‎Física‎

‎"BOHR, A.‎

‎Elementary Modes of Nuclear Excitations and Their Coupling‎

‎Paris, Anatole-France, 1964. 8vo. In the original printed wrappers. Offprint from ""Comptes Rendus dy Congrès International de Physique Nucléaire"". 30. Anniversaire de la découverte de la radioactivité artificielle. Pp. 487-492.‎

‎Offprint of Aage Bohr's contribution to the International nuclear physics congress held in Paris 1964.‎

Referencia librero : 51390

‎"BOHR, AAGE (+) V. F. WEISSKOPF.‎

‎Influence of Nuclear Structure on the Hyperfine Structure of Heavy Elements.‎

‎Lancaster, American Institute of Physics, 1950. Lex8vo. In the original printed wrappers. Entire volume 77, January 1 of ""The Physical Review"". A small nick to spine, otherwise a fine and clean copy. Pp: . [Entire volume: Pp. ix, (1), 1100.].‎

‎First printing of Bohr and Weisskopf's important paper on the influence of nuclear structure on the hyperfine structure of heavy elements in which they follow up Aage Bohr's suggestion two years earlier that internal structure of the deuteron might explain the theoretical discrepancy shown in the hyperfine structure of H2.‎

Referencia librero : 46704

‎"BOTHE, W.‎

‎Kernspektren einiger leichter atome.‎

‎Berlin, Springer, 1936. 8vo. Bound in contemporary half cloth with gilt lettering to spine. In ""Zeitschrift für Physik"", Bd. 100, 1936. Entire volume offered. Library stamp to front free end paper and title page, light wear to extremities. Pp. 273-285. [Entire volume: VIII, 789 pp.].‎

‎First appearance of Bothe's paper on the atom nucleus of lighter atoms.‎

Referencia librero : 49699

‎"BOHR, NIELS.‎

‎Les Spectres et la Structure de L'Atome Trois Conferences. Traduit sur le Manuscrit de l'Auteur par A. Corvisy.‎

‎Paris, Libraire Scientifique, 1923. 8vo. Uncut in orig. printed wrappers. Tears to backstrip but preserved. A small nick to upper left corner of frontwrapper.‎

‎First French editions of the three famous papers: ""Ueber die Wasser stoffspektrum"", ""Ueber die Serienspektren der Elemente"", ""Der Bau der Atome und die physikalischen und chemischen Eigenschaften der Elemente"" - Rosenfeld:24.‎

Referencia librero : 40621

‎"BOHR, NIELS. [translator:] PROFESSOR GE GE.‎

‎Ni’ersi Bo’er ji [Chinese, i.e. ""Niels Bohr Collected Works""]. Vols. 1-10 [out of 12]. - [WITH DEDICATION FROM THE TRANSLATOR]‎

‎Shanghai, Huadong shifan daxue chubanshe, 1986 - 2001. 8vo. 10 volumes, all in publisher's uniform full cloth bindings with gilt lettering to spines and front boards. All volumes with presentation inscription from the translator to Niels Bohr's son, Ernest Bohr: ""To Mr. Ernest Bohr with / highest respect from / GeGe"". A fine and clean set of the first 10 volumes of Niels Bohr Collected Works.‎

‎First Chinese, and overall, translation of 'Niels Bohr Collected Works' with dedication inscription from the translator ot Bohr's son Ernest Bohr. Translator Prof. Ge Ge found Bohr’s personality and mode of thinking in harmony with traditional Chinese culture, which may be part of the explanation for his lifelong dedication to Niels Bohr and his work, and his great effort to translate and publish the only non-English edition of the Niels Bohr Collected Works in existence today. The first volume in English had appeared in 1972, and Ge Ge was able to publish a Chinese translation in 1986, fourteen years later.Ge Ge’s enthusiasm not only led to the Collected Works being published with impressive promptness in China, but no doubt provided additional motivation for the Director of the Niels Bohr Archive to prepare the volumes faster. In this way, Ge Ge had an influence even on the publication of the original edition. In 2001 Ge Ge received the prestigeousDanish Order of the Dannebrog “for hiscontribution to increasing the Chinese understanding of Danish science and promoting the Denmark-China scientific cooperation. He was in fact able to translate all the volumes of the Collected Works, the last volume of which was published in English in 2006. It testifies to Ge Ge’s dedication that he enthusiastically went on with the work in spite of having lost his eyesight" he died the following year. The volumes contain the following: Vol. 1: Early Work (1905-1911) Vol. 2: Work on Atomic Physics (1912-1917)Vol. 3: The Correspondence Principle (1918-1923) Vol. 4: The Periodic System (1920-1923)Vol. 5: The Emergence of Quantum Mechanics (mainly 1924-1926) Vol. 6: Foundations of Quantum Physics I (1926-1932) Vol. 7: Foundations of Quantum Physics II (1933-1958) Vol. 8: The Penetration of Charged Particles through Matter (1912-1954)Vol. 9: Nuclear Physics (1929-1952) Vol. 10: Complementarity beyond Physics (1928-1962)‎

Referencia librero : 57925

‎"BOHR, NIELS.‎

‎On the Constitution of Atoms and Molecules. 3 Parts (all). - [THE BIRTH OF MODERN ATOMIC THEORY (PMM 411)]‎

‎London, Taylor & Francis, 1913. 8vo. Bound together in one very nice recent marbled paper binding with gilt leather title-label to spine. Published in ""The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science"", Vol. 26: July 1913, No. 151 (pp. 1-232 + 6 plates) - September 1913, No 153 (pp. 381-548) - November 1913, No 155 (pp. 802-936 + 6 plates). (The 3 whole numbers of the journal offered). The Bohr papers: pp. 1-25" pp. 476-502 pp.857-875.‎

‎First edition of Bohr's seminal main work, which constitutes the departure from classical theories" by incorporating Planck's quantum postulate it became possible to calculate the wavelength of the hydrogen emission and thus to explain the regularity of the Balmer-lines.In his previous paper (""On the Theory of Decrease of Velocity of Moving Electrified Particles on passing through Matter"") Bohr had adopted Rutherford's nuclear model of the atom, and had become convinced that it was the peripherical electrons that determined the chemical properties of an element, whereas the nucleus determine the radioactive properties. However, Rutherford's model had an apparent explanatory problem: Why were the negatively charged electrons held away from the positive nucleus? In his doctorial dissertation on the electron theory of metals, Bohr had clarified the limitations of this theory, in particular its ability to explain magnetic properties, and he had shown how this arose from the classical nature of some of its foundations. Bohr strongly expected that the key to solving this problem was to be found in some way of introducing Planck's law of quantum action.In the beginning of 1913 Bohr heard about Rydberg's remarkable discovery in spectroscopy. Rydberg's formula could represent the frequencies of the lines of the hydrogen spectrum in the simplest form in terms of two integers. As soon as Bohr saw this formula, he immediately recognized that it gave him the missing clue to the correct way to introduce Planck's law of quantum of action into the description of the atomic systems. The rest of the academic year was spent reconstructing the whole theory upon the new foundation and expounding it in a large treatise, which was immediately published as these three papers in the 'Philosophical Magazine'. It was in these papers that Bohr first gave his postulates of the orbital structure of the electrons and their quantized radiation.Bohr's atomic theory inaugurated two of the most adventurous decades in the history of science. In 1922 Bohr was awarded the Nobel Prize ""for his services in the investigation of the structure of atoms and of the radiation emanating from them"".Bohr introduced the following postulates: 1. An electron can revolve about its nucleus only in certain special circular orbits. 2. The ordinary electron revolves about its nucleus in an invariable orbit, without radiating or absorbing energy. 3. Radiation takes place when and only when the electron falls from an orbit with greater energy to one of less energy.Rosenfeld, Bohr Bibliography No. 6. Rosenfeld, Dictionary of Scientific Biography II, pp. 240-41. Printing and the Mind of Man: 411.‎

Referencia librero : 39305

‎"BOHR, NIELS.‎

‎On the Theory of Decrease of Velocity of Moving Electrified Particles on passing through Matter - [THE FOUNDATION OF BOHR'S ATOMIC THEORY]‎

‎London, Taylor & Francis, 1913. 8vo. Bound in one nice contemporary half calf binding with gilt leather title-label to spine. Published in ""The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science"", Vol. 25. No. 145-150 offered. Small repair to spine and blind stamped to lower part of title page. The Bohr papers: pp. 10-31. [Entire volume: VIII, 876 pp.+ 10 plates].‎

‎Bohr's seminal first work on nuclear physics, being the work that lays the foundation for his atomic theory (published before his ""On the Constitution of Atoms and Molecules""), in which he is able to conclude ""that a hydrogen atom contains only 1 electron outside the positively charged nucleus, and that a helium atom only contains 2 electrons outside the nucleus ."" ""Bohr's 1913 paper on alpha-particles [i.e. the present], which he had begun in Manchester, and which had led him to the question of atomic structure, marks the transition to his great work, also of 1913, on that same problem. While still in Manchester, he had already begun an early sketch of those entirely new ideas."" (Pais, p. 128). The present work must be considered one of the most important to the birth of modern atomic theory.After finishing his studies in Copenhagen, Bohr went to Cambridge in order to pursue his studies on electron theory under the guidance of J.J. Thompson. Thompson, who was beginning to lose interest in the subject by now, did, however, not recognize the genious of the young Bohr, and as soon as he could, Bohr went to Manchester, where Ernest Rutherford had established a laboratory. ""There, from March to July 1912, working with utmost concentration, he [i.e. Bohr] laid the foundation for his greatest achievements in physics, the theory of the atomic constitution."" (DSB). Bohr's survey of the implications of Rutherford's atomic model had led him to attack the much harder problem which lay at the core of it, namely determining the exact nature of the relation between the atomic number and the number of electrons in the atom. ""Bohr obtained a much deeper insight into the problem by a brilliant piece of work, which he - working, as he said, ""day and night"" - completed with astonishing speed"" (DSB), that paper being the present ""On the Theory of the Decrease of Velocity of Moving electrified Particles on passing through Matter"", which thus constitutes his very first publication on the subject, published immediately after this dense period of 1912, in the Philosophical Magazine of January 1913. ""The problem was one of immediate interest for Rutherford's laboratory: in their passage through a material medium, alpha particles continually lose energy by ionizing the atoms they encounter, at a rate depending on their velocity. Their energy loss limits the depth to which the particles can penetrate into the medium, and the relation between this depth, or range, and the velocity offers a way of determining this velocity. What Bohr did was to analyze the ionizing process on the basis of the Rutherford model of the atom and thus express the rate of energy loss in terms of the velocity by a much more accurate formula than had so far been achieved-a formula, in fact, to which modern quantum mechanics adds only nonessential refinements"" (DSB). In the present work, Bohr was thus able to conclude: ""In this paper the theory of the decrease of velocity of moving electrified particles in passing through matter is given in a form, such that the rate of the decrease in the velocity depends on the frequency of vibration of the electrons in the atoms of the absorbing material."" as well as the seminal words that have been formative for the birth of the modern atomic theory: ""Adopting Prof. Rutherford's theory of the constitution of atoms, it seems that it can be concluded with great certainty, from the absorption of alpha-rays, that a hydrogen atom contains only 1 electron outside the positively charged nucleus, and that a helium atom only contains 2 electrons outside the nucleus "". Bohr continues: ""These questions and some further information about the constitution of atoms which may be got from experiments on the absorption of alpha-rays, will be discussed in more detail in a later paper."" (pp. 30-31 of the original paper) - the last sentence referring directly to his three part ""On the Constitution of Atoms and Molecules"", in which he went on to present his postulates of the orbital structure of the electrons and their quantized radiation. Rosenfeld, Bohr Bibliography No. 5. Rosenfeld, Dictionary of Scientific Biography II, pp. 240-41. Pais, Niels Bohr's Times, pp. 117-31.‎

Referencia librero : 51729

‎"BOHR, NIELS.‎

‎On the Quantum Theory of Line-Spectra. Part I-II. [Off-print from ""D. Kgl. Danske Vidensk. Selsk. Skrifter"". - [BOHR'S CORRESPONDENCE PRINCIPLE - PRESENTATION-COPIES]‎

‎Copenhagen, Bianco Lunos, 1918. 4to. Both parts uncut and in the original printed wrappers. Wrappers detached and with small nicks and tears to extremities. Internally fine and clean. Part I unopened. 36 pp. + pp. (37) - 100.‎

‎First editions, author's off-prints (with ""Separate Copy"" printed to front wrappers), presentation-copies, of the first two parts of Bohr's seminal work ""On the Quantum Theory of the Line-Spectra"" (which appeared in three parts and which was never finished, the third part of which, published 4 years later, is almost never found in presentation-sets), in which Bohr gave his first clear presentation of his groundbreaking ""correspondence principle"": ""Which would play a pivotal role in the later development of atomic theory and its transformation into quantum mechanics."" (Kragh, Quantum Generations, p. 56). It eventually became a cornerstone in the quantum mechanics formulated by Heisenberg and Schrödinger. ""There was rarely in the history of physics a comprehensive theory which owed so much to one principle as quantum mechanics owed to Bohr's correspondence principle"" (Jammer 1966, p. 118). The evolution of quantum theory is divided into two distinct periods"" from 1900 to 1925, usually referred to as the period with the old quantum theory still grounded in classical physics and the second period with quantum mechanics from 1925 onwards. The general rules of quantum mechanics are very successful in describing objects on an atomic level. But macroscopic systems are accurately described by classical theories like classical mechanics and classical electrodynamics. If quantum mechanics were to be applicable to macroscopic objects, there must be some limit in which quantum mechanics reduces to classical mechanics. Bohr's correspondence principle demands that classical physics and quantum physics give the same answer when the systems become large. ""A major tool he developed for dealing with quantum problem, [...], was the correspondence principle, which establishes links between predictions of the classical theory and expectations for the quantum theory."" (Pais, Niels Bohr's Times, p. 20.). In this sense, the correspondence principle is not only an exceedingly important methodological principle, it also represents the transition to quantum mechanics and modern physics in general and it became the cornerstone of Bohr's philosophical interpretation of quantum mechanics which later would be closely tied to his thesis of complementarity and to the Copenhagen interpretation. Another version of the correspondence principle lives on in philosophical literature where it has taken form as a more general concept representing a development of new scientific theories.""By 1918 Bohr had visualized, at least in outline, the whole theory of atomic phenomena. ... He of course realized that he was still very far from a logically consistent framework wide enough to incorporate both the quantum postulates and those aspects of classical mechanics and electrodynamics that seemed to retain some validity. Nevertheless, he at once started writing up a synthetic exposition of his arguments and of all the evidence upon which they could have any bearing" in testing how well he could summarize what was known, he found occasion to check the soundness of his ideas and to improve their formulation. In the present case, however, he could hardly keep pace with the growth of the subject the paper he had in mind at the beginning developed into a four-part treatise, 'On the Theory of Line Spectra', publication of which dragged over four years without being completed" the first three parts appeared between 1918 and 1922 [of which the two first from 1918 are offered here], and the fourth, unfortunately, was never published. Thus, the full impact of Bohr's view remained confined to the small but brilliant circle of his disciples, who indeed managed better than their master to make them more widely known by the prompter publication of their own results"" (D.S.B. II: 246-47).Inscribed to ""Hr. Docent D. la Cour/ Venskabeligst/ fra/ Forfatteren"" on both front wrappers. The renowned Danish physicist and meteorologist Dan la Cour (1876-1942), was the son of the great Poul la Cour (1846-1908), who is considered the ""Danish Edison"". Dan la Cour was the assistant of Niels Bohr's father, Christian Bohr, and a well known scientist. From 1903, he was head of the department of the Meteorological Institute, and from 1923 leader thereof. From 1908 he was Associate Professor at the Polytechnic College. His original scientific works are highly respected, as are his original apparati for measuring earth magnetism which are considered highly valuable. ""His original intelligence, which in many ways resemble that of his father, also bore fruit in his patenting of various inventions: the ""Pyknoprobe"", developed to quickly determine the different layers of the sea"" a use of termite in quickly heating food and drinks out in the open under unfavourable weather conditions."" (From the Danish Encyclopaedia - own translation). He wrote a number of important and esteemed works and was member of the Danish Scientific Academy as well as many prominent international scientific commissions of meteorology and geophysics (i.e. president of the International Geodetical and Geophysical Union). He was also honorary Doctor at the George Washington University. Rosenfeld, Bohr-Bibliography, 15.‎

Referencia librero : 46542

‎"BOHR, NIELS AND F. KALCKAR. - THE LIQUID DROP MODEL OF BOHR INTRODUCED.‎

‎On the Transmutation of Atomic Nuclei by Impact of Material Particles. I. General theoretical Remarks. (all published)‎

‎Copenhagen, Levin & Munksgaard,1937. 8vo. Uncut in orig. printed wrappers. In: ""Det KGL. Danske Videnskabernes Selskab. Mathematisk-fysiske Meddelelser. XIV,10"". 40 pp. Fine and clean.‎

‎First edition of the work in which Bohr introduced his famous Liquid Drop Model of the atom in order to interprete the nuclear structure. (The paper was not continued as Kalckar died the following year).""It had, of course, been clear to Bohr that analogies with atomic spectra could not be of help in interpreting his (earlier) picture of nuclear structure. Peripheral electrons, thinly spread within the atomic volume, can be compared to a dilute gas of particles interacting in pairs only. By contrast Bohr's picture of intranuclear motions of tightly bound nucleons should show 'essential collective aspects', he said. Now, together with Kalckar, he suggested that for nuclei a much more proper comparison would be with a drop of liquid. That analogy should not be taken too literally, the dynamics of a true liquid drop is vastly different from thta of nucleai. Yet the comparison, treated cautiously, was tempting and in the event proved fruitful in many respects, particularly in regard to collective motions.""(Pais ""Niels Bohr's Times"", pp. 339-40).""In the liquid drop model, formulated by Niels Bohr, the nucleons are imagined to interact strongly with each other, like the molecules in a drop of liquid. A given nucleon collides frequently with other nucleons in the nuclear interior, its mean free path as it moves about being substantially less than the nuclear radius. This constant ""jiggling around"" reminds us of the thermal agitation of the molecules in a drop of liquid. The liquid drop model permits us to correlate many facts about nuclear masses and binding energies"" it is useful in explaining nuclear fission. It also provides a useful model for understanding a large class of nuclear reactions."" (FAQ).Rosenfeld No 56.‎

Referencia librero : 48816

‎"BOHR, NIELS.‎

‎On the Quantum Theory of Line-Spectra, Part I - III. - [BOHR'S CORRESPONDENCE PRINCIPLE]‎

‎København, Bianco Lunos Bogtrykkeri, 1918 - 1922. 4to. Uncut unopened in the original printed wrappers. In ""D. Kgl. Danske Vidensk. Selsk. Skrifter, afd., 8, række IV, 1-3"" / ""Mémoires de l'Académie Royale des Sciences et des Lettres de Danemark"". Wrapper with a few minor nicks and tears but otherwise a very fine and clean copy. 118 pp.‎

‎Collected offprint-edition of Bohr's seminal work ""On the Quantum Theory of the Line-Spectra"", marking the beginning of the quantum revolution in physics, introduced the concept of quantized energy levels, provided an explanation for the observed line spectra, and served as a foundational model that inspired further developments in quantum mechanics. It is conseidered one of Bohr's most important papers and the basis for his Nobel Prize. These papers give the first clear formulation of his 'correspondence principle' establishing the limit agreement of quantum and classical physics. ""By 1918 Bohr had visualized, at least in outline, the whole theory of atomic phenomena. ... He of course realized that he was still very far from a logically consistent framework wide enough to incorporate both the quantum postulates and those aspects of classical mechanics and electrodynamics that seemed to retain some validity. Nevertheless, he at once started writing up a synthetic exposition of his arguments and of all the evidence upon which they could have any bearing" in testing how well he could summarize what was known, he found occasion to check the soundness of his ideas and to improve their formulation. In the present case, however, he could hardly keep pace with the growth of the subject the paper he had in mind at the beginning developed into a four-part treatise, 'On the Theory of Line Spectra', publication of which dragged over four years without being completed" the first three parts appeared between 1918 and 1922, and the fourth, unfortunately, was never published. Thus, the full impact of Bohr's view remained confined to the small but brilliant circle of his disciples, who indeed managed better than their master to make them more widely known by the prompter publication of their own results"" (D.S.B. 2: 246-47).‎

Referencia librero : 60501

‎"BOHR, NIELS.‎

‎Physical Science and the Study of religions.‎

‎(Copenhagen), Munksgaard, 1953. Royal8vo. In orig. printed wrappers. Offprint from ""Studia Orientalia Ioanni Pedersen septuagenario""., pp. 385-390.‎

‎First edition. - Rosenfeld: 95.‎

Referencia librero : 40451

‎"BOSE, [SATYENDRANATH].‎

‎Plancks Gesetz und Lichtquantenhypothese. - [THE BIRTH OF QUANTUM STATISTICS]‎

‎Berlin, Springer, 1924. 8vo. In contemporary halv cloth with gilt lettering to spine. In ""Zeitschrift für Physik"", Bd. 26, 1924. Entire volume offered. Stamp to front free end-paper and titlepage, otherwise fine and clean. Pp. 178-81. [Entire volume: IV, 401 pp.].‎

‎First appearance of Bose's seminal paper in which he succeeded in deriving the Planck blackbody radiation law without reference to classical electrodynamics. Einstein was extremely impressed by Bose's paper and translated it into German himself. Shortly after Einstein made a generalization of Bose's method which led to the first of two systems of quantum statistical mechanics, known as the Bose-Einstein statistics. Paul Dirac coined the term ""boson"" for particles that obey these statistics and later physics historian Abraham Dirac described it as a ""confused masterpiece"", (Pais, Inward Bound, P. 283). ""With their work Bose and Einstein established the field of quantum statistics one year before the appearance of quantum mechanics"" (Brandt, The Harvest of a Century, P. 139).""In July 1924 he sent a short manuscript entitled ""Plancks Gesetz und Lichtquantenhypothese"" to Albert Einstein for criticism and possible publication. Einstein himself translated the paper into German and had it published in the Zeitschrift für Physik later that year. He added a note that stated: ""In my opinion Boses derivation of the Planck formula signifies an important advance. The method used also yields the quantum theory of the ideal gas as I will work out in detail elsewhere."" (DSB).""2 July 1924. Satyendra Nath Bose introduces a new coarse-grained statistical counting procedure which leads to Planck's radioation law. [...] Bose's discovery of a new statistics for photons and Einstein's extension to material gases - including the phenomenon of BE condensation - were made well before anyone had ever heard of a Schroedinger wave function. Bose's derivation of Planck's law is a confused masterpiece. His reasoning is correct but, as he himself once said, he had no idea that it was novel. The Paper also contains the discovery of BE condensation, an effect without application at that time."" (Pais, Inward Bound, P. 283-4).The present volume contains the following papers of interest:Fermi: Über die Wahrscheinlichkeit der Quantenzustände.Hahn & Meitner: Über die Rollen der beta-strahlen beim Atomzerfall.Heisenberg: Über den Einfluss der Deformierbarkeit der Ionen auf optische und chemische Konstanten. II.Heisenberg: Über eine Abänderung der formalen Regeln der Quantentheorie beim Problem der anomalen Zeemaneffekte.Born: Über Quantenmechanik.‎

Referencia librero : 49435

‎"BOHR, AAGE.‎

‎Rotational States of Atomic Nuclei.‎

‎København, Munksgaard, 1954. Orig. printed wrappers. 55 pp.‎

‎First printing Aage Bohr's doctorial dissertation. Bohr became a professor at the University of Copenhagen in 1956, and, following his father's death in 1962, succeeded him as director of the Niels Bohr Institute, a position he held until 1970. As well as his father he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics ""for the discovery of the connection between collective motion and particle motion in atomic nuclei and the development of the theory of the structure of the atomic nucleus based on this connection"".‎

Referencia librero : 36596

‎"BOHR, N. (+) D. COSTER [DIRK].‎

‎Röntgenspektren und periodisches System der Elemente. Mit vier Abbildungen.‎

‎Berlin, Julius Springer, 1923. 8vo. Contemp. hcloth. A stamp to titlepage. Entire volume 12 of ""Zeitschrift für Physik"". IV, 380 pp. Entire volume offered). The paper: pp. 342-75. Internally clean and fine.‎

‎First printing of Bohr's conceptions about atomic structure including electronic orbits and chemical bonds. The paper was written in the months during which element 72 was discovered (first named Hafnia, the Latin name for Copehagen, then Danium, and finally the official name became Hafnium), and in the paper, element 72 is mentioned but not named. This is Bohr's first paper with joint authorship.""Element 72 is included, but it is still indicated as unknown. In the second section of the paper a classification is given of the known X-ray spectra of 48 elements, from magnesium to uranium."" (Bohr. Collected Works: The periodic system (1920-1923), p. 33).The volume also contains the following paper by Erwin Schrödinger:Über eine bemerkenswerte Eigenschaft der Quantenbahnen eines einzelnen Elektrons. Pp. 13-23‎

Referencia librero : 48820

‎"BOHR, N. (+) J. A. WHEELER (+) J. R. OPPENHEIMER (+) H. SNYDER.‎

‎The mechanism of nuclear fission [N. Bohr. & J. A. Wheeler] ""On continued gravitational contraction"" [J. R. Oppenheimer & H. Snyder]. - [THE FIRST THEORETICAL DESCRIPTION OF A SINGULARITY]‎

‎Lancaster, American Institute of Physics, 1939. Royal8vo. In the original green printed wrappers. In ""The Physical Review"", Volume 56, Second Series, Number 5, September 1. With cloth back-strip. A quire, affecting both papers, detached but without any loss of paper. A few minor tear throughout, far from affecting text. [Bohr & Wheeler:] Pp. 426-50. [Oppenheimer & Snyder:] Pp. 455-59. [Entire volume: Pp. 387-486].‎

‎First printing of two landmark papers, all of seminal importance in history of physics: The intricacies of the fission process, the groundwork for atomic and hydrogen bombs and the forgotten birth of black holes: The first theoretical description of a black hole, the production of a singularity when a sufficiently large neutron star collapses.Oppenheimer and Snyder's ""ON CONTINUED GRAVITATIONAL CONTRACTION"" constitute the very first theoretical prediction of a singularity when a sufficiently large neutron star collapses. This phenomenon was later to be coined as a black hole. ""Had J. Robert Oppenheimer not led the US effort to build the atomic bomb, he might still have been remembered for figuring out how a black hole could form."" (American Physical Society). The paper has by several physics historians been described as the forgotten birth of black holes. ""Oppenheimer and his graduate student George Volkoff presented the first analysis of the formation of a neutron star in a 1939 Physical Review paper titled, ""On Massive Neutron Stars"". Oppenheimer wondered what would happen to a very massive neutron star. The Schwartzschild analysis of General Relativity has a theoretical limit, called the ""Schwartzschild limit"", when the ratio of mass-to-radius of a star is 236,000 times greater than the ratio for our sun. When this limit is exceeded, the Schwartzschild analysis does not yield a solution. Oppenheimer believed that a neutron star could have sufficient mass to exceed this limit. What would happen to it? Oppenheimer and his graduate student Hartland Snyder applied General Relativity theory to a star with sufficient mass and density to exceed the Schwartzschild limit. The Schwartzschild analysis assumed that the size of the star stays constant with time. Oppenheimer and Snyder found that they could achieve a real solution from General Relativity when the Schwartzschild limit is exceeded by assuming that the diameter of the star decreases with time. They presented their analysis in a 1939 Physical Review paper, titled, ""On Continual Gravitational Contraction,"" which concluded with: ""When all thermonuclear sources of energy are exhausted, a sufficiently heavy star will collapse. Unless fission due to rotation, the radiation of mass, or the blowing off of mass by radiation, reduce the star's mass to the order of that of the sun, this contraction will continue indefinitely."" This analysis concluded that when the Schwartzschild limit is exceeded, the star must collapse indefinitely until it reaches a singularity having an infinite density of matter"" (Bjornson, Singularity Predictions of General Relativity, P. 4).The Chandrasekhar / Eddington controvery in the mid 30ies did discuss the fate of neutron stars but the first thoroughly theoretical desciption was first published here. ""THE MECHANISM OF NUCLEAR FISSION"" is the first fully worked out theory of nuclear fission, which laid the groundwork for atomic and hydrogen bombs.""Wheeler's technical mastery of physics is best seen in the classic paper of Bohr and Wheeler. Bohr and Wheeler wrote the paper in Princeton, where Bohr was visiting in the spring of 1939, a few months after the discovery of fission. The paper is a masterpiece of clear thinking and lucid writing. It reveals, at the center of the mystery of fission, a tiny world where everything can be calculated and everything understood. The tiny world is a nucleus of uranium 236, formed when a neutron is freshly captured by a nucleus of uranium 235. The uranium 236 nucleus sits precisely on the border between classical and quantum physics. Seen from the classical point of view, it is a liquid drop composed of a positively charged fluid. The electrostatic force that is trying to split it apart is balanced by the nuclear surface tension that is holding it together. The energy supplied by the captured neutron causes the drop to oscillate in various normal modes that can be calculated classically. Seen from the quantum point of view, the nucleus is a superposition of a variety of quantum states leading to different final outcomes. The final outcome may be a uranium 235 nucleus with a re-emitted neutron, or a uranium 236 nucleus with an emitted gamma-ray, or a pair of fission-fragment nuclei with one or more free neutrons. Bohr and Wheeler calculate the cross-section for fission of uranium 235 by a slow neutron and get the right answer within a factor of two. Their calculation is a marvelous demonstration of the power of classical mechanics and quantum mechanics working together. By studying this process in detail, they show how the complementary views provided by classical and quantum pictures are both essential to the understanding of nature. Without the combined power of classical and quantum concepts, the intricacies of the fission process could never have been understood. Bohr's notion of complementarity is triumphantly vindicated"" (John Archibald Wheeler, Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 154 (2010)).‎

Referencia librero : 54015

‎"BOLTZMANN, LUDWIG. - THE PRESSURE OF RADIATION.‎

‎Ueber eine von Hrn. Bartoli entdeckte Beziehung der Wärmestrahlung zum zweiten Hauptsatze. (+) Ueber das Arbeitsquantums. welches bei chemischen Verbindungen gewonnen werden kann: (Aus...der Sitzungsberichte de k. Akad. der Wiss. zu Wien).‎

‎Leipzig, Johann Ambrosius Barth, 1884. Without wrappers as issued in ""Annalen der Physik und Chemie. Hrsg. von G. Wiedemann."", Neue Folge Bd. 22, 5. Heft (= No 5). Pp. 1-144 a. 1 folded plate. (entire issue offered). Boltzmann's papers: pp. 31-39 a. pp. 39-72‎

‎First appearance of an importent paper in which Boltzmann followed up his theoretically confirmation of Stefan's experimental findings - the ""Stefan-Boltzmann law"" - by combining the Second Law of Thermodynamics with the theory of the pressure of radiation.‎

Referencia librero : 44837

‎"BOSSUT, (CHARLES) & (G.) VIALLET - BRUNING, (CHARLES).‎

‎Untersuchungen über die Beste Construction der Deiche. Aus dem Französischen übersetzt von C.Kröncke. Mit sieben Kupfern. (And withbound) BRUNINGS Abhandlung über die Geschwindigkeit des Fliessende Wassers und von den Mitteln, dieselbe auf allen Tief...‎

‎Franckfurt am Mayn, Behrens-und Körnerischen Buchh., (both) 1798. 4to. Cont. hcalf. Back rubbed and worn, tears to hinge at upper part of back. Bossut & Viallet: (6),78 pp. and 7 large folded engraved plates. - Bruning: XVI,136 pp. and 1 large folded engraved plate. Name to last title in ink. Scattered brownspots. Bossut's work bound at end.‎

‎First German edition of both works. Especially Bossut's work is a classic work in Hydrodynamics. - ""Bossut was one of a very few whom d'Alembert took as students, and as such he was admitted as a correspondent to the Academie des Sciences on may 1753...In 1775 he participated with d'Alembert and Condorcet in a well known series of experiments on fluid resistance....Busset is nevertheless one of the importent figures in the history of physics and engineering education."" (DSB II: pp. 334-35). - Poggendorff I:p. 249.‎

Referencia librero : 30656

‎"BORN, MAX.‎

‎Zur Quantenmechanik der Stossvorgänge. (On the Quantum Mechanics of Collision). + Quantenmechanik der Stossvorgängee. (Quantum Mechanics of Collision). + Das Adiabatenprincip in der Quantenmechanik. (The Adiabatic Principle in Quantum Physics). In all... - [STATISTICAL INTERPRETATION OF QUANTUM MECHANICS]‎

‎Berlin, Julius Springer, 1926-27. 8vo. Bound in one nice hcalf with gilt borders and gilt lettering to spine. All three papers published in ""Zeitschrift für Physik"". 1. Title-page for volume 37, pp. 863-67. - 2. Title-page for volume 38, pp.. 803-27. - 3. Title-page for volume 40, pp.167-192. Title-pages with stamp. Clean and fine.‎

‎First editions of all three papers, which together constitute Born's main contributions to Quantum Mechanics, for which he received the Nobel Prize in physics in 1954. In his famous series of papers on wave mechanics Schrödinger stated his equation describing the behavior of the wave function. However, Schrödinger did not himself arrive at a proper physical interpretation of the wave function itself - this is due to Born. Just a few days after Schrödinger's fourth and final paper was published, Born successfully interpreted the wave function as probability amplitude. His relatively brief paper (the first offered here) was originally meant to be published in the weekly magazine ""Die Naturwissenschaften"" but due to lack of space in this journal it was forwarded to the 'Zeitschrift'. The next paper offered, with the same title, is an elaboration of the first. In the third paper Born used the adiabatic principle to further support his statistical interpretation of quantum mechanics.‎

Referencia librero : 38674

‎"BOHR, NIELS.‎

‎Zur Frage der Polarisation der Strahlung in der Quantentheorie. - [TOWARDS QUANTUM THEORY]‎

‎Braunschweig und Berlin, Vieweg & Sohn, Julius Springer, 1921. Contemp. hcloth. Stamp on titlepage. In ""Zeitschrift für Physik. Hrasg. von Karl Scheel"", vol. 6., IV,416 pp. Bohr's paper: pp. 1-9. A faint dampstain in right margin.‎

‎First edition. ""...in the hands of Bohr and his school the correspondence principle was like ""a magic wand that allowed the results of the classical wave theory to be of use for the quantum theory...but a costly price had to be paid. For taking resort to classical physics in order to establish quantum-theoretic predictions, or in other words, constructing a theory whose corroboration depends on premises which conflict with the substance of the theory, is of course a serious inconsistency from the logical point of view. Being fully aware of this difficulty, Bohr attempted repeatedly to show ""the correspondence principle must be regarded purely as a law of quantum theory, which can in no way diminish the contrast between the postulates and electrodynamic theory."" The earliest allusion to such a conception may perhaps be found as early as 1921 in a paper (the paper offered) in which Bohr briefly discussed the function of the principle...""(Max Jammer).‎

Referencia librero : 39202

‎"BOLTZMANN, LUDWIG.‎

‎Zur Priorität der Auffindung der Beziehung zwischen dem zweiten Hauptsatze der mechanichen Wärmetheorie und dem Principe der kleinsten Wirkung.‎

‎Leipzig, Johann Ambrosius Barth, 1871. Without wrappers. In ""Annalen der Physik und Chemie. Hrsg. von J.C. Poggendorff"", Bd. 143, No 6. Pp. 161-336 a. 1 plate. Boltzmann's paper: pp. 211-230. With titlepage to volume 143.‎

‎First printing of Boltzmann's paper in which he argues that he was the first, (and four years before Clausius) to infer the Second Law of Thermodynamics from analytical mechanics. He discusses his paper from 1866 ""Über die mechanische Bedeutung des Zweiten Hauptsatzes der Wärmetheorie"" and compares it with Clausius paper from 1870 ""Zurüchführung d. zweiten Hauptsatzes d. mechanichen Wärmetheorie auf allgemeine mechaniche Principien"".‎

Referencia librero : 45077

‎"BOLTZMANN, LUDWIG.‎

‎Zur Theorie der Gasreibung. (1.-) 3. Theil. (+) Über einige das Wärmegleichgewicht betreffende Sätze.‎

‎Wien, Karl Gerold's Sohn, 1880-82. 8vo. Uncut and unopened in orig. printed wrappers. In: ""Sitzungsberichte der kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften"", 81. Band, 1. Heft - Jänner. (Jahrgang 1880) + 84. Bd. , 1. Heft - Juni. (Jahrgang 1881). + 84. Bd. - December. (Jahrgang 1881). 221 pp. and 438 pp. a. 17 plates and pp. VIII,(933-) 1335. (3 entire issues offered). Boltzmann's papers: pp. 117-158, pp. 40-135 and pp. 136-145.‎

‎First apperance of Boltzmann's large work to determine the transport properties of gases.‎

Referencia librero : 48166

‎"BORN, MAX.‎

‎Zur Quantenmechanik der Stossvorgänge. (On the Quantum Mechanics of Collision). (Vorläufige Mittheilung). + Quantenmechanik der Stossvorgänge. (Quantum Mechanics of Collision). - [""GOD DOES NOT PLAY DICE""]‎

‎Berlin, Julius Springer, 1926. 8vo. In two contemporary half cloth bindings (not uniform). Gilt lettering to spine. In: ""Zeitschrift für Physik"", Bd. 37 & 38, 1926. Entire volumes offered. Vol. 38: Spine partly detached and with library stamp to free front and back end paper. Both volumes with a bit of soiling to extremities. Internally fine and clean.‎

‎First edition of these landmark papers in which Born formulated the now-standard interpretation of the Probability Interpretation of the Wave Function or Probability Density Function for psi*psi in the Schrödinger equation, for which he was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1954. It is considered to be one of the fundamental statements of modern physics and made Einstein famously state in a letter to Born in 1926: ""Quantum mechanics is certainly imposing. But an inner voice tells me that it is not yet the real thing. The theory says a lot, but does not really bring us any closer to the secret of the 'old one'. I, at any rate, am convinced that He [god] is not playing at dice.""""Very soon after publication of Erwin Schrödinger's works on wave mechanics. Born recognized -despite Heisenherg's and Pauli's objections to its basic conceptions - that the new theory was acceptable from a mathematical point of view" and he used Schrödinger's method of treating atomic scattering processes. Applied to a standard scattering problem with known interaction-the scattering of a particle in an external field -the quantum theory permitted an exact calculation only in principle" except in special cases the basic differential equations could not be solved. With ""Quantenme-chanik der Stossvorgänge"" (1926) Born elaborated the basis of the ""Born approximation method"" for carrying out the actual computations"" the method has since grown steadily in importance. Born’s works found worldwide recognition, and gifted young researchers flocked to work under him. The ""Born school"" at Göttingen was its important to the flowering of theoretical physics as the school of Bohr at Copenhagen and of Arnold Sommerfeld at Munich."" (DSB).""Born may not have realized at once the profundity of his contribution, which helped bring the quantum revolution to an end"". (Pais, Inward Bound).‎

Referencia librero : 48979

‎"BOHR, NIELS.‎

‎Über den Bau der Atome. Mit 9 Abbildungen.‎

‎Berlin, Julius Springer, 1924. Uncut in orig. printed wrappers. 60 pp.‎

‎First German edition of Bohr's Nobel Prize Lecture. It is translated by W. Pauli Jr. after the Danish original ""Om Atomernes Bygning, Nobelforedrag."" - Rosenfeld No 26.‎

Referencia librero : 40623

‎"BOLTZMANN, LUDWIG.‎

‎Über die Beziehung der Diffusionsphänomene zum zweiten Hauptsatz der mechanichen Wärmetheorie.‎

‎Wien, Karl Gerold's Sohn, 1879. 8vo. Uncut and unopened in orig. printed wrappers. In: ""Sitzungsberichte der kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften"", 78. Band, 3. Heft - October. (Jahrgang 1878). Pp. (587-) 895. Boltzmann's paper: pp. 733-763.‎

‎First apppearance of one of Boltzmann's importent papers on statistical mechanics and the second thermodynamic law.""Boltzmann's work on the kinetic theory of gases was done independently of Maxwell and they share the credit. Boltzmann increased the rigor of the mathematical treatment and emphasized the statistical interpretation of the second law."" (Asimov).‎

Referencia librero : 48168

‎"BOHR, NIELS. - TOWARDS QUANTUM THEORY.‎

‎Über die Anwendung der Quantentheorie auf den Atombau. I. Die Grundpostulate der Quantentheorie.‎

‎Braunschweig u. Berlin, Vieweg & Sohn, Julius Springer, 1923. Contemp. hcloth. . Stamp on titlepage. In ""Zeitschrift für Physik. Hrsg. von Karl Scheel"", Bd. 13. IV,406 pp. Bohr's paper: pp. 117-165. Clean and fine.‎

‎First edition. As Bohr in his 1918 paper (The quantum theory of line spectra) had discussed the expectation that there was a necessary connection between the classical and the future theory in the limit of large quantum numbers, and in a later paper (1920) named it ""Korrespondenzprincip"" (Principle of Correspondance), Bohr now in the paper offered discussed again the fundamental principles of Quantum Theory in connection with the Principle of Correspondence.Rosenfeld No 29.‎

Referencia librero : 48873