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‎"ACKERMANN, WILHELM.‎ ‎Begründung des ""tertium non datur"" mittels der Hilbertschen Theorie der Widerspruchsfreiheit. - [ACKERMANN'S DISSERTATION]‎ ‎Berlin, Julius Springer, 1925. In: 'Mathematische Annalen', volume 93, pp.1-36. Entire volume offered here (314 pp.) Bound in modern full cloth. Ex-library stamp on title page.‎ ‎First edition of Ackermann's doctorial dissertation. Ackermann was a student of Hilbert and played an important role in the development of 20th century mathematical logic.‎ Référence libraire : 34751	Livre Rare Book Herman H. J. Lynge & Son Copenhagen Denmark Dinamarca Dinamarca Danemark [Livres de Herman H. J. Lynge & Son] 161,16 € Acheter
‎"CARNAP, RUDOLF.‎ ‎Der Raum. Ein Beitrag zur Wissenschaftslehre. - [SPACE - CARNAP'S FIRST PUBLICATION]‎ ‎Berlin, Reuther & Reichard, 1922. 8vo. Original grey printed wrappers w. very minor loss to capitals. Printing on spine nearly fully intact. Internally near mint. A very good, nice and clean copy of a publication, which in itself is quite fragile. 87 pp.‎ ‎First edition of Carnap's first publication, his doctoral dissertation. Printed in Kant-Studien, Ergänzungshefte, Nr. 56. Issued by H. Vaihinger, M. Frischeisen-Kähler and A Liebert. Rudolf Carnap (born 1891 in Ronsdorf, Germany, died 1970 in Santa Monica, California) was an immensely influential analytic philosopher, who has contributed decisively to the fields of logic, epistemology, semantics, philosophy of science, and philosophy of language. He was one of the leading figures of the Vienna Circle, and a prominent logical positivist. He studied philosophy, physics and mathematics at the universities of Berlin and Freiburg, and worked at the universities of Jena, Vienna and Prague until 1935, when he, due to the war, emigrated to the U.S., where he became an American citizen in 1941. In America he became professor of the University of Chicago. In Jena he was appointed Professor of Mathematics, though his main interest at that time was in physics. By 1913 he planned to write his dissertation on thermionic emission, but this was interrupted by World War I, where he served at the front until 1917. Afterwards he studied the theory of relativity under Einstein in Berlin, and he developed the theory for a new dissertation, namely on an axiomatic system for the physical theory of space and time. He thus ended up writing the important dissertation under the direction of Bouch on the theory of space (Raum) from a philosophical point of view. The dissertation was submitted in 1921, and, due to the clear influence from Kantian philosophy, it was published the following year in this supplement to the ""Kant-Studien"". After the publication of his first work, Carnap's involvement with the Vienna Circle began to develop. He met Reichenbach in 1923 and was introduced to Moritz Schlick in Vienna, where he then moved to become assistant professor at the university. He soon became one of the leading members of the Vienna Circle, and in 1929 he, Neurath, and Hahn wrote the manifest of the Circle.As the title indicates, ""Der Raum"" deals with the philosophy of space. Partly influenced by Husserl, under whom he studied at Freiburg, Carnap poses the question weather our knowledge of space is analytic, synthetic a priori or empirical. His answer is that it depends on what is meant by ""space"", and thus differentiates between three kinds of theories of space: Formal (which is analytic [a priori]), intuitive (which is synthetic a priori), and physical (which is empirical [or synthetic aposteriori]). He compares this division of space with that of geometry into: projective, metric and topological. This, of course, anticipates much of his later philosophy, and some of his theories developed in this paper became the official position of logical empiricism on the philosophy of space. In this work he also develops a formal system for space-time topology, which became quite influential.‎ Référence libraire : 34800	Livre Rare Book Herman H. J. Lynge & Son Copenhagen Denmark Dinamarca Dinamarca Danemark [Livres de Herman H. J. Lynge & Son] 738,65 € Acheter
‎CARNAP, RUDOLF.‎ ‎Meaning and Necessity. A Study in Semantics and Modal Logic. - [THE DEFINITIONS OF L-TRUE AND L-FALSE]‎ ‎Chicago, (1947). 8vo. Orig. green full cloth w. gilt lettering to spine. Minor bumping to extremities, otherwise a very nice, clean and fresh copy. VIII, 210 pp.‎ ‎The not common first edition of Carnap's important main work on semantics, in which he, as the first logician ever, uses semantics to explain modalities. This led to a interest in the structure of scientific theories, and his main concerns here were to describe the distinction between analytic and synthetic statements and to suitably formulate the verifiability principle" -he thus wishes to find a criterion of significance that can be applied to scientific language.It is in his ""Meaning and Necessity"" that Carnap first defines the notions of L-true and L-false (Chapter II). A statement is said to be L-true if its truth depends on semantic rules, and L-false if its negation is L-true. Any statement that is either L-true or L-false is L-determined"" analytic statements are L-determined, while synthetic statements are not L-determined. As opposed to the definitions he gives in his ""The Logical Syntax of Language"", these definitions now apply to semantic in stead of syntactic concepts. It is also in this work that he gives his interesting explanation of his ""belief-sentences""Rudolf Carnap (born 1891 in Ronsdorf, Germany, died 1970 in Santa Monica, California) was an immensely influential analytic philosopher, who has contributed decisively to the fields of logic, epistemology, semantics, philosophy of science, and philosophy of language. He was one of the leading figures of the Vienna Circle, and a prominent logical positivist. He studied philosophy, physics and mathematics at the universities of Berlin and Freiburg, and worked at the universities of Jena, Vienna and Prague until 1935, when he, due to the war, emigrated to the U.S., where he became an American citizen in 1941. In America he became professor of the University of Chicago. In Jena he was appointed Professor of Mathematics, though his main interest at that time was in physics. By 1913 he planned to write his dissertation on thermionic emission, but this was interrupted by World War I, where he served at the front until 1917. Afterwards he studied the theory of relativity under Einstein in Berlin, and he developed the theory for a new dissertation, namely on an axiomatic system for the physical theory of space and time. He thus ended up writing the important dissertation under the direction of Bouch on the theory of space (Raum) from a philosophical point of view. After the publication of his first work, Carnap's involvement with the Vienna Circle began to develop. He met Reichenbach in 1923 and was introduced to Moritz Schlick in Vienna, where he then moved to become assistant professor at the university. He soon became one of the leading members of the Vienna Circle, and in 1929 he, Neurath, and Hahn wrote the manifest of the Circle.According to Hintikka, Carnap came extremely close to possible-worlds semantics in his ""Meaning and Necessity"", but did not succeed, because he was not able to go beyond classical model theory (see ""Carnap's heritage in logical semantics"" in ""Rudolf Carnap, Logical Empiricist"").‎ Référence libraire : 34801	Livre Rare Book Herman H. J. Lynge & Son Copenhagen Denmark Dinamarca Dinamarca Danemark [Livres de Herman H. J. Lynge & Son] 537,20 € Acheter
‎BOLYAI, JÁNOS.‎ ‎Appendix. Scientiam Spatii Absolute Veram exhibens: a veritate aut falsitate Axiomatis XI Euclidei (a priori haud unquam decidenda) independentem: adjecta ad casum falsitatis, quadratura circuli geometrica. - [THE ABSOLUTELY TRUE SCIENCE OF SPACE]‎ ‎Budapest, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, 1904. This is a reprint of the second volume the second edition of Farkas Bolyai's 'Tentamen', which conatined János Bolyai's discovery of non-Euclidean geoemtry as an appendix (pp.359-394 and 7 plates).‎ ‎Unabridged reprint of János Boyai's famous appendix to his fathers treatise in which he first announced his discovery of non-Euclidean geometry.‎ Référence libraire : 34850	Livre Rare Book Herman H. J. Lynge & Son Copenhagen Denmark Dinamarca Dinamarca Danemark [Livres de Herman H. J. Lynge & Son] 201,45 € Acheter
‎GAUSS, CARL FRIEDRICH.‎ ‎Disquisitiones generales circa superficies curvas. (General Investigations of Curved Surfaces). - [FOUNDATION OF MODERN GEOMETRY]‎ ‎Göttingen, Dieterich, 1828. Small 4to. Extracted from: 'Commentationes Societatis Regiae Scientiarum Gottingensis', Volume 6, pp.99-146. 4to. Modern half morocco with gilt spine lettering. Fine and clean throughout.‎ ‎First edition of the work which inspired one of the greatest breakthroughs in geometry since Euclid.Euler established the theory of surfaces in his 'Recherches sur la courbure des surfaces', 1767. But Euler's treatment of surfaces is not invariant under a natural notion of isometry with his notion of curvature, for example, the plane and cylinder have different curvatures, although one surface can be bent into the other without stretching or contracting. Such two surfaces are locally alike and one would naturally demand that geometry on these two isometric surfaces are the same. Another way of viewing this is to say that geometry on the surface depends on the geometry of the particular space, in which the surface is embedded.In this work Gauss took a fundamentally different approach to the study of surfaces" in contrast to Euler he represented the points of a surface in terms of two external parameters. Gauss then derived his own notions of the fundamental quantities of surfaces, e.g. arc length, angle between curves, and curvature. The Gauss curvature is related to the Euler curvature, but possesses a fundamentally different property, namely that it is intrinsic, e.g. isometric surfaces have the same curvature at all points. Or, in other words: Geometry (in Gauss' notion) on the surface is independent of the particular geometry of the ambient space. This remarkable result is known as Gauss' ""theorema egregium"". With this work Gauss established a whole new (and more proper) theory of surfaces. In the paper Gauss derived several important theorems about the length, area, and angles of figures on surfaces. But the ""theorema egregium"" has deep roots in the foundation of geometry and was to initiate one of the greatest breakthroughs in geometry since Euclid. To Bernhard Riemann (a student of Gauss) this result suggested that a surface could be regarded as a space in itself with its own geometry, having its own notion of distance, angles, etc. independent of the geometry of some other space containing the surface. This idea became the corner stone of Riemann's famous 'Ueber die Hypothesen, welche der Geometrie zu Grunde liegen', 1867.Norman 880.‎ Référence libraire : 34861	Livre Rare Book Herman H. J. Lynge & Son Copenhagen Denmark Dinamarca Dinamarca Danemark [Livres de Herman H. J. Lynge & Son] 4 029,00 € Acheter
‎"LAGRANGE, JOSEPH LOUIS.‎ ‎Nouvelle Methode pour Résoudre les Équations littérales par les moyen des Séries.‎ ‎(Berlin, Haude et Spener, 1770). 4to. No wrappers as issued in ""Mémoires de l'Academie Royale des Sciences et Belles-Lettres"", tome XXIV, pp. 251-326. Clean and fine.‎ ‎First edition of an importent paper in algebraic analysis. The method used by Lagrange was probably suggested to him by Lambert, and both Euler, Lexell, d'Alembert and Condorcet all became highly intereste in this discovery as soon as they heard about it. ""Laplace later presented a better proof. Lagrange's formula occupied numerous other mathematicians, including Arbogast, Parceval, Servois, Hindenburg and Bürgman...."" and virtually every analyst of the nineteenth century considered the problem."" (Jean Itard in DSB). - Poggendorff I:1344.‎ Référence libraire : 34947	Livre Rare Book Herman H. J. Lynge & Son Copenhagen Denmark Dinamarca Dinamarca Danemark [Livres de Herman H. J. Lynge & Son] 470,05 € Acheter
‎LOBATSCHEFSKIJ - ENGEL, FRIEDRICH. (LOBACHEVSKY, LOBACHEVSKII, LOBACEVSKIJ, LOBATSCHEWSKJI)‎ ‎Nikolaj Iwanowitch Lobatschefskij. Zwei geometrische Abhandlungen, aus dem Russischen übersetz, mit Anmerkungen und mit einer Biographie des Verfassers. 1. Teil: Die Uebersetzung. Mit einem Bildnisse Lobatschefskijs und 194 Fig. 2. Teil: Anmerkungen, ...‎ ‎Leipzig, B.G. Tuebner, 1898-99. Royal8vo. Uncut and unopened in original printed wrappers. Wrappers with some tears. Front wrapper loose. Lithographed portrait of Lobachevsky, XVI,236,(3),237-476 pp.‎ ‎First edition. Contains the first translation of Lobachevsky's seminal 1829 paper 'O Nachalakh Geometrii / On the Principles of Geometry' (see Sommerville Bibliography 1829).‎ Référence libraire : 35025	Livre Rare Book Herman H. J. Lynge & Son Copenhagen Denmark Dinamarca Dinamarca Danemark [Livres de Herman H. J. Lynge & Son] 1 141,55 € Acheter
‎"HILBERT, DAVID.‎ ‎The Foundations of Geometry. Authorized translation by E.J. Townsend.‎ ‎Chicago, Open Court, 1902. Small 8vo. Orig. full red cloth, gilt. A rather faint dampstain along first hinge on frontcover, otherwise fine. VII,143 pp.‎ ‎First English edition of Hilbert's ""Grundlagen der Geometrie"" from 1899, one of the most influential publications in 2oth Century mathematics.Throughout the 19th century geometry was developed far beyond our intuitive conception of space" hyperbolic geometry was discovered by Gauss, Bolyai, and Lobachevsky and elliptic geometry by Riemann. However, Euclidean and non-Euclidean geometry still involved an intuitive idea about the concepts 'point', 'line', 'lies on', 'between', etc. In his 'Grundlagen' Hilbert set out to give a strictly formal formulation of geometry were points, lines, planes are nothing more than abstract symbols and concepts as 'lies on' are simply algebraic relations between these symbols. Through his method Hilbert could analyse independence and completeness of the axioms for geometry and he presented a new smaller set of axioms for Euclidean geometry. It can not be said that the 'Grundlagen' contains new and surprising discoveries, its importance lies in the great influence which Hilbert's method had on all fields of mathematics, and even other sciences as physics, chemistry, and biology. The 'Grundlagen' initiated a whole new paradigm shift and eventually evolved mathematics, throughout the 20th century, into a network of axiomatic formal systems.‎ Référence libraire : 35061	Livre Rare Book Herman H. J. Lynge & Son Copenhagen Denmark Dinamarca Dinamarca Danemark [Livres de Herman H. J. Lynge & Son] 335,75 € Acheter
‎FRANCOEUR, L.B. (LOUIS BENJAMIN).‎ ‎Géodésie, ou Traité de la Figure de la Terre et de ses Parties comprenant La Topographie, L'Arpentage, Le Nivellement, La Géomorphie terrestre et astronomique, la Construction des Cartes, La Navigation. Lecons données a la Faculté des Sciences de Par...‎ ‎Paris, Bachelier, 1840. Contemporary hcalf. Gilt back. A small paperlabel at foot of back. A stamp on title and verso of. XIV,472 pp. and 10 large folded engraved plates.‎ Référence libraire : 35102	Livre Rare Book Herman H. J. Lynge & Son Copenhagen Denmark Dinamarca Dinamarca Danemark [Livres de Herman H. J. Lynge & Son] 167,87 € Acheter
‎"LAGRANGE, JOSEPH LOUIS.‎ ‎Nouvelle Méthode pour Résoudre les Problemes indéterminés en Nombre entiers.‎ ‎(Berlin, Haude & Spener, 1770). 4to. No wrappers, as issued in ""Memoires de l'Academie Royale des Sciences et Belles-Lettres"", tome XXIV, pp. 181-250. Clean and fine.‎ ‎First edition. An importent paper in the Theory of Numbers. The year before Lagrange gave a complete solution to the problem of giving all integral solutions of a special general equation (Sur la Solution des Problemes Indéterminés du Second Degré). In this paper he sets up a simpler proof of the same problem. - Cajori calls Lagrange ""One of the greatest mathematicians of all times"". - Poggendorff I:1344.‎ Référence libraire : 35218	Livre Rare Book Herman H. J. Lynge & Son Copenhagen Denmark Dinamarca Dinamarca Danemark [Livres de Herman H. J. Lynge & Son] 335,75 € Acheter
‎SZ. NAGY, BÉLA.‎ ‎Spektraldarstellung linearer Transformationen des Hilbertschen Raumes.‎ ‎Berlin, Springer=Verlag, 1942. Orig. printed wrappers. IV,80 pp.‎ ‎First edition. (Ergebnisse der Mathematik und ihrer Grenzgebiete 5. Bd.: Heft 5)‎ Référence libraire : 35234	Livre Rare Book Herman H. J. Lynge & Son Copenhagen Denmark Dinamarca Dinamarca Danemark [Livres de Herman H. J. Lynge & Son] 40,29 € Acheter
‎ZUBLER, LEONHARD.‎ ‎Novum Instrumentum Geometricum: Das ist, Kurtzer und grundtlicher Bericht alle Weite, Breite, Höhe und Tieffe, mit sonderbarem Vortheil, kunstlichen und gewiss, auch von der Arithmetic unerfahrnen abzumessen: Mit XXII. schönen, kunstreichen und verstä... - [INSTRUMENT FOR SURVEYING AND GUNNERY]‎ ‎Basel, Ludwig Königs, 1607. 4to. Sewn as issued in later blank wrappers. Engraved ornamental title showing 2 geometers with instruments, on verso large engraved coat of arms (Henry Prince of Wales). (8),65,(2) pp. With 20 large engravings in the text. Printed on good paper, fine and clean.‎ ‎First edition, though a Latin translation appeared at the same time. Zubler was a prolific mathematician and instrument-maker in Zürich, and in this work he describes a triangulation instrument (depicted on a full-page engraving), invented by himself, and shows its use in different situations of practical surveying and military use in artistic settings. The triangulation instrument was able to provide measures for length, width, height and angles all at once, to be read on the scales on the baseline etc. The instrument has two arms and a baseline. By fixing the angle between the baseline and the pivoted arm, setting the sliding sight on the baseline arm to the scaled length of the baseline itself, and finally, from the second station, sighting across the two arms while moving the second sliding sight into alignment with the first sight and the target, the side of the triangle on the ground will be given with the position of the second sight, adjusted to the scale. The provision of a degree scale on a semicircular plate at the pivot permits other techniques involving angle measurements or setting the arms at right angles.Cockle: 947 (Latin ed.) - Poggendorff II:1420.‎ Référence libraire : 35352	Livre Rare Book Herman H. J. Lynge & Son Copenhagen Denmark Dinamarca Dinamarca Danemark [Livres de Herman H. J. Lynge & Son] 2 484,55 € Acheter
‎ARCHIMEDES - LURJE, S.J.‎ ‎Archimedes.‎ ‎Wien, 1948. Bound in solid hcloth. 204 pp., textillustr.‎ Référence libraire : 35420	Livre Rare Book Herman H. J. Lynge & Son Copenhagen Denmark Dinamarca Dinamarca Danemark [Livres de Herman H. J. Lynge & Son] 40,29 € Acheter
‎GÖDEL, KURT.‎ ‎Über eine bisher noch nicht benützte Erweiterung des finiten Standpunktes. (In: Dialectica, volume 12, pp.280-87). - [GÖDEL'S FINAL PAPER]‎ ‎Neuchâtel, Dialectica, 1958. 8vo. Original printed wrappers. The entire issue 47/48 offered here. Uncut and unopened.‎ ‎First edition of Gödel's 'Dialectica-paper' in which he presented his consistency proof for arithmetic. In 1931 Gödel formulated and proved his second incompleetness theorem" that the consistency of Peano arithmetic cannot be proved using Peano arithmetic itself or any of its direct extensions. The title of Gödel's famous 1931 paper (Über formal unentscheidbare Sätze der Principia Mathematica und verwandter Systeme I) states that it is the first part of several papers. Gödel mentions, in a footnote, that the second part of his paper will deal with the source of the incompleteness of formal systems using the theory of types. But no actual continuation of Gödel's 1931 paper ever appeared. However, in his 1958 ""Dialectica-paper"" (the offered item) Gödel showed how type theory can be used to give a consistency proof for arithmetic. In this paper Gödel furthermore discussed some of the philosophical implications of his results. Paul Bernays thought highly of this paper, and planned to publish an English translation, but during the revision of the paper Gödel became dissatisfied with the philosophical introduction and rewrote it completely. When the proof sheets of the revised paper arrived from the printer, Gödel once again became unpleased with the sections concerning his philosophical views. He never returned the proof sheets. The issue offered, which is a festschrift on the occasion of Paul Bernay's 70th birthday, furthermore contains original contributions by Ackermann, Carnap, Curry, Fraenkel, Robinson, Skolem.‎ Référence libraire : 35481	Livre Rare Book Herman H. J. Lynge & Son Copenhagen Denmark Dinamarca Dinamarca Danemark [Livres de Herman H. J. Lynge & Son] 2 148,80 € Acheter
‎CARNAP, RUDOLF.‎ ‎Foundations of Logic and Mathematics.‎ ‎(Chicago, 1965). 8vo. Orig. yellow wrappers. A bit of soiling. IV, 71 pp.‎ ‎11. impression of this important work in the development of mathematical logic. Originanlly published in 1939. From the International Encycloppedia of Unified Science.‎ Référence libraire : 35497	Livre Rare Book Herman H. J. Lynge & Son Copenhagen Denmark Dinamarca Dinamarca Danemark [Livres de Herman H. J. Lynge & Son] 26,86 € Acheter
‎ABEL, NIELS HENRIK.‎ ‎Oeuvres Completes. Nouvelle Édition publiée aux frais de L'État Norvégien par L. Sylow et S. Lie. 2 vols.‎ ‎Christiania, Grøndahl & Søn, 1881. 4to. Bound in one contemp. hcalf. Richly gilt. Top edge gilt. Spine loose. Block tight and fine. (4),VIII,621(4),338,(3) pp. Printed on good paper, internally clean and fine.‎ Référence libraire : 35655	Livre Rare Book Herman H. J. Lynge & Son Copenhagen Denmark Dinamarca Dinamarca Danemark [Livres de Herman H. J. Lynge & Son] 537,20 € Acheter
‎"EULER, LEONHARD.‎ ‎Sur quelques Proprietés des Sections Coniques, qui conviennent à une infinité d'autres Lignes Courbes. Traduit du Latin.‎ ‎(Berlin, Haude et Spener, 1746). 4to. No wrappers, as issued in ""Memoires de l'Academie Royale des Sciences et Belles-Lettres"" Tome I, pp.71-98.‎ ‎First edition. In this memoir Euler deals with properties shared by Conic Sections and other curves. - Ensestrom E 83‎ Référence libraire : 35698	Livre Rare Book Herman H. J. Lynge & Son Copenhagen Denmark Dinamarca Dinamarca Danemark [Livres de Herman H. J. Lynge & Son] 201,45 € Acheter
‎"MAHALANOBIS, P.C.‎ ‎On Large-Scale Sample Surveys. (Offprint from: Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Series B, Vol. 231, pp.329-451).‎ ‎London, Cambridge University Press, 1944. Large 4to. Original printed wrappers. A fine copy. Owner's signature of statistician Anders Hald (the author of ""A History of Mathematical Statistics""). (123 pp.).‎ ‎First edition, offprint issue of this important paper in the history of statistics. ""Mahalanobis's contributions to large scale sample surveys are among his most significant and lasting gifts to statistics. He started his work on sample surveys with estimation of area and yield of jute crop in Bengal in 1937. However, it was not easy for him to get these estimates"" controversy between him and the advocates of complete enumeration continued for over a decade. Ultimately he was able to demonstrate that estimates based on sample surveys were often more accurate than those based on complete enumeration, and that sample surveys could yield estimates with small margins of error within a short time and at a smaller cost than complete enumeration. He made many methodological contributions to survey sampling that included optimal choice of sampling design using variance and cost functions, and the technique of interpenetrating network of sub-samples for assessment and control of errors, especially non-sampling errors, in surveys. The concept of pilot surveys was a forerunner of sequential sampling developed by Abraham Wald, as acknowledged by Wald in his book. In addition to introducing these concepts, Mahalanobis raised important and difficult philosophical questions on randomness and representativeness of a sample, which remain relevant and challenging even today. He was elected Chairman of the United Nations Sub-Commission on Statistical Sampling in 1947, and held this post until 1951. His tireless advocacy of the usefulness of sample surveys resulted in the final recommendation of this Sub-Commission that sampling methods should be extended to all parts of the world. Mahalanobis received the Weldon Medal from Oxford University in 1944 and was elected Fellow of the Royal Society, London, in 1945, for his fundamental contributions to statistics, particularly in the area of large-scale sample surveys."" - Heyde: Statisticians of the Centuries, p.436.‎ Référence libraire : 35747	Livre Rare Book Herman H. J. Lynge & Son Copenhagen Denmark Dinamarca Dinamarca Danemark [Livres de Herman H. J. Lynge & Son] 335,75 € Acheter
‎"YULE, G. UDNY.‎ ‎On the Association of Attributes in Statistics: with Illustrations from the Material of the Childhood Society, &c. (Offprint from: Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series A, Vol. 194, pp.257-319).‎ ‎London, The Royal Society, 1900. Large 4to. Original printed wrappers. Some fraying to extremeties. Back wrapper loose. Vertical folding mark.‎ ‎First edition, offprint issue of this important paper. ""Yule's studies of the correlation of continuous variables led him, in 1900 [offered paper], to study measures of association for discrete variables, in particular the cross-ration c ('odds ration') in 2 x 2 contingency table and its transform Q=(1-c)/(1+c), now known as 'Yule's coefficient'. This led to an altercation with Pearson in which Pearson's capacity for acrimonious and illdirected criticism was displayed, in marked contrast to Yule's gentler mode of expression. Even Fisher, who as a young man had felt the sharpness of Pearson's pen, was later moved to remark 'Pearson' attacked Yule's work at one time much more violently than ever he did mine'."" - Heyde: Statisticians of the Centuries, p.293.‎ Référence libraire : 35749	Livre Rare Book Herman H. J. Lynge & Son Copenhagen Denmark Dinamarca Dinamarca Danemark [Livres de Herman H. J. Lynge & Son] 537,20 € Acheter
‎"ROBINSON, ABRAHAM.‎ ‎Non-Standard Analysis. - [THEORY OF INFINITESIMALS]‎ ‎Amsterdam, North-Holland, 1966. 8vo. Publishers full cloth with dust jacket. Both in fine condition. Previous owners signature to front free end paper.Otherwise completely clean throughout. A fine copy.‎ ‎First edition of this foundational work in mathematics. In this book Robinson gave the first rigorous formulation of Analysis using infinitesimals. Both Leibniz and Newton had used the notion of infinitesimals when they developed the Differentail and Integral Calculus in the 17th century. As Leibniz argued the theory of infinitesimals implies the introduction of ideal numbers which might be infinitely small or large compared to the real numbers. However, neither he nor his disciples and succesors were able to give a rational development leading up to a system of this sort. As a result, the theory of infinitesimals gradually fell into disrepute and was replaced by eventually by the classical theory of limits. Robinson was the first to show that Leibniz's ideas in fact can be fully vindicated and that they lead to a fruitful approach to classical Analysis. He coined his model ""Non-Standard Anlysis"".‎ Référence libraire : 35775	Livre Rare Book Herman H. J. Lynge & Son Copenhagen Denmark Dinamarca Dinamarca Danemark [Livres de Herman H. J. Lynge & Son] 335,75 € Acheter
‎"TARSKI, ALFRED.‎ ‎Pojecie Prawdy w Jezykach Nauk Dedukcyjnych (Polish). [The Concept of Truth in Formalized Languages]. - [FOUNDING MODERN LOGICAL SEMANTICS]‎ ‎Warszawa, 1933. Small 4to. Orig. printed wrappers, sunned at the edges, but otherwise near mint condition, also internally. An excellent copy. VII, (1), 116, (1, - errata) pp.‎ ‎The exceedingly scarce first printing of Tarski's most important and influential work, ""The Concept of Truth in Formalized Languages"", which founded modern logical semantics.The work appeared in an extremely small number, in Polish, and many copies of the article have later been destroyed, thus, the work is of the utmost scarcity. In this seminal article the Polish-American logician and mathematician Alfred Tarski devotes himself to ""the definition of truth"". ""Its task is to construct -with reference to a given language- a materially adequate and formally correct definition of the term ""true sentence""."" (Introduction, English translation, 1956). With this work the face of logic was changed forever. The ""Concept of Truth"" constitutes a landmark event in 20th century analytic philosophy, and it ranks as one of the most important contributions to symbolic logic, semantics and philosophy of language. In this work Tarski develops the semantic theory of truth for formal languages and determines the fact that no language can contain its own truth predicate. Tarski thus concluded that the semantic theory could not be applied to any natural language. -This was later used by e.g. Davidson to construct his truth-conditional semantics, and the problems solved by Tarski are some of the same that Russell and Whitehead struggled to solve in their ""Principia Mathematica"".Tarski (1901-1983) has contributed seminally to the fields of mathematics and logic in a number of ways, and together with Frege, Russell and Gödel, he now ranks as one of the most important contributors to the field of modern logic. At the time of Franz Brentano (1838-1917), one of the philosophers of the greatest significance for contemporary philosophy and in many ways a forerunner of present-day empiricism, it was very unusual for a metaphysician to acknowledge that philosophical investigation must go hand in hand with an analysis of language. Linguistic analysis has thus been almost totally limited to the pure empiricists of philosophy, who reject all forms of metaphysics. Meanwhile, ontologists and metaphysicians have been satisfied with the ordinary language and asked no questions about its possible limitations, merely dismissing the logical faults and adding the odd neologisms. Today, however, especially within the English speaking tradition, linguistic analysis has reached a degree unheard of at the time of Brentano, and it is now generally accepted that certain logical and epistemological problems can be solved only by forsaking ordinary language and substituting it for artificially constructed language systems that follow certain principles. Thus, difficulties that appeared within earlier philosophical doctrines are meant to disappear if the theory can be formulated more precisely, and one of the most important examples is the ""adequacy theory of truth"". Tarski shows that the concept of truth of the adequacy theory can be introduced in a perfectly exact way within the formalized language systems that are equipped with precise rules of interpretation, and thus he rids us of the usual misgivings against the concept of truth. And thus he has developed one of the most important theories of modern logic.""Tarski's investigations are of singular philosophical significance for another reason as well. Within the framework of semantics, which he founded and which Carnap later developed further, it becomes possible for the first time to introduce the notion of an analytic judgment (or an analytic statement) in a form that is both sufficiently general and of the utmost precision. This notion also plays an exceptionally important role in Brentano's philosophy, especially in his studies in formal logic."" (Stegmüller, Main Currents... p. 56). When constructing a semantical system, a vocabulary of the desired object language must be determined as the first. Then formulation rules must be specified, before the rules of interpretation are laid down, and finally the rules of application are supplied. The most important rules here are the rules of truth, and the concept of truth is one of the most important semantical concepts at all, for without them no understanding of the sentences within the system would be ensured. And, of course, the truth definitions must satisfy a condition of adequacy. ""...This form of an adequacy condition that must be satisfied by every semantical truth concept goes back to the Polish logician, Stanislaw Lesniewski. But it was the logician Alfred Tarski who above all made use of this notion, and who first studied in detail the possibilities of introducing a formally exact and materially adequate concept of truth into the precise languages of science. Carnap's accounts of semantical systems rest largely on the prior works of Tarski."" (Stegmüller, p. 311). Tarski also pointed out that it is necessary for all semantical concepts, and especially for the concept of truth, to strictly separate object language and metalanguage. Otherwise we would put ourselves in the unlucky position of being able to prove both a statement and its negation at the same time. In the English translation from 1956 of Tarski's works, ""Logic, Semantics, Metamathematics"", the bibliographical information about this article is erroneous.‎ Référence libraire : 35832	Livre Rare Book Herman H. J. Lynge & Son Copenhagen Denmark Dinamarca Dinamarca Danemark [Livres de Herman H. J. Lynge & Son] 5 103,40 € Acheter
‎"ABEL, NIELS HENRIK. - ""A MONUMENT MORE LASTING THAN BRONCE"" (LEGENDRE).‎ ‎Mémoire sur une propriété générale d'une classe trés-étendue de fonctions transcendantes. - [ABEL'S THEOREM]‎ ‎Paris, Académie des Sciences, 1841 (submitted 1826). 4to. (257x197mm). Extract from: 'Mém. Acad. d. Sciences de Paris', 1841, pp.176-264. Contemporary half calf with gilt spine lettering. Spine with a little wear. Some light brown spotting throughout. Otherwise fine and clean.‎ ‎Very scarce first edition of Abel's main paper, in which he first presented his theorem for elliptic integrals - Abel's theorem. ""After studying at Christiania and Copenhagen, Abel received a scholarship that permitted him to travel. In Paris he was presented to Legendre, Laplace, Cauchy, and Lacroix, but they ignored him. ... Abel knew the work of Euler, Lagrange, and Legendre on elliptic integrals and may have gotten suggestions for the work he undertook from remarks made by Gauss, especially in his 'Disquisitiones Arithmeticae'. He himself started to write papers in 1825. He presented his major paper on integrals to the Academy of Sciences in Paris on October 30, 1926, for publication in its journal. This paper, [the offered item], contained Abel's great theorem. Fourier, the secretary of the Academy at the time, read the introduction to the paper and then referred the paper to Legendre and Cauchy for evaluation, the latter being chiefly responsible. The paper was long and difficult, only because it contained many new ideas. Cauchy laid it aside to favor his own work. Legendre forgot about it. After Abel's death, when his fame was established, the Academy searched for the paper, found it, and published it in 1841. ... Because Abel's main paper of 1826 was not published until 1841, other authors, learning the more limited theorems published in between these dates, obtained independently many of Abel's 1826 results."" (Kline: Mathematical Thought from Ancient to Modern Times, pp.644-55). Sotheran: Bibliotheca Chemico-Mathematics, Third Supplement, describes this paper as ""very scarce"".‎ Référence libraire : 35935	Livre Rare Book Herman H. J. Lynge & Son Copenhagen Denmark Dinamarca Dinamarca Danemark [Livres de Herman H. J. Lynge & Son] 3 357,50 € Acheter
‎"LEUPOLD, JACOB. & ERNST SCHEFFLER.‎ ‎Theatrum arithmetico geometricum, das ist: Schau-Platz der Rechen- und Mess-Kunst, ... [With:] Theatri machinarum supplementum das ist: Zusatz zum Schau-Platz der Machinen und Instrumenten, ... - [THE ART OF CALCULATION AND MEASUREMENT]‎ ‎Leipzig: Christoph Zunkel and Bernhard Christoph Breitkopf, 1727-1739. Folio. (372x239mm). Two parts in one volume. Contemporary vellum, two cuts in spine, modern slip case. Provenance: Book plates of Arnaud de Vitry and Andras Gedeon. Stamps to half-title and title-page, from Stadtbibliothek Augsburg - sold as duplicate. First part: (14], 200, (4) pp. and 45 plates, numbered I-XLIII (plate III with volvelle). Second part: (12), 100, (94) pp. and 40 plates on 36 sheets, numbered I-XL. All plates intact. An exceptionally fine copy.‎ ‎The scarce first edition of the of the eighth and tenth volumes (each volume being a complete work in itself) of Leupold's magnificent ten-volume ""Theatrum Machinarum"" - one of the first encyclopedias of technology, being the most complete and the most extensively illustrated work on mechanical engineering published hitherto. Complete sets of Leupold's Theatrum are virtually never found and Ferguson stated in his bibliography of technology that he had never seen a complete set. Each volume is complete in itself. The eighth volume is of particular interest in the history of computers, as it deals mainly with calculating machines. This volume contains detailed descriptions of the calculating machines of Schott (1668), Grillet (1673), Leibniz (1674), Poleni (1709), and Leupold himself. The tenth volume is a supplement to the series published after Leupold's death by Ernst Scheffler. It deals with odometers, gyrometers, step counters and other devices for the measurement of distances. This volume is furthermore of importance, because it contains the 90 page general index to the entire series. Hook & Norman: Origins of Cyberspace, no. 6 (volume 8 only).Honeyman Sale, lot 1997 (volume 7 and 8).Macclesfield Sale, lot 1242 (volume 8 only).Ferguson: Bibliography of the History of Technology, pp.45-46.Wolf: A History of Science, Technology, & Philosophy in the 18th Century, pp.657-8.‎ Référence libraire : 35955	Livre Rare Book Herman H. J. Lynge & Son Copenhagen Denmark Dinamarca Dinamarca Danemark [Livres de Herman H. J. Lynge & Son] 6 715,00 € Acheter
‎"LAGRANGE, JOSEPH LOUIS.‎ ‎Théorie des fonctions analytiques, contenant les principes du calcul différentiel, dégagés de toute considération d'infiniment petits ou d'évanouissans, de limites ou de fluxions et réduits à l'analyse algébrique des quantités finies. - [FOUNDATION OF ANALYSIS]‎ ‎Paris, De L'Imprimerie de la République, An V (1797). 4to. Uncut and partially unopened. Contemporary manuscript-binding. Provenance: With the exlibris of Stillman Drake - one of the most renown Galileo scholars. Some light brown spotting through out. Otherwise a very good copy. (4),VIII,276 pp.‎ ‎First edition, first printing. Several bibliographies mention that there are two issues of the first edition, with no priority established - one with 277 numbered pages and another with 276 numbered pages which compromises Vol. III of the ninth cahier of the 'Journal de l'Ecole Polytechnique' (see Norman 1258 for example). However, the second mentioned printing was first published in 1801 (See Prof. Craig G. Fraser's article in ""Landmark Writings in Western Mathematics 1640-1940"", pp. 258-276).Lagrange is the great formulizer of his time. In his masterpiece 'Méchanique Analytique' from 1788 he freed Newtonian mechanics from synthetic and geometrical reasoning by reducing the theory of mechanics and the art of solving problems in that field to the mere solution of general formulas. In this work, the 'Théorie des fonctions analytiques', Lagrange attempted to give calculus an algebraic foundation and avoid the employment of infinitely small quantities. In this work Lagrange developed a systematic foundation of the calculus. Throughout the eighteenth century a critical attitude had developed both within mathematics and within general scientific culture. Bishop George Berkeley had already in 1734 in his work 'The Analyst' called attention to what he perceived as logical weaknesses in the reasonings of the calculus arising from the employment of infinitely small quantities. And by the end of the century a growing interest in the foundations of analysis was reflected in the decisions of the academies of Berluin and Saint Petersburg to devote prize competitions to the metaphysics of the calculus and the nature of the infinite. In Original contributions: Lagrange's conception of theorem-proving in analysis" his derivation of what is today called the Lagrange remainder in the Taylor expansion of a function his formulation of the multipiler rule in the calculus of variations and his account of sufficiency questions in the calculus of variations.Barchas 1198. Riccardi I (2), 3. Norman 1258. Honeyman 1881, Stanitz ,‎ Référence libraire : 35989	Livre Rare Book Herman H. J. Lynge & Son Copenhagen Denmark Dinamarca Dinamarca Danemark [Livres de Herman H. J. Lynge & Son] 2 686,00 € Acheter
‎"EULER, LEONHARD - LOGARITHMS OF NEGATIVE NUMBERS.‎ ‎De la Controverse entre Mrs. Leibnitz & Bernouilli sur les Logarithmes des Nombres Negatifs e Imaginaires. (Controversy between Mr Leibniz and Mr Bernouilli on the logarithms of negative and imaginary numbers).‎ ‎(Berlin, Haude et Spener, 1751). 4to. No wrappers, as issued in ""Mémoires de l'Academie Royale des Sciences et Belles-Lettres"", tome V, pp. 139-179.‎ ‎First edition of this importent paper on the logarithms of complex numbers, where Euler clarified such functions. He disagreed with Leibniz that a special function was only applicable for positive numbers, and showed that i was applicable for both negative and positive numbers, only with a difference of a constant. When Euler here (the offered item) came out with the correct form for the logarithm, it was not generally accepted. - Enestrom, Euler Bibliography E 168.‎ Référence libraire : 36103	Livre Rare Book Herman H. J. Lynge & Son Copenhagen Denmark Dinamarca Dinamarca Danemark [Livres de Herman H. J. Lynge & Son] 470,05 € Acheter
‎"EULER, LEONHARD.‎ ‎Sur une Contradiction apparente dans la Doctrine des Lignes courbes (On an apparent contradiction in the theory of curves) + (continuation:) Demonstration sur le Nombre des Points, ou deux Lignes des Ordres quelques peuvent se couper (A proof concerni...‎ ‎(Berlin, Haude et Spener, 1750). 4to. No wrappers, as issued in ""Mémoires de L'Academie Royale des Sciences et Belles-Lettres"", tome IV, pp. (219)-233 and (234)-248.‎ ‎First edition of two early works by Euler on ""Higher Plane Curves"". He discusses the question of whether nine points determine a unique cubic curve, considers the same question for 14 points and quadratic curves, 20 points and so on. He solves the problem using a system of equations. In the following paper he concludes that there are at most mn points of intersection, with some of the points possibly imaginary. - Eneström, Euler Bibliography E 147 a. E 148.‎ Référence libraire : 36110	Livre Rare Book Herman H. J. Lynge & Son Copenhagen Denmark Dinamarca Dinamarca Danemark [Livres de Herman H. J. Lynge & Son] 161,16 € Acheter
‎BEAUSOBRE, LOUIS de.‎ ‎Dissertations philosophiques, dont la premiere Roule sur la Nature du Feu et la seconde sur les differentes Parties de la Philosophie, et des Mathematiques.‎ ‎Paris, Durand, Pissot, 1753. Small 8vo. Uncut with broad margins in later marbled boards. Lower right corner of titlepage mended. (6),231,(1) pp. and 2 large folded tables. Light scattered brownspots.‎ ‎First edition.‎ Référence libraire : 36151	Livre Rare Book Herman H. J. Lynge & Son Copenhagen Denmark Dinamarca Dinamarca Danemark [Livres de Herman H. J. Lynge & Son] 201,45 € Acheter
‎STEEN, ADOLPH.‎ ‎Ren Mathematik ineholdende det elementære Kursus. Fjerde Udgave.‎ ‎Kjøbenhavn, Reitzel, 1879. Nyere hshirtbd. (6),284 pp.‎ Référence libraire : 36166	Livre Rare Book Herman H. J. Lynge & Son Copenhagen Denmark Dinamarca Dinamarca Danemark [Livres de Herman H. J. Lynge & Son] 40,29 € Acheter
‎"STÄCKEL, PAUL und FRIEDRICH ENGEL.‎ ‎Gauss, die beiden Bolyai und die nichteuklidischen Geometrie.‎ ‎(Leipzig, Teubner, 1897). Lex8vo. No wrappers. Extracted from ""Mathematische Annalen"" Bd. IL, pp. 149-206.‎ ‎First edition.‎ Référence libraire : 36196	Livre Rare Book Herman H. J. Lynge & Son Copenhagen Denmark Dinamarca Dinamarca Danemark [Livres de Herman H. J. Lynge & Son] 67,15 € Acheter
‎NIELSEN, NIELS.‎ ‎Recherches dur quelque généralisations d'une Identité intégral D'Abel.‎ ‎K., 1907. 4to. 36 pp.‎ Référence libraire : 3622	Livre Rare Book Herman H. J. Lynge & Son Copenhagen Denmark Dinamarca Dinamarca Danemark [Livres de Herman H. J. Lynge & Son] 26,86 € Acheter
‎NIELSEN, NIELS.‎ ‎Recherches sur les Nombres de Bernoulli.‎ ‎K., 1913. 4to. 89 pp.‎ ‎(Videnskabernes Selskabs Skrifter)‎ Référence libraire : 3628	Livre Rare Book Herman H. J. Lynge & Son Copenhagen Denmark Dinamarca Dinamarca Danemark [Livres de Herman H. J. Lynge & Son] 23,50 € Acheter
‎BRIOT, CHARLES AUGUSTE. & BOUQUET, JEAN-CLAUDE.‎ ‎Théorie des fonctions doublement périodiques et, en particulier, des fonctions elliptiques.‎ ‎Paris, Mallet-Bachelier, 1859. 8vo. Contemporary half calf. XXIV,342 pp.‎ ‎First edition of this important textbook on function theory. Charles Auguste Briot (1817-1882) was one of the most eminent teachers of his time. Already during his time in elementary school Briot had decided that he wanted to be a mathematics teacher. He entered the École Normale Supériure in 1838 were he was ranked second. Just three years later he received agrégation in mathematics with the highest rank. In March 1842 he received his doctorate of science, having presented his thesis on the movement of a solid body round a fixed point. Despite his marked academic success in research, Briot still wanted to follow his chosen career as a teacher. He first obtained a professorship at the Orléans Lycée and afterward at University of Lyons, where he re-encountered his school friend Jean-Claude Bouquet, with whom he collaborated throughout his career.During the years 1814-1831 Agustin Cauchy created the basic framework of complex function theory. The results obtained by Cauchy were, however, still only to be found throughout his numerous journal papers, and although Cauchy is known for having stimulated the development of mathematical rigor throughout the field, his own research papers often used intuitive, not rigorous, methods. The joint scientific work of Briot and Bouquet was a profound study and clarification of the analytic work of Cauchy. In a memoire that has remained famous since its publication in 1853, they proposed to establish precisely the conditions that a function must fulfill in order to be developable into an entire series. They also perfected the analysis by which Cauchy had, for the first time, established the existence of the integral of a differential equation. They opened the way to research on singular points and showed their importance for knowledge of the integral. All this work culminated in their extremely influential text book 'Théorie des fonctions doublement périodiques et, en particulier, des fonctions elliptiques'. This work played a decisive role in spreading Cauchy's methods and results to European mathematicians, and for a long time it remained the standard text of the French School. It was translated into German in 1862, and went through several editions. For his outstanding contributions to mathematics the Académie des Sciences in Paris awarded Briot their Poncelet Prize in 1882 shortly before he died.‎ Référence libraire : 36355	Livre Rare Book Herman H. J. Lynge & Son Copenhagen Denmark Dinamarca Dinamarca Danemark [Livres de Herman H. J. Lynge & Son] 671,50 € Acheter
‎"HINTIKKA, JAAKKO.‎ ‎Knowledge and Belief. An Introduction to the Logic of the two Notions. - [FOUNDING CONTEMPORARY EPISTEMIC LOGIC]‎ ‎Ithaca, New York, Cornell University Press, (1962). 8vo. Orig. full blue cloth w. blue lettering to spine and front board. Very minor bumping to capitals and minor bleaching to small part of lower spine. Original blue dust-jacket w. red lettering. Spine faded and some minor brownspotting. Stamp to title-page ( Weston College Library Weston, Mass.) and stamped library-number and date to verso of title-page. An excellent, internally near mint, copy in an unusually fine dust-jacket. Not price-clipped. X, 179 pp.‎ ‎The uncommon first edition, first issue of Hintikka's seminal main work, which also constitutes the main work of contemporary epistemic logic.The Finnish born philosopher and logician, Jaakko Hintikka (born 1929), Professor of Philosophy at the University of Boston, is generally accepted as the founder of formal epistemic logic and of game semantics for logic. He has contributed seminally to the fields of philosophical and mathematical logic, philosophy of mathematics and science, language theory and epistemology. Independently of Evert Willem Beth he discovered the semantic tableau, and he is famous for his work on game semantics and logical quantifiers. In 2005 Hintakka was awarded the Schock Prize in logic and philosophy, the philosophical equivalent to the Nobel prize, ""for his pioneering contributions to the logical analysis of modal concepts, IN PARTICULAR THE CONCEPTS OF KNOWLEDGE AND BELIEF "". The first edition of this seminal work, which has founded contemporary epistemic logic, is very difficult to find. The work was reprinted three times between 1962 and 1969, but after that the work was only printed again in 2005.""In 1962 Jaakko Hintikka published ""Knowledge and Belief: An Introduction to the Logic of the Two Notions"" with Cornell University Press. Almost every paper or a book on epistemic and doxastic logic that has appeared since then has referred to this seminal work. Although many philosophers working in logic, epistemology, game-theory, economics, computer science and linguistics mention the book, it is very likely that most have never literally had their hands on it, much less owned a copy. After a fourth printing in 1969, Knowledge and Belief went out of print and as many of us have found to our dismay, it has become increasingly difficult to find used copies at our local shops or online. It is our pleasure to provide the interdisciplinary community with this reprint edition of Knowledge and Belief."" (Abstract of the re-issue edition, Prepared by Vincent F. Hendricks & John Symons, King's College Publications, 2005).In this breakthrough work, Hintikka sets out to understand and explain the logical behavior of the two fundamental epistemological notions, Knowledge and belief. ""The word ""logic"" which occurs in the subtitle of this work is to be taken seriously. My first aim is to formulate and to defend explicit criteria of consistency for certain sets of statements - criteria which, it is hoped, will be comparable with the criteria of consistency studied in the established branches of logic. What the statements in question are like is also indicated in the title [...]"" (Chapter One, Prolegomena, p.3).""Knowledge and Belief"" has been extremely influential from the time of its appearance and continues to be so to this day, also due to the fact that epistemic logic has greatly influenced the fields of game theory, artificial intelligence and distributed computing.‎ Référence libraire : 36630	Livre Rare Book Herman H. J. Lynge & Son Copenhagen Denmark Dinamarca Dinamarca Danemark [Livres de Herman H. J. Lynge & Son] 1 074,40 € Acheter
‎"HINTIKKA, JAAKKO.‎ ‎Knowledge and Belief. An Introduction to the Logic of the two Notions. - [FOUNDING CONTEMPORARY EPISTEMIC LOGIC]‎ ‎Ithaca, New York, Cornell University Press, (1962). 8vo. Orig. full blue cloth w. blue lettering to spine and front board. A bit of bumping to capitals. Original blue dust-jacket w. red lettering. Spine faded and some minor wear to capitals. A tear to front of dust-jacket, no loss. Not price-clipped. Old owner's name to front free end-paper. Internally very nice and clean. A very good copy. X, 179 pp.‎ ‎The uncommon first edition, first issue of Hintikka's seminal main work, which also constitutes the main work of contemporary epistemic logic.The Finnish born philosopher and logician, Jaakko Hintikka (born 1929), Professor of Philosophy at the University of Boston, is generally accepted as the founder of formal epistemic logic and of game semantics for logic. He has contributed seminally to the fields of philosophical and mathematical logic, philosophy of mathematics and science, language theory and epistemology. Independently of Evert Willem Beth he discovered the semantic tableau, and he is famous for his work on game semantics and logical quantifiers. In 2005 Hintakka was awarded the Schock Prize in logic and philosophy, the philosophical equivalent to the Nobel prize, ""for his pioneering contributions to the logical analysis of modal concepts, IN PARTICULAR THE CONCEPTS OF KNOWLEDGE AND BELIEF "". The first edition of this seminal work, which has founded contemporary epistemic logic, is very difficult to find. The work was reprinted three times between 1962 and 1969, but after that the work was only printed again in 2005.""In 1962 Jaakko Hintikka published ""Knowledge and Belief: An Introduction to the Logic of the Two Notions"" with Cornell University Press. Almost every paper or a book on epistemic and doxastic logic that has appeared since then has referred to this seminal work. Although many philosophers working in logic, epistemology, game-theory, economics, computer science and linguistics mention the book, it is very likely that most have never literally had their hands on it, much less owned a copy. After a fourth printing in 1969, Knowledge and Belief went out of print and as many of us have found to our dismay, it has become increasingly difficult to find used copies at our local shops or online. It is our pleasure to provide the interdisciplinary community with this reprint edition of Knowledge and Belief."" (Abstract of the re-issue edition, Prepared by Vincent F. Hendricks & John Symons, King's College Publications, 2005).In this breakthrough work, Hintikka sets out to understand and explain the logical behavior of the two fundamental epistemological notions, Knowledge and belief. ""The word ""logic"" which occurs in the subtitle of this work is to be taken seriously. My first aim is to formulate and to defend explicit criteria of consistency for certain sets of statements - criteria which, it is hoped, will be comparable with the criteria of consistency studied in the established branches of logic. What the statements in question are like is also indicated in the title [...]"" (Chapter One, Prolegomena, p.3).""Knowledge and Belief"" has been extremely influential from the time of its appearance and continues to be so to this day, also due to the fact that epistemic logic has greatly influenced the fields of game theory, artificial intelligence and distributed computing.‎ Référence libraire : 36631	Livre Rare Book Herman H. J. Lynge & Son Copenhagen Denmark Dinamarca Dinamarca Danemark [Livres de Herman H. J. Lynge & Son] 805,80 € Acheter
‎"HINTIKKA, JAAKKO.‎ ‎Knowledge and Belief. An Introduction to the Logic of the two Notions.‎ ‎Ithaca, New York, Cornell University Press, (1964). 8vo. Orig. full blue cloth w. blue lettering to spine and front board. Original blue dust-jacket w. red lettering. An excellent, near mint copy in an astonishingly fine dust-jacket, not price-clipped. Old owner's name to front free end-paper. Internally very nice and clean. A very good copy. X, 179 pp.‎ ‎First edition, second printing of Hintikka's seminal main work, which also constitutes the main work of contemporary epistemic logic.The Finnish born philosopher and logician, Jaakko Hintikka (born 1929), Professor of Philosophy at the University of Boston, is generally accepted as the founder of formal epistemic logic and of game semantics for logic. He has contributed seminally to the fields of philosophical and mathematical logic, philosophy of mathematics and science, language theory and epistemology. Independently of Evert Willem Beth he discovered the semantic tableau, and he is famous for his work on game semantics and logical quantifiers. In 2005 Hintakka was awarded the Schock Prize in logic and philosophy, the philosophical equivalent to the Nobel prize, ""for his pioneering contributions to the logical analysis of modal concepts, IN PARTICULAR THE CONCEPTS OF KNOWLEDGE AND BELIEF "". The first edition of this seminal work, which has founded contemporary epistemic logic, appeared in 1962 and is very difficult to find. The work was reprinted three times between 1962 and 1969, but after that the work was only printed again in 2005. The second issue appeared in 1964 and the third in 1967.""In 1962 Jaakko Hintikka published ""Knowledge and Belief: An Introduction to the Logic of the Two Notions"" with Cornell University Press. Almost every paper or a book on epistemic and doxastic logic that has appeared since then has referred to this seminal work. Although many philosophers working in logic, epistemology, game-theory, economics, computer science and linguistics mention the book, it is very likely that most have never literally had their hands on it, much less owned a copy. After a fourth printing in 1969, Knowledge and Belief went out of print and as many of us have found to our dismay, it has become increasingly difficult to find used copies at our local shops or online. It is our pleasure to provide the interdisciplinary community with this reprint edition of Knowledge and Belief."" (Abstract of the re-issue edition, Prepared by Vincent F. Hendricks & John Symons, King's College Publications, 2005).In this breakthrough work, Hintikka sets out to understand and explain the logical behavior of the two fundamental epistemological notions, Knowledge and belief. ""The word ""logic"" which occurs in the subtitle of this work is to be taken seriously. My first aim is to formulate and to defend explicit criteria of consistency for certain sets of statements - criteria which, it is hoped, will be comparable with the criteria of consistency studied in the established branches of logic. What the statements in question are like is also indicated in the title [...]"" (Chapter One, Prolegomena, p.3).""Knowledge and Belief"" has been extremely influential from the time of its appearance and continues to be so to this day, also due to the fact that epistemic logic has greatly influenced the fields of game theory, artificial intelligence and distributed computing.‎ Référence libraire : 36632	Livre Rare Book Herman H. J. Lynge & Son Copenhagen Denmark Dinamarca Dinamarca Danemark [Livres de Herman H. J. Lynge & Son] 188,02 € Acheter
‎"HINTIKKA, JAAKKO.‎ ‎Knowledge and Belief. An Introduction to the Logic of the two Notions.‎ ‎Ithaca, New York, Cornell University Press, (1967). 8vo. Orig. full blue cloth w. blue lettering to spine and front board. Original blue dust-jacket w. red lettering. Dust-jacket w. a long tear to lower back hinge, crossing spine. A few tears and general wear. Price-clipped. Internally very nice and clean. X, 179 pp.‎ ‎First edition, third printing of Hintikka's seminal main work, which also constitutes the main work of contemporary epistemic logic.The Finnish born philosopher and logician, Jaakko Hintikka (born 1929), Professor of Philosophy at the University of Boston, is generally accepted as the founder of formal epistemic logic and of game semantics for logic. He has contributed seminally to the fields of philosophical and mathematical logic, philosophy of mathematics and science, language theory and epistemology. Independently of Evert Willem Beth he discovered the semantic tableau, and he is famous for his work on game semantics and logical quantifiers. In 2005 Hintakka was awarded the Schock Prize in logic and philosophy, the philosophical equivalent to the Nobel prize, ""for his pioneering contributions to the logical analysis of modal concepts, IN PARTICULAR THE CONCEPTS OF KNOWLEDGE AND BELIEF "". The first edition of this seminal work, which has founded contemporary epistemic logic, appeared in 1962 and is very difficult to find. The work was reprinted three times between 1962 and 1969, but after that the work was only printed again in 2005. The second issue appeared in 1964 and the third in 1967.""In 1962 Jaakko Hintikka published ""Knowledge and Belief: An Introduction to the Logic of the Two Notions"" with Cornell University Press. Almost every paper or a book on epistemic and doxastic logic that has appeared since then has referred to this seminal work. Although many philosophers working in logic, epistemology, game-theory, economics, computer science and linguistics mention the book, it is very likely that most have never literally had their hands on it, much less owned a copy. After a fourth printing in 1969, Knowledge and Belief went out of print and as many of us have found to our dismay, it has become increasingly difficult to find used copies at our local shops or online. It is our pleasure to provide the interdisciplinary community with this reprint edition of Knowledge and Belief."" (Abstract of the re-issue edition, Prepared by Vincent F. Hendricks & John Symons, King's College Publications, 2005).In this breakthrough work, Hintikka sets out to understand and explain the logical behavior of the two fundamental epistemological notions, Knowledge and belief. ""The word ""logic"" which occurs in the subtitle of this work is to be taken seriously. My first aim is to formulate and to defend explicit criteria of consistency for certain sets of statements - criteria which, it is hoped, will be comparable with the criteria of consistency studied in the established branches of logic. What the statements in question are like is also indicated in the title [...]"" (Chapter One, Prolegomena, p.3).""Knowledge and Belief"" has been extremely influential from the time of its appearance and continues to be so to this day, also due to the fact that epistemic logic has greatly influenced the fields of game theory, artificial intelligence and distributed computing.‎ Référence libraire : 36633	Livre Rare Book Herman H. J. Lynge & Son Copenhagen Denmark Dinamarca Dinamarca Danemark [Livres de Herman H. J. Lynge & Son] 73,86 € Acheter
‎HINTIKKA, JAAKKO.‎ ‎Identity, Variables, and Impredicative Definitions + Vicious Circle Principles and the Paradoxes. (In Journal of Symbolic Logic, Volume 21, Number 3, 1956 + Volume 22, Number 3, 1957). - [HINTIKKA'S TRANSFORMATION RULES]‎ ‎(No place), The Association for Symbolic Logic, Inc., 1956 + 1957. 8vo. Both entire issues present, both in original printed wrappers. Volume 21, 3 w. a small loss to lower corner of front wrapper, minor loss to lower capital and a tear to lower front hinge, no loss. Upper corner of least few leaves and back wrappers creased (w. tear to wrapper). Volume 22, 3. w. minor loss to capitals. Both issues internally near mint. Vol. 21, 3: pp. 225-248 (entire issue: pp. 225-336)" Vol. 22, 3: pp. 245-249 (entire issue: pp. 225-336).‎ ‎First printing of these two important, but for long overlooked, articles, which together constitute Hintikka's attempt to cope with Wittgenstein's elimination of identity as proposed in the ""Tractatus"". With the translation rules that Hintikka here put forward, he is the first to try to carry out Wittgenstein's suggestions systematically. The Finnish born philosopher and logician, Jaakko Hintikka (born 1929), Professor of Philosophy at the University of Boston, is generally accepted as the founder of formal epistemic logic and of game semantics for logic. He has contributed seminally to the fields of philosophical and mathematical logic, philosophy of mathematics and science, language theory and epistemology. Independently of Evert Willem Beth he discovered the semantic tableau, and he is famous for his work on game semantics and logical quantifiers. In 2005 Hintakka was awarded the Schock Prize in logic and philosophy, the philosophical equivalent to the Nobel prize, ""for his pioneering contributions to the logical analysis of modal concepts, in particular the concepts of knowledge and belief "". In the 1950'ies Hintikka took it upon himself to follow Wittgentein's suggestion of elimination of identity suggested in the ""tractatus"", and in the two offered articles, he succeeds in constructing a logic without identity. The main point of the two connected articles is to show that variables can be used in two ways. One way does not exclude coincidences of the values of different variables (inclusive interpretation of variables), the other does (exclusive interpretation of variables) and can be either weakly or strongly exclusive. He now claims that in the ""Tractatus"" Wittgenstein adopts the weakly exclusive interpretation of variable and then proves that the weakly exclusive quantifiers are able to express everything that the inclusive quantifiers plus identity can express, and without a sign for identity, - for the first time systematically supporting Wittgenstein's claim that identity is not an essential constituent of logical notation. ""There are a number of references to the exclusive interpretations of variables in current logical literature. An exclusive reading of variables was, in effect, suggested by Ludwig Wittgenstein in ""Tractatus logico-philosophicus. As far as I know, however, no one has previously tried to carry out his suggestions systematically. Several misconceptions seem to be current concerning the outcome of an attempts of this kind. Carnap expects radical changes in the rules of substitution. If I am not mistaken, however, at least one form of the exclusive interpretation may be formalized by making but slight alterations in the axioms and/or in the transformation rules of the predicate calculus. Also I hope to say that it is not correct to say (as Russell has done) that Wittgenstein tried to dispense with the notion of identity. What a systematic use of an exclusive reading of variables amounts to is a new way of coping with the notion of identity in a formalized system of logic. Under the most natural formalization of the new interpretations, the resulting system is equivalent to the old predicate calculus (with identity): every formula of the latter admits of a translation into the former, and vice versa."" (Vol. 21, Nr. 3, p. 228).""A deviation from standard English. Recent discussion serves to bring out, amply and convincingly, the utility of observing the ordinary correct use of words and phrases for the purpose of clearing up philosophical problems. In this paper, I shall endeavour to show, by means of an example, that the reverse method may have its interest, too. "" (Vol. 21, Nr. 3, p. 225). ""This note is a sequel to the previous paper of mine which was entitled ""Identity, variables, and impredicative definitions"" and published in this JOURNAL, vol. 21 (1956, pp. 225-245. That early paper served to call attention to the dependency of the set-theoretic paradoxes on the interpretation of the variables that may occur in the critical ""abstraction principle"". (Vol. 22, Nr. 3, p. 245).Besides these two articles, the two issues also include other important articles within logic, e.g. Quine, ""Unification of Universes in Set Theory"" and Symonds and Chisholm ""Inference by Complementary Elimination"".‎ Référence libraire : 36635	Livre Rare Book Herman H. J. Lynge & Son Copenhagen Denmark Dinamarca Dinamarca Danemark [Livres de Herman H. J. Lynge & Son] 604,35 € Acheter
‎PASTON, TIM AND IAN STEWART.‎ ‎Catastrophe Theory and its Applications.‎ ‎London, San Francisco, (1978). 4to. Orig. boards with dustjacket.‎ Référence libraire : 36671	Livre Rare Book Herman H. J. Lynge & Son Copenhagen Denmark Dinamarca Dinamarca Danemark [Livres de Herman H. J. Lynge & Son] 40,29 € Acheter
‎LABOUREUR, MAURICE.‎ ‎Cours de Calcul Mathematique. Algebrique, Differentiel, & Integral. Avec 357 Figures dans le texte.‎ ‎Paris & Liege, Béranger, 1921. Royal8vo. Orig. full cloth. VIII,563 pp.‎ Référence libraire : 36683	Livre Rare Book Herman H. J. Lynge & Son Copenhagen Denmark Dinamarca Dinamarca Danemark [Livres de Herman H. J. Lynge & Son] 33,57 € Acheter
‎JACOBSON, NATHAN.‎ ‎Lectures in Abstract Algebra. 2 vols. (I. Basic Concepts. - 2. Linear Algebra).‎ ‎Princeton, Van Nostrand, (1960). 2 orig. full cloth. XII,217280 pp. Fine and clean.‎ Référence libraire : 36774	Livre Rare Book Herman H. J. Lynge & Son Copenhagen Denmark Dinamarca Dinamarca Danemark [Livres de Herman H. J. Lynge & Son] 67,15 € Acheter
‎LAURENT, H.‎ ‎Theorie & Pratique des Assurances sur la Vie.‎ ‎Paris, n.d.ca. 1900. Small8vo. Contemp. hcalf. Gilt back. 176 pp.‎ Référence libraire : 36784	Livre Rare Book Herman H. J. Lynge & Son Copenhagen Denmark Dinamarca Dinamarca Danemark [Livres de Herman H. J. Lynge & Son] 33,57 € Acheter
‎COHEN, PAUL J.‎ ‎The Independence of the Continuum Hypothesis, Part I-II [In: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, volume 5051, pp.1143-1148105-110] + Set Theory and the Continuum Hypothesis. - [THE AXIOM OF CHOICE AND THE CONTINUUM HYPOTHESIS]‎ ‎Washington, 1963-64. 8vo. The two complete volumes 50 and 51 of the 'Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences' in contemporary half cloth bindings + original printed wrappers.‎ ‎First editions. In this work Cohen established the independence of the Axiom of Choice (AC) from ZF and the independence of the Continuum Hypothesis (CH) from ZFC. This result is among the most outstanding achievements in 20th century mathematics. For this work Cohen was awarded the Fields Medal in 1966 and the National Medal of Science in 1967 the 1966 Fields Medal continues to be the only Fields Medal to have been awarded for a work in mathematical logic.‎ Référence libraire : 36938	Livre Rare Book Herman H. J. Lynge & Son Copenhagen Denmark Dinamarca Dinamarca Danemark [Livres de Herman H. J. Lynge & Son] 1 074,40 € Acheter
‎"WIENER, NORBERT.‎ ‎Extrapolation, Interpolation, and Smoothing of Stationary Time Series. With Engineering Applications.‎ ‎Published jointly by The Technology Press of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, New York - Chapman & Hall, London, 1949. 8vo. Publishers full cloth. Provenance: Handwritten signature to front free end paper of statistician Anders Hald (author of ""A History of Mathematical Statistics""). A fine and clean copy. IX,(1),163,(1) pp.‎ ‎First edition of this classic in modern communication theory. The work was circulated as a classified memorandum in 1942, as it was connected with sensitive war-time efforts to improve radar communication. Combining ideas from statistics and time-series analysis, Wiener used Gauss's method of shaping the characteristic of a detector to allow for the maximal recognition of signals in the presence of noise. This method came to be known as the ""Wiener filter.""‎ Référence libraire : 36948	Livre Rare Book Herman H. J. Lynge & Son Copenhagen Denmark Dinamarca Dinamarca Danemark [Livres de Herman H. J. Lynge & Son] 161,16 € Acheter
‎BOREL, ÉMILE.‎ ‎Principes et Formules classiques de Calcul des Probabilités. Deuxieme edition.‎ ‎Paris, Gauthier-Villars, 1947. Orig. printed wrappers. XIV,161,(2) pp.‎ Référence libraire : 37094	Livre Rare Book Herman H. J. Lynge & Son Copenhagen Denmark Dinamarca Dinamarca Danemark [Livres de Herman H. J. Lynge & Son] 33,57 € Acheter
‎BOUTROUX, PIERRE.‎ ‎Lecons sur les Fonctions définies par Les Équations differentielles du Premier Ordre. Avec une Note de Paul Painlevé.‎ ‎Paris, Gauthier-Villars, 1908. Solid private hcloth. (6),190 pp.‎ Référence libraire : 37097	Livre Rare Book Herman H. J. Lynge & Son Copenhagen Denmark Dinamarca Dinamarca Danemark [Livres de Herman H. J. Lynge & Son] 33,57 € Acheter
‎BOREL, ÉMILE.‎ ‎Le Hasard.‎ ‎Paris, Felix Alcan, 1928. Bound with orig. printed wrappers in solid private hcloth. IV,312 pp.‎ Référence libraire : 37112	Livre Rare Book Herman H. J. Lynge & Son Copenhagen Denmark Dinamarca Dinamarca Danemark [Livres de Herman H. J. Lynge & Son] 36,93 € Acheter
‎[BOLYAI - GAUSS] SCHMIDT, FRANZ. & PAUL STÄCKEL (EDS.).‎ ‎Briefwechsel zwischen Carl Friedrich Gauss und Wolfgang Bolyai.‎ ‎Leipzig, T.B. Teubner, 1899. 4to. Original half calf with gilt spine lettering. XII,(4),208 pp. and numerous facsimiles.‎ Référence libraire : 37118	Livre Rare Book Herman H. J. Lynge & Son Copenhagen Denmark Dinamarca Dinamarca Danemark [Livres de Herman H. J. Lynge & Son] 80,58 € Acheter
‎TALBOT, A. (ED.).‎ ‎Aprroximation Theory. Proceedings of a Symposium held at Lancaster, July 1969.‎ ‎LOndon: Academic Press, 1970 8vo. Publishers full cloth with dust jacket. VIII,356 pp.‎ Référence libraire : 37439	Livre Rare Book Herman H. J. Lynge & Son Copenhagen Denmark Dinamarca Dinamarca Danemark [Livres de Herman H. J. Lynge & Son] 26,86 € Acheter
‎GARABEDIAN, H.L.‎ ‎Approximation of Functions. Proceedings of the Symposium on Approximation of Functions, General Motors Research Laboratories, Warrwn, Michigan, 1964.‎ ‎Amsterdam, London, New York: Elsevier, 1965. 8vo. Publishers full cloth with dust jacket. VIII, 220 pp.‎ Référence libraire : 37440	Livre Rare Book Herman H. J. Lynge & Son Copenhagen Denmark Dinamarca Dinamarca Danemark [Livres de Herman H. J. Lynge & Son] 26,86 € Acheter
‎LANCE, G.N.‎ ‎Numerical Methods for High Speed Computers.‎ ‎London: Iliffe & Sons, 1960. 8vo. Publishers full cloth. 166 pp.‎ Référence libraire : 37442	Livre Rare Book Herman H. J. Lynge & Son Copenhagen Denmark Dinamarca Dinamarca Danemark [Livres de Herman H. J. Lynge & Son] 26,86 € Acheter

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