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‎"SCHEELE, (CARL WILHELM).‎

‎Ueber das wesentliche Galläpfelsalz.‎

‎(Helmstädt und Leipzig, J.G. Müllerschen Budhhandlung, 1787). Small 8vo. Orig. printed blue wrappers. In: ""Chemische Annalen...von Lorenz Crell"", 17867:1. Bd., 1. Stück. The whole issue Pp. 1-96 pp. Scheele's paper: pp. 3-7.‎

‎First appearance of Scheele's last paper.The issue contains also a long paper by Richard Kirwan ""Versuche mit hepatischer (schwefelartiger) Luft. Pp. 26-46.‎

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‎"LAMY, CLAUDE-AUGUSTE ET AL.- THE ISOLATION OF THALLIUM.‎

‎De l'Existence d'un nouveau Métal. le Thallium. (+) Rapport fait à l'Academie des Sciences sur un Mémoire de K. Lamy relatif au Thallium. Commisaires Pelouze, H. Sainte-Claire, Dumas rapporteur. (+ regnault:) Sur la Chaleur specifique de Thallium. ...‎

‎Paris, Victor Masson et Fils, Imprimerie Gauthier-Villars, 1863. Without wrappers. In ""Annales de Chimie et de Physique"", Troisieme Series - Tome 67, Cahier Avril. Titlepage to tome 68. Pp. 385- 512 pp. and 1 folded colour plate (Spectre solaire, Spectre Thallium, showing the green line). (The entire issue offered). The papers on Thallium: pp. 385-434. Smal, stamps on verso of titlepage. Lamy's paper: pp. 383-417.‎

‎William Crookes was the first to observe Thallium (1861) as he found a new green line in a selenium sample, but Lamy was the first to isolate it and to prove that it was a metal (1862). The paper offered is Lamy's full description of his discovery, a shorter announcement was published in ""Comptes rendus"", 23 June 1862.Claude-Auguste Lamy (1820-1878) examined some slime from a sulfuric acid plant at Loos which was using Belgian pyrite and observed the green spectral line. He extracted thallium sesquichloride and isolated the metal new by electrolysis. Only after his discovery, he found out that Crookes had earlier discovered and named the new element, and gave Crookes the honour. Crookes presumed that his Thallium was something of the order of Sulphur, Selenium or Tellurium but Lamy found it to be a metal. In April 1862 he reported to the French Académie des sciences. (Timeline of chemical elements).‎

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‎"DAGUERRE, LOUIS J.M. - EARLY PHOTOGRAPHY.‎

‎Nouveau moyen de préparer la Couche sensible des Plaques destinées a Recevoir les Images photographiques. (Lettré à M. Arago).‎

‎Paris, Fortin, Masson et Cie, 1844. Without wrappers. In: ""Annales de Chimie et de Physique"", 3. Series - Tome 11, Cahier Juin 1844. Titlepage to vol. 11. Pp. 129-256. (The entire issue offered).. Daguerre's paper: pp. 188-196.‎

‎First appearance of an importent paper in the history of photography in which Daguerre, the inventor of photography, announces his recent invention to photography. This paper was later the in same year published in English ""On a new Mode of preparing the plates destined to receive photographic Images."".‎

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‎"DAGUERRE, LOUIS J.M. - EARLY PHOTOGRAPHY.‎

‎Sur un nouveau procédé de polissage des plaques destinées à recevoir les images photographiques, procédé qui permet d'obtenir des résultats identiques tant que les circonstances extérieurs restent les mémes. (Lettre de M. Daguerre à M. Arago).‎

‎Paris, Fortin, Masson et Cie, 1843. Without wrappers. In: ""Annales de Chimie et de Physique"", 3. Series - Tome 7, Cahier Mars 1843. Pp. 257-384. (The entire issue offered).. Daguerre's paper: pp. 374-377.‎

‎First appearance of an importent paper in the history of photography in which Daguerre, the inventor of photography, announces his recent invention to photography.‎

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‎ANONYM.‎

‎En artig og nyttig Konstebog, hvorudi mange smukke Konst-Stykker forefindes. Først af Italiensk paa Tydsk, og siden paa Dansk oversat og formeret med adskillige skiønne Konster, som ej tilforn i disse Lande ere hørte.‎

‎Haderslev, 1810. Ubeskåret og uopskåret, som udkommet uden omslag. 20 pp.‎

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‎"RAMSAY, WILLIAM & JOHN SHIELDS. - MOLECULAR SURFACE ENERGY SHOWN.‎

‎The Variation of Molecular Surface-Energy with Temperature. Received March 14, - Read March 23, 1893.‎

‎(London, Harrison and Sons, 1894). 4to. No wrappers as extracted from ""Philosophical Transactions"", 1893, Vol. 184. Pp. 647-673 a. 2 plates.‎

‎First appearance of an importent paper in the history of physical chemistry in which the authors for the first time shows experimentally that ""the molecular surface energy decreases linearly with the temperature, and that the temperature coefficient of molecular surface energy is a colligative property. Determination of the temperature coefficient of molecular surface energy, therefore, were largely employed for the purpose of calculating the molecular weights, and therefrom the molecular complexity, of substances in the liquid state.""(Findley ""A Hundred years of Chemistry"", p. 79).‎

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‎"HATCHETT, CHARLES.‎

‎On an artificial Substance which possesses the principal characteristic Properties of Tannin. Read April 25, 1805.‎

‎(London, W. Bulmer and Co., 1805). 4to. No wrappers as extracted from ""Philosophical Transactions"" 1805 - Part II. Pp. 211-224.‎

‎First printing of Hatchett's well known paper in which he describes the preparation of an artificial tanning agent, containing importent observations on resins.‎

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‎HATCHETT, CHARLES.‎

‎On the Observations on the Change of some of the proximate Principles of Vegetables into Bitumen" with analytical Experiments on a peculiar Substance which is found with the Bovey Coal. Read June 14, 1804.‎

‎(London, W. Bulmer and Co., 1804). 4to. No wrappers as extracted from ""Philosophical Transactions"" 1804 - Part II. Pp. 385-410.‎

‎First appearance of one of Hatchett's importent works in the field of organic materials.‎

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‎DAVY, HUMPHRY.‎

‎An Account of some new Experiments on the fluoric Compounds" with some Observations on other Objects of Chemical Inquiry. Read February 13, 1814. (+) Some Experiments and Observations on a new Substance which becomes a violet coloured Gas by heat. Rea...‎

‎(London, W. Bulmer and Co., 1814). 4to. 4to. No wrappers as extracted from ""Philosophical Transactions"" 1814 - Part I. Pp. 62-73 a. pp. 74-93.‎

‎First appearance of two importent papers i chemical analysis.. The first contains accounts of the 'combining proportion' of fluorine and the efforts to isolate the radical he called fluorine after a suggestion by Ampere. ""It also contains experiments and remarks on the elementary nature of chlorine, and Davy used Gay-Lussac's law of volumes in correcting the experimentaælresults.""(Partington IV, pp. 58 ff).""Humphry Davy was one of the most brilliant chemists of the early nineteenth century. His early study of nitrous oxide brought him his first reputation, but his later and most importent investigations were devoted to electrochemistry. Following Galvani's experiments and the discovery of the voltaic pile, interest in galvanic electricity had become widespread. The first electrolysis by means of the pile was carried out in 1800 by Nicholson and Carisle, who obtained oxygen and hydrogen from water. Davy began to examine the chemical effects of electricity in 1800, and his numerous discoveries were presented in his Bakerian lectures."" Another notable paper comes together with avy's papers: THOMAS BRANDE ""The Bakerian Lecture: on some new Electro-chemical Phenomena. Read November 25, 1813."" Pp. 51-61 a. 1 engraved plate showing the experimental apparatus used.‎

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‎"ROSCOE, HENRY E. - THE ISOLATION OF VANADIUM.‎

‎The Bakerian Lecture. - Researches on Vanadium. Received November 20, - Read December 19, 1867. (+) Researches on Vanadium. - Part II. Received June 16, - Read June 17, 1869.‎

‎(London, Taylor and Francis, 1869-70). 4to. No wrappers as extracted from ""Philosophical Transactions"" 1868 - Vol. 158. Pp. 1-27. A small tear to top of first leaf, no loss. (+) Vol. 159. Pp. 679-692.‎

‎First appearance of this importent paper in which Roscoe announces the isolation of vanadium.""The final step in the discovery of vanadium was accomplished by the English chemist, Sir Henry Enfield Roscoe...In about 1865 he found that some of the copper veins of the Lower Keuper Sandstone of the Trias in Chesire contained vanadium and that one of the lime precipitates from this ore contained about two percent of it. It was from this unpromishing material that Roscoe and Sir Edmund Thorpe laboriously prepared the pure vanadium compounds needed for a thorughout study of the element. When Roscoe investigated these compounds he found that vanadium is a trivalent element of the phosphorous group. He also discovered that what Berzelius had taken for the metal was really the mononitride, VN, and that most of the vanadium compounds studied by the Swedish chemists had contained oxygen.""(Weeks. ""Discovery of the Elements"", p. 93).‎

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‎"COUPER, A. - S.(ARCHIBALD SCOTT). - INTRODUCING A NEW ERA IN ORGANIC CHEMISTRY.‎

‎Sur une nouvelle Théorie cimique.‎

‎Paris, Victor Masson, 1858. 8vo. Contemp. hcalf, raised bands, gilt spine. Light wear along edges. Small stamps on verso of titlepage. In: ""Annales de Chimie et de Physique"", 3e Series - Tome 53. 512 pp. a. 2 folded engarved plates.(The entire volume offered). Couper's paper: pp. 469-489. Some scattered brownspots.‎

‎First appearance of this milestone paper in organic chemistry - a shorter note was published in Comptes Rendus in June 1858 - in which, independently of Kekulé, Couper introduces the CONCEPT OF BONDS (represented as a dash or a dotted line) in chemistry and also observes the very importent fact, that carbon atoms forms the backbone of organic compounds.""It was not till 1858 that a satisfactory theory of molecular constitution was advanced, simultaneously and endependently, by thwo young chemists, Friedrich August Kekulé and Archibald Scott Couper. The theory of molecular constitution put foreward....by Couper and Kekulé rested on two main postulates, the quadriivalency of carbon,....and the capacity of the carbon atom for mutual linking or combining together to form a carbon ""chain"". By this hypothesis of the mutual linking together of carbon atoms - which waslater confirmed by experiment - it was possible to explain the formation of organic compounds containing a large number of carbon atoms. On the foundation of their postulates two postulates, moreover, (they) showed how the molecular constitution or mutual linking together of the atoms of a compound could be represented diagrammatically and the relstions between different compounds made readily intelligible. In his classic paper ""On a New Chemical Theory"" (the paper offered here in its first appearance) advanced beyond Kekulé by representing the constitutions of the compounds by means of GRAPHIC FORMULA in which, as at the present day, the valencies pf the atoms are represented by lines....his formulae are similar to those at present in use...""(Findlay pp. 34 ff)""The theory of Kekulé and Couper gave the chemists the maeans of solving the problems of chemical constitution"" and by means of the graphic or constitutional formulae it became possible to represent the molecular constitution of known compounds and to foresee the possible existence of isomeric compounds.""(Findlay).Parkinson ""Breakthroughs"" 1858 C.The volume contains another importent, monumental memoir MARCELLIN BERTHELOT ""Sur la Synthèse des Carbures D'Hydrogene"", pp. 69-208. Here he prsents his review of his work in organic chemistry during the previous ten years. ""In his conclusion Berthelot argued that chemistry differed from a descriptive science such as natural history by being creative and that in this it resembled the mathematical sciences.""(DSB)‎

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‎"PICTET, RAOUL. (RAOUL-PIERRE).- THE PROCESS OF LIQUEFACTION OF OXYGEN AND NITROGEN INVENTED.‎

‎Mémoire sur la liquéfaction de L'Oxygène. La Liquéfaction et la solidification de L'Hydrogéne, et sur les Théories des Changements d'état des Corps.‎

‎Paris, G. Masson, 1878. 8vo. Contemp. hcalf, raised bands, gilt spine. Light wear along edges. Small stamps on verso of titlepage. In: ""Annales de Chimie et de Physique"", 5e Series - Tome 13. 576 pp. a. 2 large folded engraved plates. (Entire volume offered). Pictet's paper: pp. 145-228. 1 full-page illustration in woodcut of his apparatus.‎

‎First appearance of a milestone paper in chemistry - issued at the same time in Geneva - in which Pictet announced and described his invention of the liquefaction-process of oxygen and nitrogen - the first liquefaction of an atmospheric gas.""It was Pictet's researches that led to a scientific achievement which at once made him internationally famous. In december of 1877, when Louis Paul Cailletet was about to report hisliquefaction of oxygen to the Paris Academy of Sciences, ictet cabled from Geneva that he hadachieved the same feat. Cailletet and Pictet had worked independently and by different methods. While Cailletet's method had been to compress, cool and expand the gas to be liquefied, Pictet had employed the ""cascade"" process, in which the refrigeration cycles of three different cooling media with successively lower critical temperatures were arranged in series, so that the gas liquefied in first would act as a cooolant in the liquefation of the next. ictet used sulphur dioxide in the first cycle, carbon dioxide in the second and oxygen in the last. Although Cailletet could establish a priority of a few weeks, Pictet has been allowed to share the credit for the first liquefaction of an atmospheric gas.""(DSB X, pp. 604-5).‎

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‎"CAILLETET, M.L. - THE PROCESS OF LIQUEFACTION OF OXYGEN AND OTHER GASES INVENTED.‎

‎Recherches sur la Liquèfaction des Gaz.‎

‎(Paris, G. Masson, 1878). No wrappers. In: ""Annales de Chimie et de Physique"", 5e Series - Tome 15, Cahier Septembre 1878. Pp. 5-144. (Entire issue offered). Cailletet's paper: pp. 132-144, textillustrations of apparatus used.‎

‎First appearance of a milestonepaper in chemistry in which Cailletet describes his invention of the liquedifaction-process of oxygen and 5 other gases - and a classic in Low-Temperature Chemistry.""Cailletet is most famous for his investigations on the compression and liquefaction of gases. At the time there were still six gases that were considered permanen: oxygen, nitrogen, hydrogen, nitrogen dioxyde, acrbon monooxide, and acetylene. Liquefaction had not been achieved despite the use of what were considered ernomous pressures. At the end of 1877 and the beginning of 1878 Callitet liquefied all these gases shortly before Raoul Pictet, who employed a completely different procedure. Cailletet had, following Andrews, recognized the importence of the critical temperature, above which liquefaction of a gas does not take place. In order to produce the necessary ccoling, he had recourse to expansion, sometimes employing several expansions in a staged process. It was in this manner that he succeeded in liquefying oxygen by beginning with liquid ethylene and passing through the stage of liquid methane.""(DSB III, pp. 11-12). Parkinson ""Breakthroughs"" 1877 C.‎

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‎"BERTHELOT, MARCELLIN.‎

‎Nouvelles recherches de Thermochemie.‎

‎Paris, Victor Masson et Fils, 1869. 8vo. Contemp. hcalf, raised bands, gilt spine. Light wear along edges. Small stamps on verso of titlepage. In: ""Annales de Chimie et de Physique"", 4e Series - Tome 18. 510 pp. a. 2 folded engraved plates. (The entire volume offered). Berthelot's paper: pp. 5-202.‎

‎First appearance of Berthelot's second large memoir on themochemistry, a subject in which he laid the foundation stones.""In the 1860s Berthelot was done with synthesis and turned to thermochemistry, the study of the heat of chemical reactions. In some of his work he had unknowingly been anticipated by Hess, but he went much further. He devised a calorimeter within which he could measure the heat of chemical reactions and ran hundreds of determinations. This work along with that being conducted by Thomson threw the science of thermochemistry into high gear.""(Asimov).‎

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‎"LECOQ de BOISBAUDRAN, PAUL ÈMILE. - THE ELEMENT GALLIUM.‎

‎Sur un nouveau Métal, le Gallium.‎

‎Paris, G. Masson, 1877. 8vo. Contemp. hcalf, raised bands, gilt spine. Light wear along edges. Small stamps on verso of titlepage. In: ""Annales de Chimie et de Physique"", 5e Series - Tome 10. 576 pp. a. 2 folded engraved plates. (The entire volume offered). Lecoq de Boisbaudran's paper: pp. 100-141 a. 1 handcoloured engraved plate (showing the two spectral lines of gallium).‎

‎First appearance of a milestone paper in chemistry and physics in which the author describes how he found the new element Gallium by analyzing spectral lines which he observed on a Pyrenea blende sample, the emission lines corresponding to the eka-aluminum that was predicted by Mendeleev in 1871 and he subsequently isolated the element by electrolysis. This was the first element discovered by use of the spark spectrum. In his discovery of the new element Boisbaudran was not guided by the predictions of Mendeleev, but only by his own law of spectra.""Boisbaudran ranks with Bunsen, Kirchhoff, and Crookes as one of the founders of the science of spectroscopy.""(Weeks).""Lecoq de Boisbaudran announced his discovery (by spectroscopic analysis) of the new element gallium. Mendeleev had first predicted its existence and had named it eka-aluminium. The discovery was made in the author's private laboratory, in a specimen of zinc blende from the Pierrefitte mine in the Angelès Valley in the Hautes Pyrénées. He describes how on the evening of 27 August 1875 he detected the existence of this new element, which he named ""gallium"" in honor of France (Gallia). The plate shows the two spectral lines of gallium, which are distinct from those of other elements (indium and potassium) in the same region of the spectrum. A month later he ""performed in Wurtz's laboratory in Paris....a series of experiments to prove that gallium...is a true element""(Weeks). he discusses how he eventually isloated small amounts of pure metallic gallium and determined its physical and chemical properties. The paper (the paper offered) first describes gallium compounds (e.g., ammonium gallium alum,, chloride, oxide, and sulphate).""(Roy G. Neville II, p. 29).Partington IV,897. - Weeks p. 215 ff.The volume contains other nptable papers EDMUND BECQUEREL ""Sur l'Observation de la partie infra-rouge du spectre solaire, au moyen des effets de phosphorescence"", pp. 5-12, 8 papers by MARCELLIN BERTHELOT.‎

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‎"MOISSAN, HENRI - ONE OF THE MAJOR PROBLEMS IN CHEMISTRY SOLVED - THE ISOLATION OF FLUORINE‎

‎Recherches sur L'Isolement du Flour.‎

‎Paris, G. Masson, 1887. 8vo. Contemp. hcalf, raised bands, gilt spine. Light wear along edges. Small stamps on verso of titlepage. In: ""Annales de Chimie et de Physique"", 6e Series - Tome 12. 576 pp. (Entire volume offered). Moissan's paper: pp. 472-537. Many textillustrations of apparatus in woodcut.‎

‎First appearance of the paper in which Moissan describes his isolation and observation of the properties of fluorine gas and his succes in producing diamond with his pectacular arc method. Fo these achievements he was the first French to be awarded the Nobel Price in chemistry (1906).The existence of the element fluorine had been well known for many years, but all attempts to isolate it had failed and some experimenters had died in the attempt.""Moissan eventually succeeded in preparing fluorine in 1886 by the electrolysis of a solution of potassium hydrogen difluoride (KHF2) in liquid hydrogen fluoride (HF). The mixture was needed because hydrogen fluoride is a non-conductor. The device was built with platinum/iridium electrodes in a platinum holder and the apparatus was cooled to -50 °C. The result was to completely isolate the hydrogen produced from the negative electrode from the fluorine produced at the positive one.This is essentially still the way fluorine is produced today."" (Wikipedia).Partington IV, p. 912. - Weeks ""Discovery of teh Elements"", p. 272 ff. - Parkinson ""Breakthroughs"" 1885 C.‎

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‎"RAMSAY, WILLIAM and MORRIS W. TRAVERS. - DISCOVERY OF THE ELEMENT KRYPTON.‎

‎On a new Constituent of Atmospheric Air. Received June 8 - Read June 9, 1898.‎

‎(London, Taylor and Francis, 1898) No wrappers. In ""Proceedings of the Royal Society of London."", Vol.63, Nos. 399-400 (both issues offered).. Pp. 373-480 a. 5 plates. Ransay & Travers' paper: pp. 405-408.‎

‎First appearance of the paper in which Ramsay and Travers announced their discovery of a new element which they named ""krypton"" (meaning hidden).""Dr. William Hampson presented them (Ransay & Travers) with about a liter of liquid air, which they used, not for liquefying the argon, but for obstaining sufficient skill in manipulation so that they would not risk loosing their precious fifteen liter of argon......The residue left after most of the liquid air had boliled away consisted largly of oxygen and nitrogen, which Ramsay and Travers temoved with red-hot copper and magnesium. ....(they) then examined the twenty-five cibic centimeters of residual gas, and when they found it to be inerst, they immediately placedit in a Pl'ucker tube connected to and induction coil and observed its spectrum. There was a bright yelælow line with a greener tint than that of the helium line and a brilliant green line that did nor coincide with any line of argon, helium, mercury, or hydrogen. They discoverede this gas on 30 May, 1898, and named it 'krypton'....they found that it belonged between bromine and rubidium in the periodic table, and so great was their excitement that the younger chemist almost forgot about his examination for doctor of sciwence which had been schedules for the next day.""(Weeks, p. 267).Parkinson ""Breakthroughs"", 1898 C.‎

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‎"ABNEY, (WILLIAM de WIVELESLIE) and R.E. FESTING.‎

‎The Bakerian Lecture. - Colour Photometry. Received ebruary 18, - Read March 4, 1886. (+) Colour Photometry. - Part II. The Measurement of Reflected Colours. Received May 3, - Read May 31, 1888. (2 Papers).‎

‎(London, Harrison and Sons, 1886 a. 1889). 4to. No wrappers as extracted from ""Philosophical Transactions"" 1886 - Vol. 177 - Part II. Pp. 423-436 a. 2 plates. 1888, vol. 179 - A. Pp. 547-570 a. 4 plates, textillustrations.‎

‎First printing of both papers. ""He (Abney) occupied himself a great deal with photography, photochemical processes, the chemistry of photographic developers and intensifiers, photometric investigations of the law of density of photographic plates, and spectroanalytical work. Importent are his experiments on solarization and the connection of exposures and the intensification of photographic silver bromide gelatine plates.""(Eder History of Photography"", pp. 454-55).‎

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‎"HOFMANN, A.W. (AUGUST WILHELM von). - THE TRUE NATURE OF AMINES DEMONSTRATED.‎

‎Reseraches into the Molecular Constitution of the Organic Bases. (Second Memoir). Communicated by James Clark. Received March 12, - Read April 3, 1851.‎

‎(London, Richard Taylor, 1851). 4to. No wrappers as extracted from ""Philosophical Transactions"" 1851 - Part I. Pp. 357-398.‎

‎First appearance of a landmark paper in organic chemistry in which Hofmann demonstrates the true nature of amines.""Wurtz had shown the existence of methyl and ethyl amines and had suggested that that they may be regarded as derivatives of ammonia. Hofmannproved this in adetailled study, in which he showed that all hydrogens of ammonia, and even of the ammonia radical, could be replaced by organic groups to give primary, secondary, and tertiary amines, and quaternary ammonium compounds. In the course of this work, he also cleared up the relation between ammonia and the ammonium radical which had long troubles chemists. The investigation was carried out in 1850, at a time when the type theory was foremost in theminds of organic chemists. It was therefore natural that Hofmann should formulate his nes compounds as representative of the ""ammonia type"". The formulas which he wrote, however scarcely differ from those used today. These clear examples helped Frankland in developing his theory of variable valence.""(Klickstein p. 364). Klickstein's selection is taken form the offered item pp. 392-397.‎

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‎"MEYER, LOTHAR und KARL SEUBERT. - THE PERIODIC TABLE REVISED.‎

‎Die Atomgewichte der Elemente aus den Originalzahlen neu berechnet.‎

‎Leipzig, Breitkopf & Härtel, 1883. Contemp. hcalf. Raised bands, gilt spine, titlelabel with gilt lettering. X,245,(1) pp. Internally fine and clean.‎

‎Scarce first edition of this importent work which is a large extension of Meyer's classic paper of 1870, in which he independently of Mendeleev, discovered that the properties of the elements are a periodic function of (or vary in a periodic manner with) the atomic weight - the Periodic Table.""The significance of atomic weights in the demonstration of chemical periodicity, and the suspicion that some atomic weights were not accurate, led Meyer and Seubert to examine critically and to recalculate all atomic weights then considered importent. Their study was published in 1883 (the work offered). All atomic weights were referred to the standard of unity for the atomic weight of hydrogen, a standard that Meyer championed.....In 1903 the newly created International Commission of Atomic Weeights decided to publish parallel tables based on H=1 and O=16, a practice followed for many years.""(DSB IX, pp. 351-352).‎

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‎VAN'T HOFF, J.H. (HOFF VAN'T).‎

‎Vorlesungen über theoretische und physikalische Chemie. 1.-3. Heft. (1. Die chemische Dynamik. 2. Die chemische Statik. 3. Beziehungen zwischen Eigenschaften und Zusammensetzung).‎

‎Braunschweig, Vieweg und Sohn, 1898-1900. Contemp. hcloth. Gilt lettering to spine. A small stamp on halftitle and first page. XI,252X,148"X,136 pp., textillustrations. Internally clean and fine.‎

‎First edition of Van't Hoff's - the founder of stereochemistry - importent ""Vorlesungen"". He was the first to receive the Nobel Prize in chemistry (1901) for his work on chemical solutions.""Chemistry is idepted to van't Hoff for his funamental contributions to the unification of chemical kinetics, thermodynamics, and physical measurements. He was instrumental in founding physical chemistry as an independent discipline.""(DSB XIII, p. 580).‎

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‎"VAN'T HOFF, J.H. (HOFF VAN'T).‎

‎Vorlesungen über Bildung und Spaltung von Doppelsalzen. Deutsch bearbeitet von Theodor Paul. Mit 54 Figuren im Text.‎

‎Leipzig, Wilhelm Engelmann, 1897. Contemp. hcalf., raised bands, gilt spine. Spine a bit worn. Stamps on titlepage. IV,95 pp., textillustrations. Internally clean and fine.‎

‎First edition of Van't Hoff's - the founder of stereochemistry - importent work on double salts in which he outlines the theoretical and practical treatment of the formation, separation, and conversion of many double salts, especially the tartrates of sodium, ammonium, and potassium. - . He was the first to receive the Nobel Prize in chemistry (1901) for his work on chemical solutions.""Chemistry is idepted to van't Hoff for his funamental contributions to the unification of chemical kinetics, thermodynamics, and physical measurements. He was instrumental in founding physical chemistry as an independent discipline.""(DSB XIII, p. 580).‎

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‎"HOMBERG, (WILHELM, GUILLAUME). - THE FIRST DETERMINATION OF EQUIVALENT WEIGHTS IN CHEMISTRY.‎

‎Observation sur la quantite exacte des sels volatiles Acides contenus dans les differens esprites acides. (+) Observations sur la quantité D'Acides absorbe's par les Alcalis terreux. (2 Memoirs).‎

‎(Paris, Jean Boudot, 1702 a. 1703). 4to. Without wrappers. Extracted from ""Mémoires de l'Academie des Sciences"". Année 1699 a. Année 1700. Pp. 44-51 and 1 textillustration. (depicting his + pp. 64-71.‎

‎First appearance of the 2 papers which represents Homberg's main works. In these papers he shows for the first time how to determine equal weights of substances, that all acids differ only in water content, and that dry acids combines in equal proportions with alkali. In the first paper he also gives the Pygnometer Bottle its modern form.""Probably his most importent work was on the strenght of acids and the quantity required to neutralize a given quantity of alkali (two papers published in 1699 and 1700) - the papers offered - Homberg recognized that different alkalis neutralized the same acid in different proportion but believed that the relative strenghts of two acids could be determined by using the same alkali in each case. he treated the the question of neutralization (or dissolvability, as he called it) in quite quantitative fashion, showing that if an alkaline salt were treated with an acid, the gain of weight ofthe salt wasan indication of the amount of acid absorbed....Homberg nevertheless understood the fundamentals of the process and thereby laid the foundation for an understanding the nature of salts.""(DSB VI, p. 478).Parkinson ""Breakthroughs"" 1700 C.‎

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‎OSTWALD, WILHELM.‎

‎Vorlesungen über Naturphilosophie. Gehalten im Sommer 1901 an der Universität Leipzig.‎

‎Leipzig, Veit & Comp., 1902. Orig. hcalf. Spine gilt. Wear to head of spine. XIV,457 pp. Inside frontcover exlibris of Oscar Wittgenstein. Internally clean.‎

‎First edition. Ostwald was awarded the Nobel Prize in chemistry in 1909.‎

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‎NERNST, WALTHER.‎

‎Theoretische Chemie vom Standpunkte der Avogadro'schen Regel und der Thermodynamik. Mit 26 Holzschnitten.‎

‎Stuttgart, Ferdinand Enke, 1893. Contemp. hcalf. Wear to joints and spine ends. Part of leather at upper compartment gone. XIV,589 pp. a. textillustrations. Internally fine and clean.‎

‎First edition of this importent textbook, written from 1891 when he became professor of physical chemistry at Göttingen. The work made full use of the thermodynamic notions of men like Ostwald. In 1906 Nernst announced his discovery, usually referred to as the thid law of thermodynamics. - He received the Nobel Prize in 1920 in chemistry. - Duveen p. 427. - DSB XV, p. 434-35.‎

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‎FRESENIUS, C. REMIGIUS.‎

‎Anleitung zur qualitativen chemischen Analyse oder die Lehre von den Operationen, von den Reagentien....Mit einem Vorwort von Justus von Liebig. Vierzehnte Auflage.‎

‎Braunschweig, Vieweg und Sohn, 1874. Contemp. hcalf, gilt. Some wear. Hinges weakening. XXII,482 pp. Textillustrations.‎

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‎"FONTANA, (FELICE).‎

‎Experiments and Observations on the inflammable Air breathed by various Animals. Read March 11, 1779.‎

‎(London, J. Nichols, 1779). 4to. Extract from ""Philosophical Transactions, of the Royal Society of London."" Vol. 69, Year 1779 - Part II. Pp. 337-361.‎

‎First appearance of the paper by the renowned Italian physiologist, in which Fontana confirmed Scheele's experiment showing that the inflammable air was respirable. In the paper he also discusses the discoveries of Priestly, Cavendish and Scheele.‎

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‎"PASTEUR, LOUIS. - RECHEARCES ON MOLECULAR ASSYMETRY & OPTICAL ACTIVITY.‎

‎Mémoire sur les acides aspartique et malique.‎

‎Paris, Victor Masson, Imprimerie de Bachelier, 1848. Without wrappers. In ""Annales de Chimie et de Physique"", 3me Series - Tome 34, January-issue. With titlepage to vol. 34. 128 pp. (entire January-issue). Pasteur's paper pp. 30-64, 1 litographed plate. Some scattered brownspots and browning.‎

‎First appearance of an importent paper in which Pasteur extended his work on the optical activity and the molecular assymetry. This paper is among Pasteurs most importent among the handfull of his early papers on the subject.‎

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‎"DUMAS, JEAN BAPTISTE-ANDRE & PIERRE PELLETIER. - TOWARDS A CLASSIFICATION OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS.‎

‎Recherches sur la Composition élémentaire et sur quelques propriétes caractéristiques des bases salifiables organiques.‎

‎(Paris, Crochard, 1823). Without wrappers. In: ""Annales de Chimie et de Physique, par Gay-Lussac et Arago"", tome 24, Sec. Series, Cahier 2. Pp. 163-191. (Entire issue offered pp. 113-223.‎

‎First appearance of Dumas and Pelletier's importent paper in which they analyzed nine alkaloids by combustion and found for the first time the number of atoms of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen in them. Dumas' name is still associated with the two procedures which he devised here, the determination of vapor density and combustion analysis.""The most important problem with which Dumas was concerned throughout his career was the classification of chemical substances. He sought to devise comprehensive classificatory schemes for organic compounds and for the elements. Dumas’s earliest contribution to organic chemistry was his study of nine alkaloids, published in 1823, jointly with Pierre Pelletier.1 He analyzed the elemental constituents of these organic “bases” and attempted to prove that their relative proportions of oxygen followed Dalton’s law of multiple proportions. He had embraced the ideas of the two reigning theories in contemporary chemistry: dualism, with its division of substances into electronegative (acid) and electropositive (alkaline)"" and atomism, which Dalton had used to explain his law. Dumas spent the next few years attempting to create an adequate system of classification of organic compounds based upon these two theories.""(DSB).‎

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‎"ELLER VON BROCKHAUSEN, JOHANN THEODOR.‎

‎Sur la Nature et les Proprietés de L'Eau. (+) Sur les Phenomenes qui se manifestent, lorsqu'on dissout toutes sortes de Sels dans L'Eau commune separément. (2 papers).‎

‎(Berlin, Haude et Spener, 1752). 4to. No wrappers, as issued in ""Memoires de L'Academie Royale des Sciences et Belles Lettres"" tome VI (1750), pp. 67-82 and pp. 83-97 and with the section-titlepage ""Memoires ....Classe de Philosophie Experimentale"".‎

‎First printing of Eller's most importent chemical works.""A really importent investigation is Eller's on the soluability of salts in water. He found that most salts cause a fall in temperature when dissolved in water, but some...cause a rise in temperature....He discusses the theory of solution - the interpostion of salt particles between water particles, attraction, etc...""(Partington II, pp. 716-17).When Frederick the Great became king in 1740, he made Eller his personal physician and appointed him director of the Berlin Academy of Sciences. Eller’s wife died in 1751, and in 1753 he married Henrietta Catherine Rosen. In 1755 Frederick made Eller a privy councillor, a position he held until his death. Eller held the highest positions in Prussia, professor of anatomy, dean to the Collegium Medico-Chirurgicum, director of the Berlin Academy of Sciences and physician-in-ordinary to Frederick the Great. Together with Georg Ernst Stahl he was responsible for laying the foundation for all subsequent developments in medical services in Prussia.‎

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‎"MARGGRAF, ANDREAS SIGISMUND. - EXAMINING THE ""PHILOSOPHER'S STONE""‎

‎Examen des Parties qui constituent cette Espece de Pierres, qui, après avoir été calcinées par les moyen ds Charbons, acquierent la Propritté de devenir lumineuses, quand on les expose à la Lumiere"" avec L'Exposé de la Composition artificielle des Pie...‎

‎(Berlin, Haude et Spener, 1752). 4to. No wrappers, as issued in ""Memoires de L'Academie Royale des Sciences et Belles Lettres"" tome VI (1750), pp.144-162.‎

‎First printing of Marggraf's importent investigation of the so-called ""Bologna-Stone"" in which he found that its base is different from lime, it is heavier and more soluble. In this memoir he anticipated Lavoisier’s conclusions by identifying the constituents of gypsum as water,lime, and vitriolic acid.Bologna stone, any of the dense, silvery white stones first found (1603) on Mount Paderno, near Bologna, by an Italian cobbler-alchemist, Vicenzo Cascariolo, who synthesized from them a luminescent material that glowed at night after being exposed by day to the Sun. Originally thought to be the philosopher’s stone that was believed capable of transmuting base metals into gold, Bologna stone ultimately was shown to be the mineral barite, barium sulfate.‎

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‎"GROTTHUSS, THEODOR VON - THE BASIC LAWS OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY FORMULATED.‎

‎Auszug aus vier Abhandlungen physikalisch-chemischen Inhalts. I. Ueber die chemische Wirksamheit des Lichtes und der Electricität, und einen merkwürdigen neues Gegensatz in der erstern, je nachdem das Licht aus nicht oxydirenden oder aus oxydirenden M...‎

‎Leipzig, Johann Ambrosius Barth, 1819. 8vo. Contemporary half calf. Raised bands, gilt spine. Spine slightly rubbed.""Annalen der Physik. Neue Folge. Hrsg. von Ludwig Wilhelm Gilbert"", Bd. 61. Small stamps on verso of title-pages. (12),430,(6) pp. and 4 engraved plates. Internally clean and fine.‎

‎First appearance of these milestone papers on photochemistry, as it was here the opinion ""that only the absorbed light rays are active in the production of chemical changes"", was expressed for the first time and ""thus, he formulated the importent basic law of photochemistry, which is named after him, ""the Grotthuss law of photochemical absorption"" (Eder ""Histo of Photography"" p. 166 ff.). The extracts as offered here, from ""Annalen"" were published before they appeared in the Annalen der Curländischen Gesellschaft für Litteratur und Kunst.""This importent Grutthussian thesis was in time so completely forgotten that John William Draper, two years after the inventionof the daguerreotype, discovered the same law and entirely independently of Grotthuss (1841). For a long time it was known as ""Draper's Law of absorption"" in ignorance of Grotthuss' priority....The four laws of Grotthuss (as formulated in the first paper offered) are....These laws... found little appreciation among his contemporaries...Still we must recognize the fact that the basic ideas which Grotthuss laid down in his photochemical theses were not far removed from the most modern views of physcal chemistry, since the chemical forces of affinity are essentially of an electrical nature"".(Eder opt.cit. p. 168).The volume contains other importent papers Macartney & Tilesius Beobachtungen über leuchtende Thiere"" (4 parts), Chladni, E.F.F. ""Ueber die Glühlampen"" etc. etc.‎

Referencia librero : 44749

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‎"DRAPER, JOHN W. - THE ""TITHONIC RAYS"" AS THE FOURTH IMPONDERABLE AGENT.‎

‎On the Decomposition of Carbonic Acid Gas and the Alkaline Carbonates, by the Light of the Sun"" and on the Tithonotype.‎

‎(London, 1843). No wrappers In: ""The London, Edinburgh and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science"", Third Series, September issue 1843. Pp. 161-240 (entire issue offered). Draperspaper: pp. 161-176.‎

‎The paper appeared the same year in ""Proceedings Am. Phil. Soc."" and it is an importent paper on the chemical action of light, the new science of photochemistry in which Draper made pioneering work, showing that it is only certain light rays of a definite wavelenght that is absorped, and it is this absorption that produces the photochemical effect.‎

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‎"RAOULT, FRANCOIS MARIE.‎

‎Recherches sur les forces electromotrices et les quantités de chaleur dégagées dans les combinaisons chimique. Premier-Deuxieme Partie. (1. Étude des forces électromotrices. 2. Mesure de la chaleur dégagée par les courants ou absorbée par les actions ...‎

‎Paris, Victor Masson et Fils, Imprimerie Gauthier-Villars, 1864-65. 8vo. Bound in 2 contemp. hcalf, raised bands, gilt spine. Light wear along edges, spines slightly rubbed.. Small stamps on verso of titlepage. In ""Annales de Chimie et de Physique"", 4e Series - Tome 2 a. 4. 512 pp. and 2 folded engraved plates. + 512 pp. and 3 folded engraved plates. (The entire volumes offered). Raoult's papers: pp. 317-372 a. pp. 392-426.‎

‎First printing of these pioneering papers in thermochemistry and electrochemistry.""Raoult’s work may be divided into three stages: physical, chemical, and physicochemical. During the first stage, which lasted until Raoult moved to Grenoble, he discovered that the chemical heat of reaction of galvanic cells of the Daniell type was generally different from the heat equivalent of the electrical work done in these cells. He also used a voltameter, an instrument that measures the quantity of electricity by the amount of electrolysis, to study the heat evolved in voltaic cells. Raoult was one of the first to recognize that the electrical work done by voltaic cells was not equal to the heat evolved by the chemical reaction driving these cells. He showed that whenever the electrical work done in voltaic cells was less than the heat of all reactions, heat was evolved. Moreover, he stated that changes in concentration, oxidation, and in acid-base relationships, but not changes in aggregation such as dissolving, melting, or solidifying, were the sources of the electromotive force of voltaic cells.""(DSB).‎

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‎HESS, (GERMAIN HENRY). - HESS' S THERMODYNAMICAL LAWS.‎

‎Recherches thermo-chimique (Extrait du Bulletin scientifique publié par l'Academie imperiale des Sciences de Saint-petersbourg, tome VII) (+) Recherches thermochimiques" (Suite du Mémoire imprimé dans les Annales...tome LXXV). (+) Recherches thermoch...‎

‎Paris, Fortin, Masson et Cie, 1840 a. 1842. No wrappers. In ""Annales de Chimie et de Physique"", 2me Series - Tome 75 a. 3e Series - Tome 4.. With titlepage to Tome 75 and orig. printed wrappers to the issue (Septembre issue). Pp. 1-112 a. 1 engraved plate (entire issue offered). With titlepage to Tome 4. Pp. 129-256 (entire Fevrier issue) and pp. 257-384 (entire Mars issue). Hess' papers: pp. 80-103 (tome 75), pp. 211-229 (tome 4), pp. 290-316 (tome 4).‎

‎First appearance in France of Hess' two fundamental laws in thermodynamic 1: ""the law of heat formation"" (1840), anticipating a specific example of the ""LAW OF THE CONSERVATION OF ENERGY"", 2 years before Julius Robert Mayer elucidated the more general principle in 1842 - claiming that ""the heat developed in chemical change is constant, whether the change occurs directly or indirectly in several stages""and 2: ""the law of thermoneutrality"" (1842), stating, that when neutral salts exchange acids and bases in solution, the heat of the reaction is zero. - These papers were published at the same time in France and in Russia. Germain Henri Hess is noted today for two fundamental principles of thermochemistry: the law of constant summation of heat (known simply as Hess's law) and the law of thermoneutrality. These discoveries were remarkable in that they were postulated without any supporting theoretical framework and took place in a field of study almost totally neglected by his contemporaries. Hess's law is of immense practical importance and is used to this day to determine heats of reaction when their direct measurements are difficult or impossible. (Chemistry Encyclopedia).""Numerous men, notably Lavoisier and Laplace had measured the heats evolved in various reactions, but thermochemistry received its first importent advance at the hands ofgermain Henri Hess, who showed that the heat evolved in a reaction is the same regardless of whether the reaction is carried out directly or in a number of steps. This generalization, known now as ""Hess's Law"", makes possible the calculation of heats for many reactions where direct measurement are impracticable.""(Leicester & Klickstein, A Source Book..., p329.""The thermochemical work of Hess was continued extensively in the second half of the nineteenth century through the studies of Thomsen and Berthelot. Both Berthelot’s principle of maximum work and the thermodynamic theories of affinity which came to prevail were clearly foreshadowed in the work of Hess. In addition to his internationally known research in thermochemistry, Hess was very influential in the development of chemistry in Russia. His text Osnovania chistoy khimii (Fundamentals of Pure Chemistry) went through seven editions and did much to establish the chemical nomenclature of the Russian language. He was always interested in technological questions, and many of his students later contributed to Russia’s industrial development."" (DSB).Parkinson ""Breakthroughs"", 1840 C. - Leicester & Klickstein, A Source Book, p 329.‎

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‎"LAVOISIER, (ANTOINE-LAURENT) & PIERRE-SIMON DE LAPLACE. - RESPIRATION & COMBUSTION.‎

‎Von dem Verbrennen und Athemholen. (IV Stück von ""Über die Wärme"")‎

‎Helmstädt und Leipzig, J.G. Müllerschen Budhhandlung, 1787. Small 8vo. Orig. printed blue wrappers. In: ""Chemische Annalen...von Lorenz Crell"", 1787, 2. Bd., 7. Stück. Pp. 1-95 (the entire issue (Stúck 7) offered). Lavoisier & La place's paper: pp. 62-94.‎

‎First appearance in German of the fourth part of of the classic joint paper ""Mémoir sur la Chaleur"", published 1783, which contains the section on combustion and respiration.""Few collaborations in the history of science can equal, for the eminence of the two participants, that between the coryphaeus of the Chemical Revolution, Antoine-Laurent Lavoisier, and his collegue in the Royal Academy of Science, the mathematical physicist, Pierre-Simon de Laplace. We remember this collaboration chiefly, if not solely, for the famous investigatuon on Calorimetry, which resulted in one of the aknowledged classics of science, the joint ""Mémoir sur la Chaleur"", pulished in the Histoire et Mémoires of the Academy of Sciences in 1784.""(Henry Guerlac).‎

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‎"MENDELÉEV (MENDELEJEFF, MENDELEYEV, MENDELÉEFF), DIMITRY IVANOVICH.‎

‎Ueber die Verbindungen des Alkohols mit Wasser. Im Auszuge aus d. russischen Originalarbeit von Victor Richter. (On the Compounds of Alcohol with Water). (2 Theile).‎

‎Leipzig, Johann Ambrosius Barth, 1869. Conemp. hcalf. 5 raised bands, gilt spine and gilt lettering to spine. A few scratches to spine. Small stamp on verso of first -and general- titlepage and small stamps to verso of plates. In: ""Annalen der Physik und Chemie. Hrsg. von J.C. Poggendorff"", Fünfte Reihe Bd. 18 (138. Bd. der Reihe). X,652 pp. a. 6 folded plates (The entire volume offered). Mendeléev's paper: pp. 103-141 a. pp. 230-279. Clean and fine.‎

‎First German edition of Mendeléev's doctoral dissertation ""O soedineni spirta s vodoyu"" from 1865. ""In it he first developed the characteristic view that solutions are chemical compounds and that dissolving one substance into another is not to be distinguished from other forms of chemical combination. In this thesis, he also adhered to the principles of chemical atomism.""(DSB). - This work contributed to the birth of a popular legend, which claims that Mendeleev invented the standard for Russian vodka, saying it should contain 40% of alcohol by volume. Mendeléev is credited as being the creator of the first version of the periodic table of elements. Using the table, he predicted the properties of elements yet to be discovered.The volume contains other notable papers by Kohlrausch, Fizeau, Zöllner etc. and Julius Thomsen's ""Thermochemische Untersuchungen""‎

Referencia librero : 44839

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‎"LAVOISIER, ANTOINE-LAURENT.‎

‎Über die Verbindung des Säurestoffs mit Eisen. (2 Theile).‎

‎(Helmstädt und Leipzig, J.G. Müllerschen Budhhandlung), 1789. Small 8vo. Orig. printed blue wrappers. In: ""Chemische Annalen...von Lorenz Crell"", 1789, Drittes und Viertes Stück. Pp. 194-288 a. pp. 289-384 (2 entire issues offerd). Lavoisier's papers pp. 260-275 a. pp. 323-29.‎

‎First German edition of Lavoisier's ""Mémoire sur l'union du Principe oxygine avec le Fer"", published in the memoires of the French Academy, 1785 in which he concluded that commercial iron contains carbon, that metals are combustible bodies, whichcan combine with other combustible bodies such as sulphur, phosphorus and carbon.Partington III, pp. 458-59.‎

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‎"KOSSEL, W. (WALTHER).- THE FOUNDATION OF THE THEORIES OF MOLECULAR STRUCTURE.‎

‎Über Molekülbildung als Frage des Atombaus.‎

‎(Leipzig, Ambrosius Barth, 1916). Without wrappers in ""Annalen der Physik"", Vierte Folge, Bd. 49, No.3, pp. 229-377 (entire issue offered). Kossel's paper: pp. 229-362, textillustrations. Clean and fine. Punched in inner margins after cords.‎

‎First printing of this highly importent paper on the MOLECULE FORMATION AS A QUESTION OF ATOMIC STRUCTURE, introducing 'Polar Bonds'. - Kossel was awarded the Nobel Prize in Mdicine (!) in 1910.""The first successfull application of the new electron theory of atomic structure was made by Kossel, who explained the nature of inorganic, polar bonds. A similar explanation was offered by G.N. Lewis at about the same time, and he extended and theory to non polar bonds, or covalent links, as they came to be called. Langmuir further developed this aspect of the theory. The work of Kossel, Lewis and Langmuir...laid the foundations for all later theories of molecular structure."" (Leicester ""A Source Book in Chemistry 1900-1950"", pp. 94 ff. with selections from the offered paper).‎

Referencia librero : 44864

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‎"BERZELIUS, J. (JÖNS JACOB). - INTRODUCING CATALYSIS AND CATALYTIC FORCE, A NEW CHEMICAL POWER.‎

‎Quelques Idées sur une nouvelle Force agissant dans les Combinaisons des Corps Organiques.‎

‎Paris, Crochard, 1836. No wrappers. In: ""Annales de Chimie et de Physique, Par MM. Gay-Lussac et Arago."", 2e Series, tome 61, Cahier 2. Pp. 113-224. (entire issue offered). Berzelius's paper: pp. 146-151. With titlepage to Tome 61.‎

‎First French edition of this importent paper in the history of chemistry in which Berzelius advanced the concept of 'Catalysis', and described inorganic reactions by way of metals and the biological reactions by enzymes. The paper on Catalysis was first published in his ""Årsberättelse"" (Annual Survey) in 1835. - Axel Holmberg 1836:14. - Partington IV, pp. 263-64""This is a new force in inorganic and organic nature, bringing into being chemical activity, and more widely distributed than has hitherto been thought, the naure of which is completely concealed. If I all it a new force it is not my meaning that it is independent of the electrochemical relations of matter, but on the contrary I can only assume that it is a special kind of manifestation of these. So long as its nature and relations are unknown it will be convenient to considerit a new force, and to give it a name.""(Berzelius).Parkinson ""Breakthroughs"", 1836 C.The issue contains furthermore two importent papers by the founder of modern organic cemeistry, Auguste Laurent ""Sur l'Acide Naphtalique et ses Combinaisons"", pp. 113-125 and ""Théorie des Combinaisons Organiques"", pp. 125-151.Laurent: A founder of modern organic chemistry, Laurent was one of the most important chemists of the nineteenth century.‎

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‎"WÖHLER, FRIEDRICH. - THE BEGINNING OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY.‎

‎Sur la Formation artificielle de l'Urée.‎

‎(Paris, Crochard, 1828). 8vo. Without wrappers. Extract from 'Annales de Chimie et de Physique', Series 2 - Volume 37. Pp. 330-334.‎

‎First appearance in French of this milestone paper, marking the beginnings of organic chemistry, in which Wöhler describes how he managed to synthezise urea from cyanate of ammonia. The French version here is translated from the German paper ""Ueber künstliche Bildung des Harnstoffs."", which was issued the same year (1828). This broke down the old distinction between organic and inorganic substances. ""This was the first synthesis of an organic compound, and this accomplishment is generally regarded as the beginning of organic chemistry.""(Sparrow ""Milestones of Science"", p.37). The discovery destroyed the vitalistic theory which held that organic compounds could be produced only by living organisms, and led eventually to the brilliant results that have been achieved in attempts to synthesize other organic compounds.Dibner: Heralds of Science, no. 45. - Sparrow: Milestones of Science, no. 197. - Garrison & Morton, no. 671. See also DSB XIV p.475.‎

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‎"DUMAS, JEAN BAPTISTE-ANDRE & J.S. STAS. - THE ATOMIC WEIGHT OF CARBON ESTABLISHED.‎

‎Recherches sur la véritable poids atomiques du carbone. (Lu à l'Academie des Sciences, le 21 décembre 1840).‎

‎Paris, Fortin, Masson et Cie, 1841. 8vo. Contemp. hcalf, raised bands, gilt spine. Light wear along edges. Small stamps on verso of titlepage. In: ""Annales de Chimie et de Physique"", 3e Series - Tome 1. 512 pp. a. 3 folded engraved plates (showing experimental apparatus).Small stamp to verso of plates. (The entire volume offered). Dumas & Stas' paper: pp. 1-59. Clean and fine.‎

‎First appearance in full of this paper, stating the correct weight of the carbon atom, which had profound influence on the development of organic chemistry. The first announcement (in extrait) came out in Comptes rendus, Tome Xi, 1840.""From 1840 onward he carried out an important revision of the atomic weights of thirty elements. His most valuable contribution in this field was his very precise determination of the atomic weight of carbon (jointly with his pupil Stas) in 1840.2 A previously accepted weight, determined by Berzelius as C = 12.20 (O = 16), was shown to be incorrect. Dumas proved that C = 12±.002 (O = 16) or C = 75 (O = 100). The analysis was made by burning diamond and artificial and natural graphite in oxygen"" the carbon dioxide formed was weighed in potash solution. The results were in close agreement. The ""new"" weight of carbon had a great effect on the progress of organic chemistry.""(DSB).The volume contains further notable papers by Gerhardt et Cahours ""Recherches chimiques sur les huiles essentitielles"", pp. 60-110, by Laurent, Boussingault, Regnault, Dulong, Melloni et al.‎

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‎"DAGUERRE, LOUIS J.M. - (ARAGO, FRANCOIS). - THE FIRST DESCRIPTION OF THE PRODUCTION OF DAGUERREOTYPES.‎

‎Le Daguerréotype.(Analyse de la communication faite à l'Academie par M. Arago).‎

‎Paris, Crochard et Comp., 1839. Orig. printed yellow wrappers (no backstrip). In 'Annales de Chimie et de Physique', 2e series, Volume 71, Juillet- issue, pp. 225-352 (entire July-issue offered with orig. wrappers and titlepage to vol. 71). Arago's paper: pp. 313-340.‎

‎First printing of probably the first (the Juillet issue of Annales) official announcement of Daguerre's invention of the photographic process. The paper offered here preceeded the official report in Comptes Rendues which was published at the end of 1839 (in the July-December issue). The first report of on the discovery was presented to the Royal Academy on January 7, 1839 and delivered in full on August 19, 1839 (and printed in the July-Dec. issue of Comptes Rendues). The paper also preceeded Daguerre's own publication of 1839 ""Historique et description du daguerréotypie...""In 1839 Arago took a personal interest in announcing and popularizing the inventions of Niepce and Daguerre, who were awarded government pensions as a result of Arago’s recognition of their inventions’ potential significance.""In 1829 Daguerre went into partnership with Niepce, who had managed to produce images by the action of light some three years earlier but had failed to make the process really practical. Daguerre carried on and began to use copper plates on which silver salts were deposited. ight was made to focus upon that and an image was formed. The light portions of the image darkened the salts, while the shadowy portions left them unaffected. The unchanged salt was dissolved away by sodium thiosulfate (a process that had been suggested by John Herschel and a permanent image of sorts was left behind.""(Asimov).Together with JEAN CHARLES PELTIER ""Mémoire sur la Formation des Tables des Rapports qu'il y entre la Force d'un Courant électrique et la Déviation des aiguilles des multiplicateurs"" suivi de Recherches sur la Causes de Pertubation des couples thermo-électriques..."", pp. 225-313.‎

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‎"LAVOISIER, ANTOINE-LAURENT ET AL. - THE SALPETRE COMMISSION.‎

‎Histoire de ce qui s'est passé relativement au Prix proposé sur la Formation du Salpêtre. (+) Recueil de Mémoires et de Pièces sur la Formation et la Fabrication du Salpêtre. (2 parts).‎

‎Paris, Moutard, 1786. 4to. Contemp. full sprinckled calf with 5 raised bands on spine. Richly gilt compartments, title-and tomelabels with gilt lettering. A small nich to leather at middle of front hinge. A small tear to rear hinge at upper compartment. ""Mémoires fe Mathematique et de Physique, Présentés à l'Academie des Sciences par divers Savans"", Tome XI. (4),198,682 pp. Wide-margined, fine and clean.‎

‎This collective work is the French Academy's monumental treatise on the chemistry and the production of Salpetre, a topic of great importence for the war-industry in making gunpowder. The volume contains papers by Macquer, Darcy, Lavoisier, Sage, Baumé, de la Rochefoucault, Clouer and an anonymous report on experiments made in England (CAVENDISH'S) on the composition of nitric acid....papers by Cornette, Thouvenel and Thouvenel, Le Lorgna, Gavinet and Chevrand, de Beunie, Romme, Clouet and Lavoisier, de Rochefoucault etc.(Partington III, p. 467 n).""The Regie des Poudres et Salpetres had the monopoly of refining salpetre from 1775 until it was suppressed during the Revolution. Until his retirement in 1791 the leading light in it was Lavoisier, who seems to have written its publications. - In 1775 the Academy offered a prize of 4000 livres for a process for procuring an abundant supply of salpetre,the announcement being written by Lavoisier. Altogether 66 papers were received and the prize was finally awarded in 1782 to the brothers Thouvenel, who gave a full account of nitre plantations. The material was published in 1786 in one volume by the Academy. In it Lavoisier describes 'Experiences sur la décomposition du nitre par le charbon' said to have been made in 1784...""(Partington III, pp. 466 ff.).""Peu de temps après que Lavoisier eut été nommé régisseur des poudres et salpêtres, il suggéra à Turgot, alors contrôleur général des finances, l'idée de charger l'Académie des sciences de décerner un prix au meilleur mémoire sur la formation du salpêtre. 'Académie nomma une commission dont Lavoisier fut le rapporteur " c'est lui qui examina tous les mémoires présentés au concours, en fit l'analyse, et, quand l'Académie publia en 1786 un volume contenant l'histoire du prix du salpêtre et les mémoires présentés au concours, c'est encore Lavoisier qui en fut le rédacteur. Ce volume fait partie du Recueil des mémoires de mathématiques et de physique présentés à l'Académie royale des sciences par divers savants et lus dans ses assemblées (tome XI, contenant le Recueil des mémoires sur la formation et la fabrication du salpêtre, à Paris, de l'imprimerie Moutard, DCCLXXXVI). Sauf les mémoires des concurrents et un mémoire du duc de la Rochefoucault, ce volume est tout entier de la main de Lavoisier. Il est formé de deux parties la première est intitulée : Histoire de ce qui s'est passé relativement au prix proposé sur la formation du salpêtre " la seconde partie comprend les mémoires présentés au concours ainsi que des mémoires de Lavoisier et Clouet, un mémoire sans signature, mais qui appartient à Lavoisier (le manuscrit autographe a été conservé), le mémoire du duc de La Rochefoucault, et les expériences de Lavoisier sur la décomposition du nitre par le charbon.""‎

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‎"CHAULNES, DUC de. (LOUIS JOSEPH d'ALBERT D'AILLY).‎

‎Mémoire et Expériences sur L'Air Fixe qui se dégage de la Biere en fermentation. (+) Addition...Experiences qui paroissent démontrer que l'air fixe, & l'acide marin volatil, n'ont aucunes qualités communes, & que cet acide marin volatil, a toute...‎

‎(Paris, Moutard, Panckoucke, 1780). 4to. Extract from ""Mémoires fe Mathematique et de Physique, Présentés à l'Academie des Sciences par divers Savans"", Tome IX. Pp. 521-550 + pp. 551-562. Clean and fine.‎

‎First printing of Chaulne's memoir on carbon dioxyde to which Cavendish referred ""The Duc de Chaulnes, in a paper communicated in December 1775, described experiments on fixed air made 1771-73, including its acid reaction and the formation of a crystaline salt (potassium bicarbonate) by the action of fixed air on solutions of potassium carbonate and hydroxide."" (Partington III, p. 317).‎

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‎"VENEL, (GABRIEL FRANCOIS). - THE ANALYSIS OF SELTZER-WATER.‎

‎Mémoire sur L'Analyse des Eaux de Selters ou de Seltz. Première - (Seconde) Partie. (2 Mai 1750).‎

‎(Paris, Imprimerie Royale, 1755). 4to. Extracts from ""Mémoires fe Mathematique et de Physique, Présentés à l'Academie des Sciences par divers Savans"", Tome II. Pp. 53-112. Clean and fine, wide-margined.‎

‎In these two memoirs Venel attempted to prove that effervescent mineral waters contain a quantity of common air in solution, thus seperating carbon dioxyde (he called it air surabondante) without knowing what it really was, thus beeing ""so close to making a discovery without actually making it..."" (Fourcroy). ""In 1750 Venel described his analysis of the effervescent mineral water of Selz, in Germany. Evaporation yielded only common salt and a little lime, and he was more interested in the effervescence, which was, he thought, caused by the escape of common air. All water contained a small amount of dissolved air, but Selzer and other effervescent waters contained superabundant air, as Venel called it. He made artificial Selzer water by adding the correct amounts of marine (hydrochloric) acid and soda to pure water, and he called the product aerated water, a term that is still in use. Stephen Hales had thought that effervescent mineral waters contained “sulphurous spirit"""" Venel’s experiments proved the absence of the gas now called sulfur dioxide, but he failed to notice that the ""superabundant air"" differed in any way from common air. It was, of course, carbon dioxide, characterized in 1754 by Joseph Black, who called it fixed air. Fourcroy later commented that no one had ever been so close to making a discovery without actually making it as was Venel.""(DSB).‎

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‎"LAVOISIER, (ANTOINE-LAURENT). - EMBODYING LAVOISIER'S QUANTITATIVE METHOD, HIS FIRST PAPER.‎

‎Analyse du Gypse. (1765).‎

‎Paris, L'Imprimerie Royale, 1768. 4to. Extract from ""Mémoires fe Mathematique et de Physique, Présentés à l'Academie des Sciences par divers Savans"", Tome V. With tittlepage to vol. 5. Pp. 341-357. Clean and fine.‎

‎First appearance of Lavoisier's FIRST PUBLISHED CHEMICAL PAPER introducing quantitative methods in chemistry, and in which he for the first time brought a hydrometer in use to measure the specific gravities of components of a chemical solutions. Lavoisier defended the originality of his approach in the following words: ""It is to the art of combination that the knowledge of the specific gravities of fluids can bring most light. This aspect of chemistry is much less advanced than we thought, we possess barely the rudiments of it."" ""This first paper, which in so many respects embodies the quantitative methods Lavoisier was to employ in his later work, had in fact been largely anticipated by others, notably by Marggraf, who had already discovered the composition of gypsum and shown that it contained water (phlegm). Yet Lavoisier’s work was more through" and his paper, his first contribution to the Academy of Sciences (read to the Academy on 25 February 1765), appeared in 1768. (The paper offered). - Lavoisier’s earliest chemical investigation, his study of gypsum, was mineralogical in character" begun in the autumn of 1764, it was intended as the first paper in a series devoted to the analysis of mineral substances. This systematic inventory was to be carried out, not by the method of J. H. Pott ""who exposed minerals to the action of fire"" but by reactions in solution, by the ""wet way."" ""I have tried to copy nature,"" Lavoisier wrote. ""Water, this almost universal solvent ""is the cheif agent she employs"" it is also the one I have adopted in my work."" Using a hydrometer, he determined with the care the solubility of different samples of gypsum (samples of selenite, or lapis specularis, some supplied by Guettard and Rouelle). He made similar measurements with calcined gypsum(plaster of paris). Analysis convinced him that this gypsum was a neutral salt, a compound of vitriolic (sulfuric) acid and a calcareous or chalky base. Not content with having shown by analysis the composition of the gypsum, Lavoisier completed his proof by a synthesis following, as he said, the way that nature had formed the gypsum. He further demonstrated that gypsum, when transformed by strong heating into plaster of Paris, gives off a vapor, which he showed to be pure water, making up about a quarter of the weight of gypsum. Conversely, when plaster of Paris is mixed with water and turns into a solid mass, it avidly combines with water. Using the expression first coined by Rouelle, he called this the ""water of crystallization."" (DSB).Partington III, pp. 378-79. -‎

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‎"LIEBIG, JUSTUS.‎

‎Sur la Constitution des Acides Organiques: Traduit par Horace Demarcay.‎

‎Paris, Crochard, 1838. No wrappers. In: ""Annales de Chimie et de Physique, Par MM. Gay-Lussac et Arago."", 2e Series, Tome 68, Cahier 1. Pp. 1-112. With titlepage to vol. 68. Liebig's paper: pp. 1-42. Clean and fine. A few later leaves with some brownspots.‎

‎This milestone paper on organic acids, in which Liebig set forth the now accepted view, that hydrogen is the essential element in acids and that acid are salts of hydrogen. The paper appeared simultaneously in German (""Über die Constitution der organischen Sauren"") and French. The offered paper is the French version.""The paper on organic acids was one of Liebig’s finest achievements, reflecting the best of the attributes that had marked his previous work. He based his position on precise analyses of numerous compounds. Some concerned substances he had discovered, but many were refinements of analyses done by others. He had not originated the theories he defended, but had greatly extended approaches drawn from Davy, Graham, Pelouze, and others. Through his extensive knowledge of compounds and reactions, he was able to amass impressive evidence for his inferences. He displayed a realistic sense of the value and limits of theoretical conceptions. He utilized flexibly such currently accepted foundations of reasoning as the radical theory. He was able to weld these elements into a comprehensive, unifying whole. He took a major step in one of the most important revisions in general chemical theory since the acceptance of Lavoisier’s system of chemistry: a revision completed a few years later in the more universal statement of the hydrogen theory of acids by Liebig’s former student, Gerhardt.""(DSB).‎

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‎"FREMY, EDMOND.‎

‎Modifications que la Chaleur fait éprouver aux Acides Tartrique et Paratartrique.‎

‎(Paris, Crochard, 1838). No wrappers in ""Annales de Chimie et de Physique"", 2. Series, Tome 68, Cahier 4 (entire issue offered). Pp. 353-446. Fremy's paper: pp. 353-387.‎

‎""Frémy’s first project was to continue Pelouze’s studies of iron oxides, and he expanded them to include oxides of chromium, tin, and antimony that form salts with alkalies in the same way as manganese. In 1835 he published a memoir in the Annales de chimie on the splitting of fats by sulfuric acid, a process that was adopted by French industry. From then on, Frémy pursued scientific investigations as professor and industrial work as consultant (later as administrator of the Compagnie de Saint-Gobin). He proposed improvements in the chamber process for making sulfuric acid (low temperature and ample air and water), and he introduced the residue from burning pyrites as the raw material for iron production. From research on the setting of hydraulic cement, Frémy proceeded to the synthesis of rubies by heating alumina with potassium chromate and barium fluoride.""(DSB).‎

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‎"WÖHLER, F. und J. LIEBIG.‎

‎Recherches sur la Nature de l'Acide Urique.‎

‎(Paris, Crochard, 1838). No wrappers. In: ""Annales de Chimie et de Physique, Par MM. Gay-Lussac et Arago."", 2e Series, Tome 68, Cahier 3 entire issue offered. Pp. 225-352. Wöhler & Liebig's paper: pp. 225-336.‎

‎First French edition of this importent paper in the development of organic chemistry. It is the last joint paper of importence from ""these two men, ...pioneers in the development of organic chemistry, form a twin constellation in the chemical firmament""(Alexander Findley in ""A Hundred Years of Chemistry"", p. 23). The paper is a translation of ""Untersuchungen über die Natur der Harnsäure"", published at the same time in Justus Liebigs Annalen der Chemie (1838), Wöhler and Liebig collaborated on one more major piece of work, a study of uric acid. (The paper offered). Wöhler suggested the subject, and the idea seems to have come from his medical interests. Uric acid was not easily obtainable–snake excrement was the only substantial source–and relationships with urea and allantoin were suspected by Wöhler. As a student he had won a prize in 1828 for an essay on the conversion in the human body of chemicals taken orally and excreted in urine. The technique adopted by Liebig and Wöhler was to subject uric acid, ad the derivatives they prepared, to oxidation and reduction by reagents of different concentrations and strengths. Wöhler seems to have been the first to heat reagents together in sealed glass tubes, but after an explosion he thought metal ones safer.Their 100-page paper described fourteen new compounds and their preparation and analysis.7 An attempt to establish a new radical called ""uril"" (C8N4O4) was less successful. Perhaps even more significant than the sophisticated, practical and theoretical organic chemistry was the new spirit revealed. Writing to Berzelius in 1828, Wöhler was doubtful whether animal substances could be prepared in the laboratory. In 1832 he began the paper on the benzoyl radical with a description of organic chemistry as ""the dark region of organic nature."" But in 1838 his work with Liebig led him to write (at Liebig’s suggestion): ""The philosophy of chemistry will conclude from this work that it must be held not only as probable but [as] certain that all organic substances, insofar as they no longer belong to the organism, will be prepared in the laboratory. Sugar, salicin, morphine will be produced artificially. It is true that the route to these and products is not yet clear to us, because the intermediaries from which these materials develop are still unknown, but we shall learn to know them.""(DSB).‎

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