimov.<br><br>"Their importance in surgery medicine and metallurgy is well known. Incomparably the most important aspect of R�ntgen's experiments however is his discovery of matter in a new form which has completely revolutionized the study of chemistry and physics. Laue and the Braggs 406 have used the X-rays to show us the atomic structure of crystals. Mosely 407 has reconstructed the periodic table of the elements. Becquerel 393 was directly inspired by R�ntgen's results to the investigation that discovered radio-activity. Finally J. J. Thomson 386 enunciated the electron theory as a result of investigating the nature of X-rays." PMM.<br><br>PMM: 380<br>Garrison & Morton: 2683 <br>Norman: 83<br>Dibner: 162<br>Heirs of Hippocrates: 1085 <br>Horblit: 90 <br>Barchas: 1812 unknown
Referenz des Buchhändlers : 50401
|
|
|
HERSCHEL JOHN WF. THE DISCOVERY OF THE IRON PRINTING PROCESS. W. F.
On certain Improvements on Photographic Processes described in a former Communication and on the Parathermic Rays of the Solar Spectrum. Received November 17 - Read November 17 1842.
London Richard and John E. Taylor 1843. 4to. No wrappers as extracted from "Philosophical Transactions" 1843 - Part I. Pp. 1-6. � First appearance of a pioneer-paper in the history of early photography as Herschel here for the first time describes his discovery of the iron printing process with ammonio-citrate of iron by both methods namely with blue lines on a white background and white lines on a blue ground. unknown
Referenz des Buchhändlers : 42662
|
|
|
RAMSAY WILLIAM & PER THEODOR CLEVE. THE INDEPENDENTLY DISCOVERY OF HELIUM ON EARTH
On a Gas showing the Spectrum of Helium the reputed cause of D3 one of the Lines in the Coronal Spectrum. preliminary Note. Received March 26 1895. Helium a Gaseous Constituent of certain Minerals. Part I. And P.E. CLEVE: Sur la pr�sence de l'h�lium dans la cl�v�ite. Lettre de P.-F. Cl�ve � M. Berthelot. S�ance du Mardi 16 Avril 1895.
London arrison and Sons 1895. - Paris Gauthier-Villars 1895. 8vo. and 4to. Later full cloth gilt lettering to spine Ramsay and without wrappers Cleve. In "Proceedings of the Royal Society" Ramsay Vol. 58. Entire vol. offered. And in "Comptes Rendus Hebdomadaires des S�ances de L'Academie des Sciences" Cleve Tome 120 No 15. Pp. 797- 850. Entire issue offered. Ramsay's papers: pp. 65-67 and pp. 81-89. - Cleve's paper: p. 834. Stamps tp edges and a few corners a bit bumped on vol. 58 otherwise clean and fine. � First printing of both papers in which Ramsay and Cleve - independently - announced their discovery of Helium on the Earth. Although Ramsay announced the discovery of Helium before Cleve had completed his research the Swedish chemist was independent discoverer of the element.<br><br>Helium was discovered in the sun already in 1868 by Jules Janssen and independently by Lockyer the same year. Janssen discovered helium in the sun when he observed a total eclipse in India by studying the spectra of the suns chromosphere and Lockyer also by spectroscopy found that the new line in the spectrum did not belong to any element then known and he named it Helium for the sun.<br><br>In the same volume as Ramsays paper there are 5 papers by NORMAN LOCKYER dealing with the discovery of Helium on the earth examining Ramsay's and Cleve's findings.<br><br>Parkinson "Breakthroughs" 1895. hardcover
Referenz des Buchhändlers : 49284
|
|
|
BERNARD CLAUDE. THE DISCOVERY OF THE GLYCOGENIC FUNCTION OF THE LIVER.
Sur une nouvelle fonction du foie chez l'homme et les animaux. Extrait par l'auteur.
Paris Bachelier1850. 4to. No wrappers. In: "Comptes Rendus Hebdomadaires des S�ances de L'Academie des Sciences" Tome XXXI No. 17. With titlepage to vol. 31. Pp. 561- 592. Entire issue offered. Bernard's paper: pp. 571-574. Titlepage with a faint stamp to top and a stamp in lower margin. � First appearance of the first exposition of the glycogenic function of the liver - one of the greatest physiological discoveries of the 19th century. Bernard showed that the liver builds up complex substances including glycogen from the nutriment brought to it by the blood and that these are subsequently modified for distribution to the body.<br><br>Dibner "Heralds of Science" No 131 - Horblit "One Hundred Books famous in Science" No. 11a here listing "Nouvelle Fonction du Foie" from 1853 but with the remark "The work appeared earlier in abbreviated form in the "Comptes rendus" the paper offered. - Exhibition of First Editions of Epochal Achievements in the History of Science Berkeley 1934. No 107. unknown
Referenz des Buchhändlers : 48830
|
|
|
DAVY HUMPHRY THE DISCOVERY OF POTASSIUM AND SODIUM.
The Bakerian Lecture on some new Phenomena of chemical Changes produced by Electricityparticularly the Decomposition of the fixed Alkalies and the Exhibition of the new substances which constitute their bases; and on the general Nature of alkaline Bodies. Read November 19 1807.
London W. Bulmer and Co. 1808. 4to. No wrappers as extracted from "Philosophical Transactions" 1808 - Part I. Pp. 1-44. Clean and fine wide-margined. � First printing of this importent historical paper in chemistry in which Davy shows that electricity is capable of decomposing some alkalies isolating two new substances and discovering potassium and sodium. <br>Neville in his Historical Chemical Library vol. I p.340 writes about this paper "ONE OF THE GREAT CLASSIC RESEARCHES IN CHEMISTRY in which Davy announced in this his second Bakterian lecture the isloation of metallic potassium and sodium by the electrolytic decomposition of their fused oxides."<br><br>"He Davy began his own electrical experiments.The results were spectacular. On October 6 1807 the current passing through molten potash liberated a metal which Davy called potassium. The little globules of shining metal tore the water molecule apart as it eagerly recombined with oxygen and the liberated hydrogen burst into lavender flame. Davy danced about in a delirium of joy. A week later he isolated sodium from soda."Asimow. The paper offered here describes these discoveries.<br><br>"Humphry Davy was one of the most brilliant chemists of the early nineteenth century. His early study of nitrous oxide brought him his first reputation but his later and most importent investigations were devoted to electrochemistry. Following Galvani's experiments and the discovery of the voltaic pile interest in galvanic electricity had become widespread. The first electrolysis by means of the pile was carried out in 1800 by Nicholson and Carisle who obtained oxygen and hydrogen from water. Davy began to examine the chemical effects of electricity in 1800 and his numerous discoveries were presented in his Bakerian lecture to the Royal Society on November 20 1806.<br>A Source Book in Chemistry p. 243. - Wheeler Gift: 2514. unknown
Referenz des Buchhändlers : 45884
|
|
|
LECOQ de BOISBAUDRAN PAUL EMILE. THE DISCOVERY OF SAMARIUM.
Nouvelles raies spectrales observ�es dans des substances extraites de la samarskite.
Paris Gauthier-Villars 1879. 4to. No wrappers. In: "Comptes Rendus Hebdomadaires des S�ances de L'Academie des Sciences" Tome 88 No 7. Pp. 313- 352. Entire issue offered. Boisbaudran's paper: pp. 322-324. � First apperance of the paper in which Boisbaudran revealed his discovery of a new earth that precipitated had a unique spectrum. De Boisbaudran named it samaria after the mineral from which it was derived. The mineral samarskite is named for a Russian mining engineer and Chief of Staff - Corps of Mining Engineers Colonel Vasili Evgrafovich Samarsky-Bykhovets.<br><br>"Samarium was discovered by French chemist Paul �mile Lecoq de Boisbaudran in 1879. He noticed in his research that impure didymium praseodymium and neodymium with other impurities seemed to contain more than just didymium based on spectroscopic work on various rare-earth minerals. When Lecoq de Boisbaudran added ammonium hydroxide to a concentrate prepared from the mineral samarskite he observed a precipitate that formed before the didymium Weeks and Leicester 1968 p. 685. <br><br>Partington "Breakthroughs" 1879 C. unknown
Referenz des Buchhändlers : 47275
|
|
|
CASSINI J. DISCOVERY OF THE INCLINATION OF A SATELITTE.
Nouvelles Decouvertes sur les Mouvements des Satellites de Saturne.
Paris L'Imprimerie Royale 1717. 4to. Without wrappers. Extracted from "M�moires de l'Academie des Sciences. Ann�e 1714". Pp.361-378 and 1 folded engraved plate. � First printing of the paper in which Cassini describes his discovery of the inclination of the orbit of Saturn's fifth satellite. unknown
Referenz des Buchhändlers : 45962
|
|
|
SALZER HARRY M. and MAX L. LURIE. THE DISCOVERY OF ANTIDEPRESSANTS
Anxiety and Depressive States Treated With Asonicotinyl Hydrazide Isoniazid. In: A.M.A. Archives of Neurology and Psychiatry. Vol. 70 1953.
Chicago 1953. Lex 8vo. Entire volume present. Contemporary brown half cloth with type-written paper title-label to spine. A nice and clean copy. Pp. 317-324. Entire volume: VI 10 2 819 1 pp. � Seminal first printing of the groundbreaking paper that founded the field of antidepressant medicine being the paper that reported for the first time the first discovery in the antidepressant field namely the first specific antidepressant drug. It is with the report of the present paper that isoniazide becomes the first antidepressant in clinical history thus founding a field that the modern world could hardly be imagined without sparking a kind of treatment that is now presumably the most frequently prescribed in the Western world. <br><br>"As far as can be ascertained the present study is the first in which isoniazid has been employed in the treatment of anxiety states and psychoneurotic agitated and manic-depressive depressions." Present paper p. 318.<br><br>In 1951 a series of hydrazide derivatives was introduced for the treatment of tuberculosis the best known of them being isoniazid and iproniazid. Isoniazid was not a newly discovered drug having been synthesized in 1912 but its recognized success against tuberculosis was. The impact of the drug was truly remarkable and stories of the effect on patients came from various places most dramatically from New York's Sea View Hospital. These reports captured the attention of the media; e.g. "Life" magazine ran an article showing patients dancing in the wards. <br>"These articles caught the attention of many psychiatrists. Phyychiatrists throughout the United States were tempted to prescribe these compounds for mental health purposes given the effects of these drugs to boost appetite cause weight gain increase vitality and improve sleep. The conventional wisdom is that no indications emerged from any of these efforts.<br>Stimulated by the reports of improved sleep and appetite by Robitzek et al. 1952 and probably the feature in "Life" Max Lurie and Harry Salzer made the first discovery in the antidepressant field in 1952. following the suggestions that isoniazid appeared to treat tuberculosis and enhance the sense of well-being of the patients receiving the drug Lurie like Jackson Smith thought isoniazid might be a useful agent to help depressed patients. Lurie was probably the person who coined the term "antidepressant" in 1952." Weissman: Treatment of Depression. Bridging the 21st Century pp. 10-11.<br><br>"On June 4 1953 a paper was read before the section on nervous and mental diseases at the 102nd annual session of the American Medical Association in New York detailing the effects of isoniazid in forty-one patients suffering from anxiety and depression. Two-thirds of those to whom it was given improved and among those improving were a number who had previously only responded to ECT. Improvement took up to three weeks to appear. The authors were Harry Slzer an assistant professor of neurology at the Cincinatti College of Medicine and Max Lurie an instrutor in psychiatry at the same university. Both were attending psychiatrists at the Cincinatti General Hospital." Healy: The Antidepressant Era p. 72. <br><br>Salzer and Lurie thus became the first to recognize test and describe the effects of an actual clinical antidepressant drug i.e. in the present paper. "This report deals with the early results noted in a group of 41 patients most of whom were suffering from depressive states of the psychoneurotic agitated or manic-depressive types and one of whom had a pure anxiety state. They were given isoniazid and the effect on their mental status as well as on their various symptoms was studied." Present paper p. 318.<br><br>The discovery of antidepressants must count as one of the most important discoveries for modern man. According to a government study antidepressants have now become the most commonly prescribed drugs in the United States. They're prescribed more than drugs to treat high blood pressure high cholesterol asthma or headaches. <br>In its study the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention looked at 2.4 billion drugs prescribed in visits to doctors and hospitals in 2005. Of those 118 million were for antidepressants. The same tendency occurs througout the rest of the Western World. hardcover
Referenz des Buchhändlers : 49147
|
|
|
SCHMIDT M. THE DISCOVERY OF QUASARS
3C 273: A Star-like Object with Large Red-shift.
London Macmillan & Co. 1963. Royal8vo. As extracted from "Nature" Vol. 197 1963. Fine and clean copy. P. 1040. Entire offered pages: 1033-1134 pp. � First publication of the very first observation of a quasar. <br>"The nature of the quasars remained a mystery but the discovery of this very bright example enabled Maarten Schmidt to obtain a high-quality optical spectrum of 3C 272 with the Palomar two-hundred-inch telescope in California. Maarten Schmidt's elucidation of its nature opened completely new perspectives for astronomy and high-energy astrophysics" A Century of Nature. <br><br>A quasar quasi-stellar radio source is a very energetic and distant active galactic nucleus. Quasars are extremely luminous and were first identified as being high redshift sources of electromagnetic energy including radio waves and visible light that were point-like similar to stars rather than extended sources similar to galaxies.<br><br>This volume of Nature also contains three other seminal papers on 3C 273: J. B. Okie's "Absolute Energy Distribution in the Optical Spectrum of 3C 273;" Jesse L. Greenstein and Thomas A Matthew's "Red Shift of the Unusual Radio Source 3C 48;" and C. Hazard M. B. Mackey and A. J. Shimmin's "Investigation of the Radio Source 2C 273 by the Method of Lunar Occulations." unknown
Referenz des Buchhändlers : 47251
|
|
|
DAM H. THE DISCOVERY OF VITAMIN K
Cholesterinstoffwechsel in H�hnereiern und H�hnchen. In: Biochemische Zeitschrift: 215.
Berlin 1929. 8vo. Entire volumes 215 and 216 of Biochemische Zeitschrift bound in one half cloth binding with gilt lettering to spine.Library stamp to first 4 leaves. Traces after paper label to upper part of front board. Hindges a bit weak. Internally fine and clean. Pp. 475-492. Entire volumes: V1 500 pp. IV 500 pp. � First printing of the documentation of the discovery of the dietary anti-haemorrhiagic factor Vitamin K. <br><br>The Danish biochemist and physiologist Henrik Dam 1895-1976 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Medicine in 1943 for joint work with Edward Doisy work in discovering vitamin K and its role in human physiology. <br><br>Dam's key experiment involved feeding a cholesterol-free diet to chickens. It was thus that he in 1929 investigated the role of cholesterol by feeding the chickens a cholesterol-depleted diet. After several weeks the animals developed hemorrhages and started bleeding uncontrollably. The bleeding could not be stopped with purified cholesterol alone - a second compound had to be added to the food. Dam isolated this dietary substance needed for blood clotting namely that which is now known as the coagulation vitamin or vitamin K. The new vitamin received the letter K because the initial discoveries were reported here in the German journal Biochemische Zeitschrift in which it was designated as Koagulationsvitamin Vitamin of Coagulation.<br><br>G&M: 1062. hardcover
Referenz des Buchhändlers : 51661
|
|
Per e-mail erhalten
Als pdf-Dokument herunterladen
RSS feed
Permanenter link
