‎Thé‎

‎"ANDREWS, THOMAS. - THE ""CRITICAL TEMPERATURE"" OF GASES.‎

‎The Bakerian Lecture. - On the Continuity of the Gaseous and Liquid States of Matter. Received June 14, - Read June 17, 1869.‎

‎(London, Taylor and Francis, 1870). 4to. No wrappers as extracted from ""Philosophical Transactions"" 1869 - Vol. 159 - Part II. Pp. 575-590 and 1 plate. Clean and fine.‎

‎First apperance of the paper in which Thomas Andrews announces his discovery of the ""CRITICAL POINT"", which states that for every gas there was a temperature above which pressure alone could not liquefy it.""This was a crucial discovery for it pointed the way toward the liquefaction of the permanent gases by demonstrating the necessity of dropping the temperature below the critical point before exerting pressure. This new view led within half a century to the work of Dewar and Kammerlingh-Onnes and the liquefaction of all known gases.""(Asimov).Magie: A Source Book in Physics, pp. 187-192. - Parkinson, Breakthroughs: 1869 C.‎

Referenz des Buchhändlers : 42299

‎HAMILTON, WILLIAM ROWAN. - THE GENERAL PRINCIPLE OF LEAST ACTION - HAMILTON' S PRINCIPLE.‎

‎On a general Method in Dynamics" by which the Study of the Motions of all free Systems of attracting or repelling Points is reduced to the Search and Differentiation of one central Relation, or characteristic Function. Received April 1, - Read April 1...‎

‎London, Richard Taylor, 1834-35. 4to. No wrappers as extracted from ""Philosophical Transactions"" 1834 - Part II. and 1835 - Part I. Both titlepages to the volumes present.Pp. (2),247-308 a. (2),95-144. Both papers clean and fine.‎

‎First appearance of these two groundbreaking papers in which Hamilton carries further the dynamics of Lagrange by expressing the kinetic energy in terms of the momenta and the co-ordinates of a system, and discovers how to transform the Lagrangian equations into a set of differential equations of the first order for the determination of of the motion. The Hamilton principle is also called The Principle of ""Least Action"". The Hamilton Principle as stated in the papers offered here ""was the first of his two great ""discoveries"". he second was the quaternions, which he discovered...1843 nd towhich he devoted most of his efforts during the remaining 22 years of his life.""(DSB).Maupertouis, Euler, and Lagrange introduced the principle of ""Least Action"" covering the science of dynamics, and now Hamilton brought the principle into a form which was capable of expressing all the laws of Newtonian science in a representation as minimum-problems, that is, all gravitational, dynamical and electrical laws could be represented as minimum problems. In 1925 Heisenberg, Born and Jordan showed, that the Hamilton equations are still valid in quantum theoryAlthough formulated originally for classical mechanics, Hamilton's principle also applies to classical fields such as the electromagnetic and gravitational fields, and has even been extended to quantum mechanics, quantum field theory, relativity and criticality theories. Its influence is so profound and far reaching that many scientists regard it as the most powerful single principle in mathematocal physics and place it at the pinnacle of physical science.‎

Referenz des Buchhändlers : 42329

‎DAVY, HUMPHRY. - ISOLATION OF BARIUM, MAGNESIUM, CALCIUM AND STRONTIUM FOR THE FIRST TIME.‎

‎Electro-Chemical Researches, on the Decomposition of the Earth" with Observations on the Metals obtained from the alkaline Earths, and on the Amalgam procured from Ammonia. Read June 30th, 1808.‎

‎(London, W. Bulmer and Co., 1808). 4to. No wrappers as extracted from ""Philosophical Transactions"" 1808 - Part I. Pp. 333-370. Clean and fine.‎

‎First printing of a historical paper in chemistry, his third Bakerian Lecture, in which he obtained for the first time, by means of electrolysis, the metals barium, magnesium, calcium and strontium. He further utilized the strong reducing power of potassium to prepare boron.""Humphry Davy was one of the most brilliant chemists of the early nineteenth century. His early study of nitrous oxide brought him his first reputation, but his later and most importent investigations were devoted to electrochemistry. Following Galvani's experiments and the discovery of the voltaic pile, interest in galvanic electricity had become widespread. The first electrolysis by means of the pile was carried out in 1800 by Nicholson and Carisle, who obtained oxygen and hydrogen from water. Davy began to examine the chemical effects of electricity in 1800, and his numerous discoveries were presented in his Bakerian lectures."" - Not in Wheeler Gift. - The Ronalds Library p. 128.‎

Referenz des Buchhändlers : 42335

‎"RUTHERFORD, ERNST. - THE MAGNETIC DETECTOR INVENTED - WIRELESS TELEGRAPHY MADE POSSIBLE.‎

‎The Magnetic Detector of Electrical Waves and some of its Applications. Communicated by J.J. Thomson. Received June 11, - Read June 18, 1896.‎

‎(London, Harrison and Sons, 1897). 4to. No wrappers as extracted from ""Philosophical Transactions"" Year 1897, Vol. 189 - A. Pp. 1-24., texfigs.‎

‎First appearance of this importent paper, the first paper by Rutherford published in England, in which he describes his invention of the ""Magnetic detector"" before Marconi made use of it in his wireless telegraphy across the Atlantic in 1901.On his arrival at Cambridge (in 1895) his talents were quickly recognized by Professor Thomson. During his first spell at the Cavendish Laboratory, he invented the detector for electromagnetic waves, an essential feature being an ingenious magnetizing coil containing tiny bundles of magnetized iron wire. The detector made it possible to send wireless signals.‎

Referenz des Buchhändlers : 42381

‎"HERSCHEL, WILLIAM. - THE BASIS OF INTERFEROMETRIC IMAGING IN ASTRONOMY.‎

‎Experiments for ascertaining how far Telescopes will enable us to determine very small Angles, and to distinguish the real from the spurious Diameters of celestial and terrestrial Objects: with an Application of the Result ofthese Experiments to a ser...‎

‎(London, W. Bulmer and Co., 1805). 4to. No wrappers as extracted from ""Philosophical Transactions"" 1805 - Part I. Pp. 31-64 and 1 engraved plate. Clean and fine.‎

‎First appearance of an importent paper, founding the metric of interstellar space.It was the contemporous discoveries of the first minor planets, ceres in 1801, Pallas in 1802 and Juno in 1803, that prompted Herschel to investigate the origin of the spurious diameters of stars. ""Were their apparent diameters as real as those of planets or spurious as for stars? To address this question Herschel conducted an extensive series of experiments in his garden in Slough, examining through his telescope small globules of differing sizes and materials placed in a tree some 800 ft (ca. 244 m) away (Herschel 1805). His observations showed that for the smallest globules the diameters were all spurious and all of the same size. Furthermore, he found that, if just the inner part of the aperture of the telescope were used, the spurious diameters, whether of globules or of stars, were larger. If the whole aperture was employed, the diameters were smaller, and if only an outer annular aperture was used the diameters were smaller still. This experimental discovery that unfilled apertures can be used to obtain high angular resolution remains today the essential basis for interferometric imaging in astronomy (in particular Aperture Masking Interferometry). The theoretical justification of this result came with Airy's analysis of the diffraction pattern of a circular aperture 30 years later (Airy 1835), and it took a further 30 years before the idea of using multiple apertures was developed. In an early study the Reverend W. R. Dawes noted that he had frequently found great advantage from the use of a perforated whole aperture' and that when observing Venus this produced a central image of the planet perfectly colourless, and very sharply dened' (Dawes 1866). But it was left to Fizeau, in his submission to the Commission for the Prix Bordin the following year, to remark on une relation remarquable et n´ecessaire entre la dimension des franges et celle de la source lumineuse' and suggest that by using an interferometric combination of light from two separated slits il deviendra possible d'obtenir quelques donn´ees nouvelles sur les diametres angulaires de ces astres' (Fizeau 1868).""‎

Referenz des Buchhändlers : 42389

‎"DARWIN, G.H. - THE MOON THEORY.‎

‎Problems connected with the Tides of a Viscous Spheroid. Received November 14, - Read December 19, 1878.‎

‎(London, Harrison and Sons, 1880). 4to. No wrappers as extracted from ""Philosophical Transactions"" 1879, Vol. 171 - Part II. Pp. 539-593.‎

‎First printing of a main paper by the ""Father of Geophysics"" in which he shows that the effect of the tides was to force a retreat of the moon from the earth - thus going backward in time in the history of the earth, he concludes that the earth had been in contact with the moon, and this represents the time at which the whirling earth threw off a portion of its outer crust by centrifugal action, loosing angular motion in that way.""Darwin's most significant contribution to the history of science lies in his pioneering work in the application of detailled dynamical analysis to cosmological and geological problems. That many of his conclusions are now out of date should in no way diminish the historical interest in his experiments, nor the importent service thet he rendered cosmogony by the example he gave of putting various hypotheses to the test of actual calculations. Darwin's method remains a milestone in the development of cosmogony, and subsequent investigators have favored it over the merely qualitative arguments prevalent until that time.""(DSB).‎

Referenz des Buchhändlers : 42402

‎"LOCKYER, JOSEPH NORMAN - THE DISCOVERY OF HELIUM.‎

‎Spectroscopic Observations of the Sun.- No. II. Received November 19,- Read November 19 and 26, 1868. (With additional notes Nov. 26, April 9, 1869, Oct. 10, 1869).‎

‎(London, Taylor and Sons, 1870). 4to. No wrappers as extracted from ""Philosophical Transactions"" 1869, Vol. 159 - Part I. Pp. 425-444 and 2 lithographed plates (1 with the spectrum of helium, 1 with his spectroscope (not requiring eclipses to function)). Clean and fine.‎

‎First appearance of this milestone paper in chemistry, physics and astronomy, announcing the discovery of helium in the sun and naming it 'helium' for Helios, the Greek God of the Sun. In the same paper he demonstrates his invention of the spectroscope by which the prominences of the sun could be observed and studied without an eclipse by leading the light from the very edge of the sun through a prism. - Helium was not discovered on the earth before 1895 by William Ramsay, and it was Crookes who established its identity with the helium Lockyer observed in the spectrum of the sun.""This (the last discovery) was announced on the same day by the French astronomer Janssen, who was in India observing a total eclipse. As a result, the French government some ten years later struck a medallion showing the heads of both scientists.By that time, the two men had made a much more dramatic discovery at the same time, this time in cooperation. Janssen, studying the spectrum ofthe sun during the eclipse, had noted a fine line he did not recognize. he send a report on this to Lockyer, an acknowledges expert on solar spectra. Lockyer compared the reported position of the line with lines of known elements, concluding that it must belong to a yeat unknown element, possibly not even existing on the earth. He named the element, from the Greek word for the sun.""(Asimov).‎

Referenz des Buchhändlers : 42423

‎"WHEATSTONE, CHARLES. - THE WHEATSTONE BRIDGE.‎

‎The Bakerian Lecture, - An Account of several new Instruments and Processes for determining the Constants of a Voltaic Circuit. Received June 15, - Read June 15, 1843.‎

‎(London, Richard and John E. Taylor, 1843). 4to. No wrappers as extracted from ""Philosophical Transactions"" 1843 - Part II. Pp. 303-327 and 2 lithographed plates.‎

‎Frst appearance of an importent paper in the history of electricity. ""In 1843 Wheatstone published an experimental verification of Ohm's law, helping to make the law (already well known in Germany) more familiar in England. In connection with the verification he developed new ways of measuring resistances and currents. In particular, he invented the rheostat and popularized the Wheatstone bridge (in the paper offered), originally invented by Samuel Christie.""(DSB).‎

Referenz des Buchhändlers : 42429

‎"WOLLASTON, WILLIAM HYDE. - THE DISCOVERY OF THE ELEMENT RHODIUM.‎

‎On a new Metal, found in crude Platina. Read June 24, 1804.‎

‎(London, Bulwer and Co., 1804). 4to. Without wrappers as extracted from ""Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London."" Year 1804-Part II. Pp. 419-430. Clean and fine.‎

‎First appearance of the paper in which Wollaston announced his discovery of the metallic element Rhodium.""Dr. Wollaston dissolved a portion of crude platinum in qgua regia, and neutralized the excess acid with caustic soda. He then added salammoniac to precipitate the platinum as ammonium chloroplatinate, and mercurous cyanide to precipitate the palladium as palladium cyanide. After filteringoff the precipitate, he decomposed the excess mercurous cyanide inthe filtarate by adding hydrochloric acid and evaporating to dryness. When he washed the residue with alcohol, everything dissolved except a beautiful dark red powder, which proved to be a double chloride of sodium and a new metal, which because of the rose color of its salts, Dr. Wollaston named 'Rhodium'. He found that the sodium rhodium chloride could be easely reduced by heating it in a current of hydrogen, and that after the sodium chloride had been washed out, the rhodium remained as a metallic powder. he also succeeded in obtaining a rhodium button.""(Weeks: Discovery of the Elements. p. 104-05.)‎

Referenz des Buchhändlers : 42469

‎"CROOKES, WILLIAM. - ARGON - THE FIRST OF THE INERT GASES.‎

‎On the Spectra of Argon. Received January 26, - Read January 31, 1895.‎

‎(London, Harrison and Sons, 1895). 4to. No wrappers as extracted from ""Philosophical Transactions"" 1895 - Vol. 186 - Series A, Part I. Pp. 243-251 and 1 plate (The Spectra of Argon). Clean and fine.‎

‎First appearance of a classic paper in which Crookes by his spectrographic methods confirms the discovery of argon by Ramsey and Rayleigh in 1895. The plate is the first to show the spectra of argon, the first of the inert gases to be discovered.The paper first describes the spectra obtained by passing an electric discharge through argon at very low pressures,. Several specimens of argon (some containing traces of nitrogen) were invested. Crookes distinguished between the spectral lines attributable to argon and those of nitrogen and verified that the argon isolated by Lord rayleigh and William Ramsay was truly a new chemically inert element. (Neville I:p. 313).Sir William Crookes (1832-1919) studied at the Royal College of Chemistry , London, and served there as an assistant to Hoffmann. In 1859 he founded the Chemical News and remained its proprietor and editor until his death. he early attracted attentuion by his discovery of the element thallium by spectroscopic methods. he was an active investigator in many fields of physics and contributed greatly to the advance of knowledge by his study of the radiometer and of the electric discharge in rarefied gases. -(PMM: 386 describing J.J. Thomson's Cathode Rays). - Magee, Source Book in Physics p. 564 ff.‎

Referenz des Buchhändlers : 42531

‎"STOKES, G.G. - COINING THE WORD 'FLUORESCENCE'‎

‎On the Change of Refrangibility of Light. (No. I). Received May 11, - Read May 27, 1852. (+) On the Change of Refrangibility of Light.- No. II. Received June 16, - Read June 26, 1853. (2 Papers).‎

‎(London, Richard Taylor and William Francis, 1852 and 1853). 4to. No wrappers as extracted from ""Philosophical Transactions"" 1852 - Part II. Pp. 463-562 a. 1853 - Vol. 143. Part III. Pp. 385-396. Clean and fine.‎

‎First appearance of two importent papers in the physical theories of light and the atomic structure.""Sir John Herschel first noticed that sulpahte of quinine shows a blue colour when light is incident on it under certain circumstances"" later it was found that many other substances, if placed in a dark room and exposed to invisible radiations beyond the viloet end of the visible spectrum, emit a bluish or greenish light. To this phenomenon the name 'flourencence' was given by Stoken in 1852 (the paper offered), in a famous paper disclosing its true nature.""(Whittaker in ""A History of the Theores of Aether and Electricity"" Vol. I.p. 262).""However, long before the discovery of the electron made the compositeness of atoms explicit, the clearest signals that structure was called for came from spectra. Already in 1852, Stokes, in the importent memoir ""On the Change of Refrangibility of Ligh"" (to which Kelvin referred) had written. ""In all probability...the molecular vibrations by which...light is produced are not vibrations i which the molecules move among one another, but vibrations aming the constituent parts of the molecules themselves, performed by virtue of the internal forces which hold the parts of molecules together"". Please notice...at that time, the term 'molecule' often meant what we call 'atom'.""(Pais in""Inward Bound"", p. 175).‎

Referenz des Buchhändlers : 42590

‎"LABAT, R.P. - FROM THE LIBRARY OF A.G. MOLTKE.‎

‎Nouveau Voyage aux Isles de l'Amerique, contenant l'Histoire naturelle de ces Pays, l'Origine, les Moeurs, la Religion & la Gouvernement des Habitans anciens & moderne. Nouvelle Edition...enrichie des Figures en Taille-douce. Tome Sixieme (seul).‎

‎Paris, Theodore Le Gras, 1742. Small 8vo. Contemporary full calf. Spine and covers worn. From the library of Count A.G. Moltke with his large gilt coat of arms on both covers. (4),502 pp. Large fold. engraved plate (plan du Connvent artinique), 1 fold. Plan du Port, du Fort et du Bourg Grenade. plan du Fort, Grenade, 2 maps (L'isle de saint Christophle, L'isle de la Barbade, 1 folded plate showing natives preparing tobacco leaves, 5 botanical plates (2 with cacao), 3 zoological plates. Internally fine, some light yellowing to margins.‎

‎This volume describes the isles Martinique, Guadeloupe, Barbade (Barbados) and Grenade (Grenada).""A very pleasant and instructive work in many respects""(Chalmers) - ""The most copious that we possess on the Antilles"" very full on the Natural history and productions of the islands."" (Sabin: 38412).‎

Referenz des Buchhändlers : 42613

‎"WILSON, C.T.R. - THE INVENTION OF THE WILSON ""CLOUD CHAMBER""‎

‎Condensation of Water Vapour in the Presence of Dust-free Air and other Gases. Communicated by J.J. Thomson. Received March 15, - Read April 8, 1897.‎

‎(London, Harrison and Sons, 1897). 4to. No wrappers as extracted from ""Philosophical Transactions"" Year 1897, Volume 189 - Series A. - Pp. 265-307. Clean fine. Textillustrations, depicting Wilson's famous apparatus‎

‎First printing of this groundbreaking paper in which Wilson describes the invention which made it possible to view the track of a single atomic projectile or electron. The invenvention of the ""Dust-Chamber"" made it possible for J.J. Thomson in 1897 to calculate the charge of the electron, and thereby finding its mass, since the ratio between the two was known. In most cases it was found that the track of the particle is a straight, or nearly straight line.""C.T.R. Wilson had been developing his cloud-chamber, which was to provide the most powerfull of all methods of investigation in atomic physics. In moist air, if a certain degree of supersaturation is exceeded this can be secured by a sudden expansion of the air) condensation takes place on dust-nuclei, when any are present: if by preliminary operations condensation is made to take place on the dust-nuclei, and the resulting droplets are allowed to settle, the air in the chamber is thereby freed from dust. If now X-rays or radiation from a radioactive substance are passed into the chamber, and if the degree of supersaturation is sufficient, condensation again takes place: this is due to the production of ions by the radiation. Thus the tracks of ionising radiations can be made visible by the sudden expansion of a moist gas, each ion becoming the centre of a visible globule of water. Wilson showed that the ions produced by uranium radiation were identical with those produced by X-rays."" (Whittaker in ""A History of the Theories of Aether & Electricity"" II:p.4).‎

Referenz des Buchhändlers : 42616

‎"HOME, EVERARD. - THE TUSKS OF THE NARWHALE.‎

‎On the Tusks of the Narwhale. Read february 18, 1813.‎

‎(London, W. Bulmer and Co., 1813). 4to. No wrappers as extracted from ""Philosophical Transactions"" 1813 - Part I. Pp. 126-130 and 1 engraved plate.‎

‎First printing of this paper in which Home describes a female skull of the Narwhale given to him by Mr. Scoresby. The plate is a drawing of this skull.‎

Referenz des Buchhändlers : 42625

‎"NEWTON, E.T. - A NEW SPECIES OF THE FLYING REPTILE PTERODACTYL.‎

‎On the Skull, Brain, and Auditory Organ of a new Species of Pterosaurian (Scaphognathus Purdoni), from the Upper Lias near Whitby, Yorkshire. Received March 1, - Read March 22, 1888.‎

‎(London, Harrisn and Sons, 1889). 4to. No wrappers as extracted from ""Philosophical Transactions"", 1888, Vol. 179 - Series B. Pp. 503-537, textillustr. and 2 lithographed plates. Fine and clean.‎

‎First appearance of this importent paper describing for the first time a new species of the Jurassic flying reptile.The skull was collected in the 1880s by D.W. Purdon, who is honoured in the specific name ""Scaphognatus Purdoni, s Newton nmd it. It was recognizd as a distinct genus only decades later in 1919 by Gustav von Arthaber.‎

Referenz des Buchhändlers : 42627

‎"HERSCHEL, JOHN W.F. - THE DISCOVERY OF THE IRON-PRINTING PROCESS.‎

‎On certain Improvements on Photographic Processes described in a former Communication, and on the Parathermic Rays of the Solar Spectrum. Received November 17, - Read November 17, 1842.‎

‎(London, Richard and John E., Taylor, 1843. 4to. No wrappers as extracted from ""Philosophical Transactions"" 1843 - Part I. Pp. 1-6.‎

‎First appearance of a pioneer-paper in the history of early photography, as Herschel here for the first time describes his discovery of the iron printing process with ammonio-citrate of iron by both methods, namely with blue lines on a white background and white lines on a blue ground.‎

Referenz des Buchhändlers : 42662

‎MAJOR, C.I. FORSYTH. - THE EXTINCT LEMUR OF MADAGASCAR.‎

‎On Megaladapis madagascariensis, an Extinct Gigantic Lemuroid from Madagascar" with Remarks on the Associated Fauna, and of its Geological Age. Received June 14, - Read June 15, 1893.‎

‎(London, Harrison and Sons, 1894). 4to. No wrappers as extracted from ""Philosophical Transactions"", 1894, Vol. 185 - Part I. Pp 15-38 a. 3 lithographed plates. Clean and fine.‎

‎First printing of this importent paper, relating the discovery of a new family Megaladapidae with the genus and species of the extinct giant lemur of Madagascar. Major collected the bones on his expedition to Madagascar in the years 1894-96.""Its tree-grasping attributes probably made Megaladapis vulnerable to changes to the forests of Madagascar. Upon human arrival between 1,500 and 2,000 years ago, the forests of Madagascar were cleared to make farmland. Unable to adapt to these new environmental changes imposed by man and being a tempting target for hunters, Megaladapis became extinct approximately 500 years ago, around the time of European discovery of Madagascar.""‎

Referenz des Buchhändlers : 42670

‎"ROBINSON, THOMAS RODNEY - THE ROBINSON CUP-ANEMOMETER.‎

‎On the Determination of the Constants of the Cup Anemometer by Experiments with a Whirling Machine. Received March 14 - Read April 4, 1878.‎

‎(London, Harrison and Sons, 1879). 4to. No wrappers as extracted from ""Philosophical Transactions"" 1879 - Vol. 169 - Part II. Pp. 777-822 a. 5 plates.‎

‎First printing of Robinson's new experiments and researches into the constants of the Cup-Anemometer which he invented in 1846 by modifying Whewell's instrument by the introduction of the now-familiar windmill with hemispherical cups.""A simple type of anemometer is the cup anemometer, invented (1846) by Dr. John Thomas Romney Robinson, of Armagh Observatory. It consisted of four hemispherical cups each mounted on one end of four horizontal arms, which in turn were mounted at equal angles to each other on a vertical shaft. The air flow past the cups in any horizontal direction turned the cups in a manner that was proportional to the wind speed. Therefore, counting the turns of the cups over a set time period produced the average wind speed for a wide range of speeds. On an anemometer with four cups it is easy to see that since the cups are arranged symmetrically on the end of the arms, the wind always has the hollow of one cup presented to it and is blowing on the back of the cup on the opposite end of the cross.""‎

Referenz des Buchhändlers : 42674

‎"OWEN, RICHARD. - THE EXTINCT HORNED TURTLE.‎

‎On Parts of the Skeleton of Meiolania platyceps (Ow.). Received March 29, - Read April 21, 1887.‎

‎(London, Harrison and Sons, 1889). 4to. No wrappers as extracted from ""Philosophical Transactions"", 1888, Vol. 179 - Series B. Pp. 181-191 a. 7 lithographed plates.‎

‎First appearance of a classical paper in which Owen describes a series of remains, in better condition, than the bones from Lord Howe's Island, which Owen described in 1886 and named Meiolania platyceps. The remains belongs to Horned Turtles, and not to a giant lizard, Meiolania (""Small roamer"") is an extinct genus of cryptodire turtle from the Oligocene to Holocene, with the last relic populations at New Caledonia which survived until 2,000 years ago.The animal was rather large, measuring 2.5 metres (8.2 ft) in length, making it the second-largest known nonmarine turtle or tortoise, surpassed only by Colossochelys atlas from Asia, which lived in the Pleistocene. It lived in Australia and New Caledonia. Remains have also been found on the island of Efate in Vanuatu, associated with settlements from the Lapita culture.‎

Referenz des Buchhändlers : 42702

‎"THOMSON, WILLIAM (LORD KELVIN) & JAMES PRESCOTT JOULE. - THE JOULE-THOMSON EFFECT DISCOVERED.‎

‎On the Thermal Effects of Fluids in Motion. Received June 15, - Read June 16, 1853.‎

‎(London, Richard Taylor and William Francis, 1853) 4to. No wrappers as extracted from ""Philosophical Transactions"" 1853, Vol. 143 - Part III. Pp. 357-365. Textillustrations. Clean and fine.‎

‎First appearance of this highly importent paper in the development of thermodynamics, describing the experiments leading to the discovery of the cooling effect when a gas is allowed to expand freely. This is the founding theory, later used in refrigeration.""The only substantial contribution to thermodynamics to which the joint names of Joule and Thomson are attached belongs to an idea conceived by Thomson, who saw the possibility of analyzing the deviations of gas properties from the ideal behavior. In particular a non-ideal gas, made to expand slowly through a porous plug so as to approximate a specified mathematical condition - constant enthalpy), would in general undergo cooling (essentially a transformation of atomic motion into work spent against the interatomic attractions)....But the appliocation of the Joule-Thomson effect to technology of refrigeration belongs to a later stage in the development of thermodynamics.""(DSB VII, p. 182).The Joule-Thomson effect or Joule-Kelvin effect describes the increase or decrease in the temperature of a real gas (as differentiated from an ideal gas) or a liquid when allowed to expand freely through a valve or other throttling device while kept insulated so that no heat is transferred to or from the fluid, and no external mechanical work is extracted from the fluid. The Joule-Thomson effect is an isenthalpic process, meaning that the enthalpy of the fluid is constant (i.e., does not change) during the process. It is named for James Prescott Joule and William Thomson, 1st Baron Kelvin who established the effect in 1852, following earlier work by Joule on Joule expansion in which a gas expands at constant internal energy. The Joule-Thomson effect is sometimes referred to as the Joule-Kelvin effect. Engineers often refer to it as simply the J-T effect.‎

Referenz des Buchhändlers : 42715

‎"MAXWELL, JAMES CLERK. - THE KINETIC THEORY OF GASES.‎

‎The Bakerian Lecture. - On the Viscosity or Internal Friction of Air and other Gases. Received November 23, 1865 (+) Postscript.- Received December 7, 1865. - Read February 8, 1866.‎

‎(London, Taylor and Francis, 1866). Large 4to. Without wrappers. Extracted from ""Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London."", Vol. 156 - Part I. Pp. 249-268 a. 1 lithographed plate. A few brownspots to the plate. Having the titlepage to vol. 156 - Part I. A few brownspots to lower margins.‎

‎First appearance of a major paper in the kinetic theory of gases, in which Maxwell proved that the viscosity was independent of pressure as predicted, and nearly a linear function of the absolute temperature T.One of Maxwell's major investigations was on the kinetic theory of gases. Originating with Daniel Bernoulli, this theory was advanced by the successive labours of John Herapath, John James Waterston, James Joule, and particularly Rudolf Clausius, to such an extent as to put its general accuracy beyond a doubt"" but it received enormous development from Maxwell, who in this field appeared as an experimenter (on the laws of gaseous friction) as well as a mathematician.""James Clerk Maxwell published a famous paper in 1866 (the paper offered) using the kinetic theory of gases to study gaseous viscosity. The internal friction (the viscosity) of the gas is determined by the probability a particle of layer A enters layer B with a corresponding transfer of momentum. Maxwell's calculations showed him that the viscosity coefficient is proportional to both the density, the mean free path and the mean velocity of the atoms. On the other hand, the mean free path is inversely proportional to the density. So an increase of pressure doesn't result in any change of the viscosity.‎

Referenz des Buchhändlers : 42764

‎"KIES, (JOHANN). & CASSINI de THURY - LUNAR THEORY & THE BERLINER QUADRANT.‎

‎De la Situation la plus avantageuse des Planetes pour Découvrir les Irrégularités de leurs Mouvemens. (+ Kies:) Sur les Eclipses des Etoileas fixes par la Lune. (+ Cassini de Thury:) Memoire, dans lequel on examiné, si l'on peut esperer la meme Pre...‎

‎(Berlin, Haude et Spener, 1751). 4to. No wrappers, as issued in ""Mémoires de l'Academie Royale des Sciences et Belles-Lettres"", tome V, Année 1749, pp. 339-372, 1 folded geometrical plate (to the first paper) and 3 fine double-page folded engraved plates showing the quadrant.‎

‎Kies was one of the first to propagate Newton's discoveries in Germany, and dedicated two of his works to the Englishman. The crater Kies on the Moon is named after him.The paper on the instrument describes and depicts the large quadrant in the Berlin observatory invented by Hadley (described in Transactions of the Royal Society in 1732).""From 1742 to 1754, at the recommendation of the mathematician Leonhard Euler, he (Kies) was made professor of mathematics at Berlin's Academy of Sciences and astronomer at its observatory. His reports from this time include De la Situation la plus avantageuse des planètes pour découvrir les irrégularités de leurs mouvemens, Sur les Éclipses des étoiles fixes par la lune, and Description d'un instrument qui se trouve .""‎

Referenz des Buchhändlers : 42770

‎"WILSON, C.T.R. - THE WILSON ""CLOUD-CHAMBER"".‎

‎On the Condension Nuclei produced in Gases by the Action of Röntgen Rays, Uranium Rays, Ultra-violet Light, and other Agents. Received October 29, - Read November 24, 1898.‎

‎(London, Harrison and Sons, 1899). 4to. No wrappers as extracted from ""Philosophical Transactions"", Vol. 192 - Series A. Pp. 403-453. Textillustrations. Clean and fine.‎

‎First printing of Wilson's second importent paper describing his further experiments with his ""Cloud Chamber"".""To the period 1895-1912 belongs the development of an instrument which to my mind is the most original and wonderful in scientific history.I refer to the cloud or expansion chamber of C.T.R. Wilson...It was a wonderful advance to be able to se, so to speak, the details of the adventures of these particles in their flight through the gas....""(Lord Rutherford).""C.T.R. Wilson had been developing his cloud-chamber, which was to provide the most powerfull of all methods of investigation in atomic physics. In moist air, if a certain degree of supersaturation is exceeded this can be secured by a sudden expansion of the air) condensation takes place on dust-nuclei, when any are present: if by preliminary operations condensation is made to take place on the dust-nuclei, and the resulting droplets are allowed to settle, the air in the chamber is thereby freed from dust. If now X-rays or radiation from a radioactive substance are passed into the chamber, and if the degree of supersaturation is sufficient, condensation again takes place: this is due to the production of ions by the radiation. Thus the tracks of ionising radiations can be made visible by the sudden expansion of a moist gas, each ion becoming the centre of a visible globule of water. Wilson showed that the ions produced by uranium radiation were identical with those produced by X-rays."" (Whittaker in ""A History of the Theories of Aether and Electricity."" II, p. 4).‎

Referenz des Buchhändlers : 42793

‎"TYNDALL, JOHN. - A FUNDAMENTALPAPER IN BACTEOROLOGY - THE FINAL BLOW TO ""SPONTANEOUS GENERATION"".‎

‎Further Researches on the Deportment and Vital Persistence of Putrefactive and Infective Organisms from a Physical Point of View. Received May 14, - Read May 17, 1877.‎

‎(London, Taylor and Francis, 1878). 4to. No wrappers as extracted from ""Philosophical Transactions"" 1877, Vol. 167 - Part I. Pp. 149-206. Illustrations in the text. Clean and fine.‎

‎First appearnace of this important paper in which Tyndall announced his discovery of fractional sterilization ""Tyndallization"".""In my last paper I made some remarks upon this subject"" and in relation to our present experiments, the influence of drying and hardening was brought home to me by the fact that in all the foregoing cases the infusions which five minutes boiling proved sufficient to sterilize were, without exception, derived from fresh hay mowen in 1876, while the infusions which five minutes' boiling failed to sterilize were derived, without exception, from old hay mown either in 1875 or some previous year.""(p. 159 in the paper).""Tyndall interested himself in atmospheric germs and dust. His experiments on sterilization by heat lead him to the discovery in 1877 (the paper offered) of fractional sterilization (Tyndallization)....The reseraches of Tyndall, even more than those of Pasteur, dealt the final blow to the doctrine of spontaneous generation"" they were fundamental for the progress of bacteriology.""(Garrison & Morton 2495, listing his later book from 1881 ""Essays on the floating-matter of the air..."").During the 1870s Pasteur and Tyndall were in frequent communication.‎

Referenz des Buchhändlers : 42813

‎"LUBBOCK, JOHN WILLIAM. - THE LUNAR THEORY.‎

‎On the Theory of the Moon. (I-II). Received November 30, Read December 12, 1833. (and Part II:) Received and Read March 13, 1834.‎

‎(London, Richard Taylor, 1834) 4to. No wrappers as extracted from ""Philosophical Transactions"" 1834 - Part I. Pp. 123-126 a. pp. 127-141.‎

‎First appearance of Lubbock's ""Lunar-Theory""""John Lubbock (1803-65), was an astronomer and mathematician. He made a special study of tides and of the lunar theory and developed a method for calculating the orbits of comets and planets. In mathematics he applied the theory of probability to life insurance problems.""‎

Referenz des Buchhändlers : 42833