‎Isaac‎

‎NEWTON, Isaac‎

‎Optice; sive de reflexionibus refractionibus inflexionibus & coloribus lucis libri tres‎

‎London: Samuel Smith and Benjamin Walford 1706. First edition. <p>First Latin edition of the Opticks the extremely rare first issue with Ss1 in its original state. "Newton's Opticks did for light what his Principia had done for gravitation namely placed it on a scientific basis" Babson. This Latin edition is important for the seven new Queries it contains. In one of these Newton wrote that space is the 'Sensorium of God'. He later changed his mind cancelling the relevant leaf Ss1 in almost all copies although a copy in its uncancelled state found its way to Leibniz who ridiculed Newton's rash statement.</p>. <p>THE VERY RARE FIRST ISSUE WITH THE 'MISSING TANQUAM'</p> . <p>First Latin edition of the Opticks the extremely rare first issue with Ss1 in its original state cancelled in almost all copies. Of Newton's three greatest contributions to science - his theory of gravity his theories of light and colour and the invention of calculus - the first was published for the first time in the Principia 1687 and the other two in the Opticks 1704 "one of the supreme productions of the human mind" Andrade. "Newton's Opticks did for light what his Principia had done for gravitation namely placed it on a scientific basis" Babson p. 66."One of the supreme productions of the human mind" Andrade "All previous philosophers and mathematicians had been sure that white light is pure and simple regarding colors as modifications or qualifications of the white. Newton showed that the opposite is true . Natural white light far from being simple is a compound of many pure elementary colors which can be separated and recombined at will" PMM. The Optice contains translations not only of the Opticks itself but also of the two appended mathematical tracts Tractatus de quadratura curvarum and Enumeratio linearum tertii ordinis. The former is Newton's first publication of his method of fluxions or calculus which he developed in terms of 'prime and ultimate ratios' an early version of the theory of limits; it includes the first published statement of the general binomial theorem and of 'Taylor's theorem' on series expansions. The real importance of this Latin edition is the seven new 'Queries' it contains: "The Queries contain some of Newton's most influential and speculative writing" Gjertsen p. 519. The purpose of the original 16 queries in the Opticks was principally to compensate for the many years' delay between the writing of Opticks and its publication during which many discoveries had been made by Newton and others. Each of the new Queries with one exception is longer than the original 16 taken together. "In the new Queries Newton expressed fundamental views on the nature of light on the nature of bodies on the relation of God to the physical universe and on the presence in nature of a whole range of forces which furnish the activity necessary for the operation of the world and for its permanence. At the last moment he dared even a bit more and inserted three further speculative passages in the Addenda to the volume. The new Queries were the most informative of the speculations that Newton ever published." Westfall p. 644. "This edition is known in two states. In query 20 Newton had written of space: 'Annon spatium universuum sensorium est entis incorporei viventis et intelligentis' Is not infinite space the sensorium of a Being incorporeal living and intelligent. It must have struck Newton that to call space 'the sensorium of God' without any qualification was too bold a claim. Consequently he chose to substitute for page 315 a cancel in which he spoke of infinite space 'spatio infinito' as 'tanquam sensorio suo' which is as it were his sensorium. He failed however to modify the whole edition and copies with the missing tanquam been found in the Babson collection the Bodleian library and Cambridge University Library. But worse from Newton's point of view an uncancelled copy found its way to Leibniz who lost no time in accusing Newton of claiming that space is an organ of God" Gjertsen p. 413. Some of the other added Queries contain remarkably prescient speculations. Query 23 "was an extended version of the speculations on forces that Newton had once planned to insert in the Principia. Heavily indeed overwhelmingly chemical in content it was arguably the most advanced product of seventeenth-century chemistry" Westfall p. 644. "In a remarkable paragraph in Query 22 pp. 320-321 which did not survive into subsequent English editions he compared the force of attraction in proportion to size in particles of light and gross bodies by comparing velocities and radii of curvature of rays of light and projectiles. He concluded that the force of attraction in particles of light is more powerful by a factor of 1015 that is the short-range forces are immensely more powerful than gravity" ibid. p. 646.</p> <br /> <p>"Newton wrote most of the Opticks between 1687 and early 1692. He wrote Book I Parts I and II expounding his new theory of light and colour in 1687. He then appears to have set aside the Opticks for about three years but by the late summer or autumn of 1691 he had considered it - at least for a few months - to be complete. It is most likely that he carried out new research and wrote the remainder of the Opticks - that is Books II and III - in the winter or spring of 1692 or perhaps six months earlier. At some time between late August 1691 and late February 1692 Newton decided to revise the draft significantly. After this effort he brought it close to its published form except for the brief last book on diffraction which Newton called 'inflexion' and the queries which were not prepared for publication until shortly before publication in 1704.</p> <br /> <p>"The composition of Book II in 1690 or 1691 at first went very quickly. Newton made so few changes in the text that he was able to mark up the manuscript of the 'Discourse of Observations' from 1675 for his amanuensis to copy for the Opticks. This formed Parts I and II and much of Part III . After revising the 'Observations' Newton was confronted with a decision on how to end his book. At first he planned to follow this material with a new fourth book or part on diffraction but he was also toying with the idea of a speculative 'Fourth Book'. Newton soon reined in his more speculative tendencies and turned to more empirical optical investigations. He continued experiments on diffraction and also discovered an entirely new phenomenon: coloured rings produced in transparent thick plates. By the autumn of 1691 Newton had completed and written up his investigations of thick plates as Book IV Part I which together with his research on diffraction Book IV Part II was to form the concluding book of the Opticks.</p> <br /> <p>"Between late August 1691 and late February 1692 Newton removed the two parts of the new Book IV from the manuscript and set about revising them. The part on diffraction was troublesome and remained incomplete until shortly before publication. Within six months however he revised the part on the colours of thick plates incorporated it into Book III because of their affinity to those of thin films and essentially put it into its published state. During this revision Newton also introduced his theory of fits - an immaterial vibration to explain the physical cause of periodicity in light that replaced his earlier aetherial and corpuscular vibrations" Shapiro pp. 187-188. </p> <br /> <p>On 15 November 1702 according to a memorandum by the Scottish mathematician and Oxford Professor of Astronomy David Gregory Newton "promised Mr Roberts Mr Fatio Capt. Hally & me to publish his Quadratures his treatise of Light & his treatise of the Curves of the 2d Genre" i.e. cubic curves. The book appeared by 16 February 1704 when Newton presented a copy to the Royal Society" ibid. p. 196.</p> <br /> <p>In the published work "Newton presented his main discoveries and theories concerning light and color in logical order beginning with eight definitions and eight axioms . Eight propositions follow the first stating that 'Lights which differ in Colour differ also in Degrees of Refrangibility.' In appended experiments Newton discussed the appearance of a paper colored half red and half blue when viewed through a prism and showed that a given lens produces red and blue images respectively at different distances. The second proposition incorporates a variety of prism experiments as proof that 'The Light of the Sun consists of Rays differently refrangible.'</p> <br /> <p>"The figure given with experiment 10 of this series illustrates 'two Prisms tied together in the form of a Parallelopiped'. Under specified conditions sunlight entering a darkened room through a small hole F in the shutter would not be refracted by the parallelopiped and would emerge parallel to the incident beam from which it would pass by refraction through a third prism which would by refraction 'cast the usual Colours of the Prism upon the opposite Wall.' Turning the parallelopiped about its axis Newton found that the rays producing the several colors were successively 'taken out of the transmitted Light' by 'total Reflexion'; first 'the Rays which in the third Prism had suffered the greatest Refraction and painted the wall with violet and blew were . taken out of the transmitted Light the rest remaining' then the rays producing green yellow orange and red were 'taken out' as the parallelopiped was rotated yet further. Newton thus experimentally confirmed the 'experimentum crucis' showing that the light emerging from the two prisms 'is compounded of Rays differently Refrangible seeing that the more Refrangible Rays may be taken out while the less Refrangible remain' . In proposition 6 Newton showed that contrary to the opinions of previous writers the sine law of refraction actually holds for each single color. The first part of book I ends with Newton's remarks on the impossibility of improving telescopes by the use of color corrected lenses and his discussion of his consequent invention of the reflecting telescope.</p> <br /> <p>"In the second part of book I Newton dealt with colors produced by reflection and refraction or transmission and with the appearance of colored objects in relation to the color of the light illuminating them. He discussed colored pigments and their mixture and geometrically constructed a color wheel drawing an analogy between the primary colors in a compound color and the "seven Musical Tones or Intervals of the eight Sounds Sol la fa sol la mi fa sol."</p> <br /> <p>"Proposition 9 'Prob. IV. By the discovered Properties of Light to explain the Colours of the Rain-bow' is devoted to the theory of the rainbow. Descartes had developed a geometrical theory but had used a single index of refraction in his computation of the path of light through each raindrop. Newton's discovery of the difference in refrangibility of the different colors composing white light and their separation or dispersion as a consequence of refraction on the other hand permitted him to compute the radii of the bows for the separate colors. He used 108:81 as the index of refraction for red and 109:81 for violet and further took into consideration that the light of the sun does not proceed from a single point. He determined the widths of the primary and secondary bows to be 2°15' and 3°40' respectively and gave a formula for computing the radii of bows of any order n and hence for orders of the rainbow greater than 2 for any given index of refraction .</p> <br /> <p>"Book II which constitutes approximately one third of the Opticks is devoted largely to what would later be called interference effects growing out of the topics Newton first published in his 1675 letter to the Royal Society. Newton's discoveries in this regard would seem to have had their origin in the first experiment that he describes Book II Part 1 Observation 1; he had he reported compressed 'two Prisms hard together that their sides which by chance were a very little convex might somewhere touch one another' as in the figure provided for Experiment 10 of Book I Part 1. He found 'the place in which they touched' to be 'absolutely transparent' as if there had been one 'continued piece of Glass' even though there was total reflection from the rest of the surface; but 'it appeared like a black or dark spot by reason that little or no sensible light was reflected from thence as from other places' . Rotating the two prisms around their common axis Observation 2 produced 'many slender Arcs of Colours' which the prisms being rotated further 'were compleated into Circles or Rings.' In Observation 4 Newton wrote that 'To observe more nicely the order of the Colours . I took two Object-glasses the one a Plano-convex for a fourteen Foot Telescope and the other a large double Convex for one of about fifty Foot; and upon this laying the other with its plane side downwards I pressed them slowly together to make the Colours successively emerge in the middle of the Circles and then slowly lifted the upper Glass from the lower to make them successively vanish again in the same place.' It was thus evident that there was a direct correlation between particular colors of rings and the thickness of the layer of the entrapped air . Furthermore as he noted in Observation 13 'the Circles which the red Light made' were 'manifestly bigger than those which were made by the blue and violet' . He concluded that the rings visible in white light represented a superimposition of the rings of the several colors and that the alternation of light and dark rings for each color must indicate a succession of regions of reflection and transmission of light produced by the thin layer of air between the two glasses . </p> <br /> <p>"Book II Part 2 of the Opticks has a nomogram in which Newton summarized his measures and computations and demonstrated the agreement of his analysis of the ring phenomenon with his earlier conclusions drawn from his prism experiments - 'that whiteness is a dissimilar mixture of all Colours and that Light is a mixture of Rays endued with all those Colours.' The experiments of Book II further confirmed Newton's earlier findings 'that every Ray have its proper and constant degree of Refrangibility connate with it according to which its refraction is ever justly and regularly perform'd' from which he argued that 'it follows that the colorifick Dispositions of Rays are also connate with them and immutable.' The colors of the physical universe are thus derived 'only from the various Mixtures or Separations of Rays by virtue of their different Refrangibility or Reflexibility'; the study of color thus becomes 'a Speculation as truly mathematical as any other part of Opticks.' </p> <br /> <p>"In Part 3 of Book II Newton analyzed 'the permanent Colours of natural Bodies and the Analogy between them and the Colours of thin transparent Plates.' He concluded that the smallest possible subdivisions of matter must be transparent and their dimensions optically determinable. A table accompanying Proposition 10 gives the refractive powers of a variety of substances 'in respect of . Densities.' Proposition 12 contains Newton's conception of 'fits': 'Every Ray of Light in its passage through any refracting Surface is put into a certain transient Constitution or State which in the progress of the Ray returns at equal Intervals and disposes the Ray at every return to be easily transmitted through the next refracting Surface and between the returns to be easily reflected by it.' The succeeding definition is more specific: 'The returns of the disposition of any Ray to be reflected I will call its Fits of easy Reflection and those of its disposition to be transmitted its Fits of easy Transmission and the space it passes between every return and the next return the Interval of its Fits.' The 'fits' of easy reflection and of easy refraction could thus be described as a numerical sequence; if reflection occurs at distances 0 2 4 6 8 . from some central point then refraction or transmission must occur at distances 1 3 5 7 9 . Newton did not attempt to explain this periodicity stating that 'I do not here enquire' into the question of 'what kind of action or disposition this is' . Newton thus integrated the periodicity of light into his theoretical work . His work was moreover based upon extraordinarily accurate measurements - so much so that when Thomas Young 1773-1829 devised an explanation of Newton's rings based on the revived wave theory of light and the new principle of interference he used Newton's own data to compute the wavelengths and wave numbers of the principal colors in the visible spectrum and attained results that are in close agreement with those generally accepted today.</p> <br /> <p>"In Part 4 of Book II Newton addressed himself to 'the Reflexions and Colours of thick transparent polish'd Plates.' This book ends with an analysis of halos around the sun and moon and the computation of their size based on the assumption that they are produced by clouds of water or by hail. This led him to the series of eleven observations that begin the third and final book 'concerning the Inflexions of the Rays of Light and the Colours made thereby' in which Newton took up the class of optical phenomena previously studied by Grimaldi in which 'fringes' are produced at the edges of the shadows of objects illuminated by light 'let into a dark Room through a very small hole.' Newton discussed such fringes surrounding the projected shadows of a hair the edge of a knife and a narrow slit" DSB.</p> <br /> <p>"Since Newton published the Opticks without a complete investigation into diffraction which he had hoped would support a corpuscular theory of light in which light corpuscles were acted on by short-range forces of matter" Shapiro p. 196 "Newton concluded the first edition of the Opticks with a set of sixteen queries introduced 'in order to a further search to be made by others.' He had at one time hoped he might carry the investigations further but was 'interrupted' and wrote that he could not 'now think of taking these things into farther Consideration.' In the eighteenth century and after these queries were considered the most important feature of the Opticks . The original sixteen queries at once go beyond mere experiments on diffraction phenomena. In Query 1 Newton suggested that bodies act on light at a distance to bend the rays; and in Queries 2 and 3 he attempted to link differences in refrangibility with differences in 'flexibility' and the bending that may produce color fringes. In Query 4 he inquired into a single principle that by 'acting variously in various Circumstances' may produce reflection refraction and inflection suggesting that the bending in reflection and refraction begins before the rays 'arrive at the Bodies.' Query 5 concerns the mutual interaction of bodies and light the heat of bodies being said to consist of having 'their parts put into a vibrating motion'; while in Query 6 Newton proposed a reason why black bodies 'conceive heat more easily from Light than those of other Colours.' He then discussed the action between light and 'sulphureous' bodies the causes of heat in friction percussion putrefaction and so forth and defined fire in Query 9 and flame in Query 10 discussing various chemical operations. In Query 11 he extended his speculations on heat and vapors to sun and stars. The last four queries 12 to 16 of the original set deal with vision associated with 'Vibrations' excited by 'the Rays of Light' which cause sight by 'being propagated along the solid Fibres of the optick Nerves into the Brain.' In Query 13 specific wavelengths are associated with each of several colors. In Query 15 Newton discussed binocular vision along with other aspects of seeing while in Query 16 he took up the phenomenon of persistence of vision" DSB.</p> <br /> <p>Newton appended to the Opticks two mathematical tracts of which the first Tractatus de quadratura curvarum is Newton's first published account of the calculus of fluxions. In Newton's time finding the 'quadrature' of a curve meant finding the area enclosed or subtended by it which for us is a problem of integral calculus and for Newton one of the 'inverse method of fluxions'. Newton wrote three extended treatises on fluxions. The first of these 'De analysi per aequationes numero terminorum infinitas' was composed in 1669 and treats Newton's general methods of infinite series. It was not published until 1711 when William Jones included it along with a number of other tracts in his Analysis per quantitatum series. In 'De analysi' however Newton "did not explicitly make use of the fluxionary notation or idea. Instead he used the infinitely small both geometrically and analytically in a manner similar to that found in Barrow and Fermat and extended its applicability by the use of the binomial theorem" Boyer The Concept of Calculus p. 191. It was in the second of Newton's calculus treatises 'De methodus fluxionum' composed in 1671 but not published until 1736 that he first "introduced his characteristic notation and conceptions. Here he regarded his variable quantities as generated by the continuous motion of points lines and planes rather than as aggregates of infinitesimal elements the view which had appeared in 'De analysi'. . In the 'Methodus fluxionum' Newton stated clearly the fundamental problem of the calculus: the relation of quantities being given to find the relation of the fluxions of these; and conversely" ibid. pp. 192-3 i.e. the processes that we call differentiation and integration.</p> <br /> <p>De quadratura was the first of Newton's treatises on fluxions to be published but the last to be composed so that it represents his most mature view of the subject. It was prompted by a letter from David Gregory on 7 November 1691 sending Newton "my method of squaring figures published three years ago but now clarified by examples. If only I might be allowed to know your method too which as I have subsequently gathered differs little from mine." "De quadratura contained the first published statement of the binomial theorem discovered by Newton some forty years before. The text of De quadratura in its published form is in two parts. In the first part Newton in the manner of De analysi demonstrated how infinite series could be deployed to determine the quadrature and rectification of curves. In the second part he returned to the topic of fluxions discussed at greater length in his then unpublished De methodis eventually published as The method of fluxions and infinite series in 1736" Gjertsen p. 579. But perhaps "Newton's most important achievement in his 'De quadratura' was the first explicit enunciation of the Taylor expansion of a general function - Newton deduced the particular 'Maclaurin' form in his Corollary 3 by successive differentiation it would seem and then passed to the general theorem in his Corollary 4" Papers VII pp. 18-19. The expansion was rediscovered by Brook Taylor in 1715.</p> <br /> <p>The second appended mathematical treatise Enumeratio linearum tertii ordinis was composed in summer 1695 although it was based on researches carried out intermittently over the previous three decades. "In some ways the Enumeratio is the most original of Newton's mathematical works. It had no predecessors met with no rivals claiming to have anticipated the results or few even who acknowledged its results" Gjertsen p. 187. Since the inception of analytic geometry - most notably with Descartes's Géométrie 1637 which Newton carefully studied in its Latin translation 1659-61 - European mathematicians became interested in the algebraic representation of plane curves. As Descartes showed and John Wallis further developed conic sections can be represented by second-degree polynomial equations in two variables in Cartesian coordinates as we would say nowadays and they can be divided into circle parabola ellipse and hyperbola. The question naturally arises of how to move a step further and study the graphs of third-degree polynomials. In the Enumeratio Newton gave a classification of cubic curves analogous to the classification of conic sections. He identified 72 species of cubic curves mostly classified in terms of the properties of their diameters and asymptotes. There are in fact 78 species: four were added by James Stirling in his Lineae tertii ordinis Newtonianae 1717 and the remaining two by François Nicole and Nicolas I Bernoulli in the 1730s. Newton uses oblique Cartesian axes something Descartes did not do and has no qualms in using negative coordinates a novelty at the time. Newton also demonstrates deep geometrical insights stating a general theorem according to which all cubic curves can be obtained by centrally projecting the five 'divergent parabolas' very much as all conics can be obtained by projecting the circle; this was proved by Nicole and Alexis-Claude Clairaut in 1731. In the final section of the work Newton shows how the real roots of polynomial equations of degree up to 9 can be found from the points of intersection of cubic curves with lines conics or other cubic curves. Newton gave almost no proofs of his claims but Stirling revealed the methods Newton had used: algebra and infinite series. Newton's published treatise is "a marvellous epitome of results whose subtleties were only just becoming to be understood by mathematicians in the last decade of Newton's life half a century after their initial discovery" Papers VII p. 588 n1.</p> <br /> <p>Gjertsen p. 520 summarizes the content of the seven new Queries added to the Optice as follows:</p> <br /> <br /> 17-18: Double refraction<br /> 19: The 'Phenomena of Light' are not to be explained by 'new Modifications of the Rays'<br /> 20: Objections to wave theory of light and to a dense fluid medium; rejection of hypotheses in natural philosophy; limits of mechanism and a list of fundamental questions; space is the Sensorium of God<br /> 21: Rays of light are 'very small Bodies emitted from Shining substances' a view which allows many of the properties of light to be explained<br /> 22: Bodies and light are interconvertible<br /> 23: Small particles of bodies capable of acting at a distance as can be seen in a number of chemical and physical processes; evidence for the view that 'All Bodies seem to be composed of hard Particles'; Hauksbee's experiments; motion and its need of certain active principles; matter also made in the beginning by God from 'solid massy hard impenetrable moveable Particles' in need of 'certain active Principles'; examples of the divine providence in the universe.<br /> <br /> <p>In Query 20 "the refutation of wave theories of light led Newton into an argument against the possibility of a dense Cartesian ether filling the heavens and thence into an explication of his ultimate objection against conventional mechanical philosophies their tendency to make nature self-sufficient and thus to dispense with God. Some ancient philosophers he argued took atoms the void and the gravity of atoms as the first principles of their philosophy and attributed gravity to some other cause than matter.</p> <br /> <p>'Latter Philosophers banish the Consideration of such a Cause out of natural Philosophy feigning Hypotheses for explaining all things mechanically and referring other Causes to Metaphysicks: Whereas the main Business of natural Philosophy is to argue from Phenomena without feigning Hypotheses and to deduce Causes from Effects till we come to the very first Cause which certainly is not mechanical; and not only to unfold the Mechanism of the World but chiefly to resolve these and such like Questions. What is there in places empty of Matter and whence is it that the Sun and Planets gravitate towards one another without dense Matter between them Whence is it that Nature doth nothing in vain; and whence arises all that Order and Beauty which we see in the World . . . How do the Motions of the Body follow from the Will and whence is the Instinct in Animals Is not infinite Space the Sensorium of a Being Annon Spatium Universum Sensorium est Entis incorporeal living and intelligent who sees the things themselves intimately and thoroughly perceives them and comprehends them wholly by their immediate presence to himself .'</p> <br /> <p>"David Gregory who held an extensive discussion of the new Queries with Newton on 21 December 1705 recorded the interpretation of this passage in a memorandum.</p> <br /> <p>'His Doubt was whether he should put the last Quaere thus. What the space that is empty of body is filled with. The plain truth is that he believes God to be omnipresent in the literal sense; And that as we are sensible of Objects when their Images are brought home within the brain so God must be sensible of every thing being intimately present with every thing: for he supposes that as God is present in space where there is no body he is present in space where a body is also present. But if this way of proposing this his notion be too bold he thinks of doing it thus. What Cause did the Ancients assign of Gravity. He believes that they reckoned God the Cause of it nothing els that is no body being the cause; since every body is heavy.'</p> <br /> <p>"At the last moment after the last moment really Newton decided that he had indeed been too bold. He tried to recall the whole edition; and from all the copies he could lay his hands on he cut out the relevant page and pasted in a new one which asserted not that infinite space is the sensorium of God but that 'there is a Being incorporeal living intelligent omnipresent who in infinite Space as it were in his Sensory tanquam Sensorio suo sees the things themselves intimately .' Alas he failed to alter every copy and one of the originals made its way to Leibniz who did not fail to hold up to ridicule the concept of space as the sensorium of God. In its initial form the passage recalled 'De gravitatione' the beginning of Newton's rebellion against Cartesian philosophy because of its atheistical tendencies. Following the implications of the rebellion he had traveled far. In the Latin edition of the Opticks he gave the fullest exposition of his own conception of nature he would ever put in print before in his old age he tried to placate critics by seeming retreats to more conventional positions.</p> <br /> <p>"In addition to its importance for Newton's philosophy the Latin edition of the Opticks also provided the occasion for a graceful personal relation. Abraham De Moivre saw it through the press. Every evening according to the story Newton would wait for him in a coffeehouse where De Moivre would go as soon as he finished the mathematical lessons with which he supported himself. Newton would take him home and the two would spend the evening in philosophical discussion. De Moivre was one of the young men in London disciples really with whom Newton found companionship possible in a way it had never been in Cambridge. Another young disciple Samuel Clarke translated the Opticks into Latin and received £500 for his pains: £100 for each of his five children" Westfall pp. 646-8.</p> <br /> <p>Babson 137; Honeyman 2326; Poggendorff II 277; Wallis 179. Gjertsen The Newton Handbook 1986. Shapiro 'Newton's Optics' pp. 165-198 in: The Oxford Handbook of the History of Physics Buchwald & Fox eds. 2013. Westfall Never at Rest 1980.</p> <br/> <br/> 4to mm pp. xiv 348 2 24 2 43 recte 47 with 19 engraved plates. Contemporary calf. Samuel Smith and Benjamin Walford unknown‎

Referentie van de boekhandelaar : 6373

‎Newton, Isaac‎

‎Opticks‎

‎hardcover. Good. Access codes and supplements are not guaranteed with used items. May be an ex-library book. hardcover‎

Referentie van de boekhandelaar : 3734047951.G ISBN : 3734047951 9783734047954

‎Newton, Isaac (1642-1727)‎

‎Opticks : or A treatise of the reflexions refractions inflexions and colours of light. Also two treatises of the species and magnitude of curvilinear figures. London Printed for Sam. Smith and Benj. Walford 1704‎

‎Bruxelles : Culture et civilisation 1966. Facsimile Edition. Hardcover. Fine copy bound in leatherette with gilt-blocked label. Very well preserved overall; tight bright and clean. Physical description: 144 211 p : illus. Bruxelles : Culture et civilisation hardcover‎

Referentie van de boekhandelaar : 442032

‎Newton, Isaac,‎

‎Opticks or A Treatise Of the Reflections Refractions Inflections and Colours Of Light‎

‎like new. unknown‎

Referentie van de boekhandelaar : 45378382 ISBN : 1016231989 9781016231985

‎Newton, Isaac‎

‎Opticks Or a Treatise of the Reflexions Refractions Inflexions and Colours of Light . Éd.1704 Sciences French Edition‎

‎paperback. Good. Access codes and supplements are not guaranteed with used items. May be an ex-library book. paperback‎

Referentie van de boekhandelaar : 201259770X.G ISBN : 201259770X 9782012597709

‎NEWTON, Isaac‎

‎Opticks: or a Treatise of the Reflections Refractions Inflections and Colours of Light.‎

‎London: printed for W. and J. Innys 1718. His most important work on light with significant revisions Second edition second issue as usual of this seminal study which "did for light what Newton's Principia had done for gravitation namely place it on a scientific basis" Babson. Newton arrived at most of his innovative ideas on colour by about 1668 and Opticks was largely complete by 1692. However when he first expressed his theories in public they provoked hostile criticism. As a result Newton delayed publication until his most vocal critics - especially Robert Hooke - were dead. By the mid-1710s Opticks was established in Britain as the model for blending theoretical speculation and quantitative experimentation. Newton's aim was not to "explain the properties of light by hypotheses but to propose and prove them by reason and experiments" p. 1. The work's greatest achievement is showing that colour is a mathematically definable property. Newton demonstrates that white light is a mixture of infinitely varied coloured rays and that each ray is definable by the angle through which it is refracted. Other topics include colour circles theories of the rainbow and the phenomenon now known as Newton's rings. The textual revisions for this edition demonstrate the development of Newton's experimentation process. The first edition was published in 1704 followed by the Latin translation of 1706. This edition was the first in octavo format. It had a print run of 750 copies and within that two issues. The scarce first issue is dated 1717 on the title page and includes William Bowyer's name in the imprint; copies are recorded both with and without the cancel A2. The second issue as here has a cancel title dated 1718 and only the names of W. and J. Innys Printers to the Royal Society in the imprint; A2 the first two pages of the "Advertisement" is set as the cancel. Octavo 194 x 123 mm pp. viii 382 2 publisher's advertisement. With 12 folding engraved plates woodcut diagram on p. 330 tables in text woodcut head- and tailpieces and initials. Contemporary panelled calf spine with raised bands and early paper label edges sprinkled red. Ownership label of chemist Karol J. Mysels 1914-1998 laid in; occasional tiny marginal notations in contemporary ink to title page and p. 371 and in later pencil to pp. 323 and 328. Extremities restored spine label chipped and browned boards a little splayed contents toned and generally clean: a very good copy in an attractive period binding. Babson 134; ESTC T18663; Gray 176. hardcover‎

Referentie van de boekhandelaar : 184239

‎NEWTON, Isaac‎

‎Opticks: or a Treatise of the Reflections Refractions Inflections and Colours of Light.‎

‎London: Printed for William Innys 1730. The definitive edition of Newton's second great work Fourth edition the final edition to be revised and approved by Newton himself. The Opticks is Newton's definitive study of light the basis for the corpuscular theory of light rays that remained dominant into the 19th century. The Opticks's greatest achievement is showing that colour is a mathematically definable property. Newton demonstrates that white light is a mixture of infinitely varied coloured rays and that each ray is definable by the angle through which it is refracted. Other topics include colour circles theories of the rainbow and the phenomenon now known as Newton's rings. In his later years Newton made a sustained effort to tidy up his scientific legacy. This edition of the Opticks was published three years after his death by his long-time publisher drawing on corrections "by the Author's own Hand" preface. In those three years Newtonian devotees had published the Optical Lectures 1728 that he had delivered at Cambridge in the 1660s making public a work that he had only circulated in manuscript among close friends. The Lectures employed a more mathematical analysis of colour theory than did the Opticks and Innys' fourth edition harmonizes the two works by cross-referencing philosophical propositions in the latter with geometrical demonstrations in the former. Octavo 195 x 123 mm pp. viii 382 2. Complete with terminal advertisement leaf and 12 folding plates. Wood-engraved initials head- and tailpieces. Twentieth-century calf spine ruled and decorated in blind and with red morocco label marbled endpapers edges sprinkled red. Minimal foxing to contents paper flaw to lower outer corner of K1 text unaffected plates crisp: a very good copy indeed. Babson 136; ESTC T69138; Gray 178; Wallis 178. unknown‎

Referentie van de boekhandelaar : 187897

‎Newton, Isaac‎

‎Opticks: Or a Treatise of the Reflections Refractions Inflections and Colours of Light. The Fourth Edition Corrected. By Sir Isaac Newton Knt‎

‎hardcover. Good. Access codes and supplements are not guaranteed with used items. May be an ex-library book. hardcover‎

Referentie van de boekhandelaar : 1379728347.G ISBN : 1379728347 9781379728344

‎Newton, Isaac‎

‎Opticks: or A Treatise of the Reflections Refractions Inflections and Colours of Light: 1730‎

‎hardcover. Good. Access codes and supplements are not guaranteed with used items. May be an ex-library book. hardcover‎

Referentie van de boekhandelaar : 1015661904.G ISBN : 1015661904 9781015661905

‎NEWTON, Isaac‎

‎Opticks: or a Treatise of the Reflections Refractions Inflections and Colours of Light‎

‎Twelve folding engraved plates. 4 p.l. 382 pp. one leaf of ads. 8vo cont. calf small portions of ends of spine & one corner carefully repaired spine gilt red morocco lettering piece on spine. London: W. Innys 1730.<br/> <br/> Fourth edition and the final edition to be revised by Newton of this great classic. It contains the complete set of 31 Queries which reveal some of Newton’s most influential and speculative writing. Fine crisp copy. Contemporary armorial bookplate of Edward Powell. <br/> <br/> ⧠Babson 136. unknown‎

Referentie van de boekhandelaar : 1220

‎Newton, Isaac Sir, 1642-1727‎

‎Opticks; Or a Treatise of the Reflections Inflections and Colours of Light; Volume 1718‎

‎Wentworth Press 2016. Hardcover. New. Wentworth Press hardcover‎

Referentie van de boekhandelaar : Atlantic-9781372405228 ISBN : 1372405224 9781372405228

‎Newton, Isaac‎

‎Optik: oder Abhandlung über Spiegelungen Brechungen Beugungen und Farben des Lichts German Edition‎

‎hardcover. Good. Access codes and supplements are not guaranteed with used items. May be an ex-library book. hardcover‎

Referentie van de boekhandelaar : 3528085061.G ISBN : 3528085061 9783528085063

‎Newton, Isaac‎

‎Optique de Newton. Tome 1 Éd.1787 Sciences French Edition‎

‎paperback. Good. Access codes and supplements are not guaranteed with used items. May be an ex-library book. paperback‎

Referentie van de boekhandelaar : 2012597718.G ISBN : 2012597718 9782012597716

‎Newton, Isaac‎

‎Osoule Riazie Falsafeye Tabiee‎

‎Nashreney 2016. Paperback. New. 690 pages. Persian Farsi language. 9.61x6.69x1.73 inches. Nashreney paperback‎

Referentie van de boekhandelaar : 2-9641854526 ISBN : 9641854526 9789641854524

‎Newton, Isaac‎

‎Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica Vol. 1 Classic Reprint Latin Edition‎

‎paperback. Good. Access codes and supplements are not guaranteed with used items. May be an ex-library book. paperback‎

Referentie van de boekhandelaar : 0332016412.G ISBN : 0332016412 9780332016412

‎Newton, Isaac‎

‎Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica Vol. 2 Classic Reprint Latin Edition‎

‎paperback. Good. Access codes and supplements are not guaranteed with used items. May be an ex-library book. paperback‎

Referentie van de boekhandelaar : 0428167101.G ISBN : 0428167101 9780428167103

‎Newton, Isaac,‎

‎Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica Revision IV - Volume IIi‎

‎like new. unknown‎

Referentie van de boekhandelaar : 34858638 ISBN : 172518348x 9781725183483

‎Newton, Isaac,‎

‎Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica‎

‎like new. unknown‎

Referentie van de boekhandelaar : 45482248 ISBN : 1017391882 9781017391886

‎Newton, Isaac,‎

‎Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica‎

‎like new. unknown‎

Referentie van de boekhandelaar : 45383840 ISBN : 1015587607 9781015587601

‎Newton, Isaac,‎

‎Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica‎

‎like new. unknown‎

Referentie van de boekhandelaar : 45466883 ISBN : 1016215703 9781016215701

‎NEWTON, Isaac‎

‎Philosophiae naturalis principia mathematica. Editio Secunda Auctior et Emendatior.‎

‎Cambridge: Printed by Cornelius Crownfield at the University Press 1713. I feign no hypotheses Second edition extensively revised by Newton himself and including the first appearance of the General Scholium: among his last discussions of scientific enquiry and the source of his famed principle "Hypotheses non fingo" "I feign no hypotheses" - p. 484. "The Principia that has shaped Western scientific tracition is substantially the second edition" ODNB. Together with Roger Cotes 1682-1716 Cambridge's Plumian Professor of Astronomy Newton extensively overhauled the Principia over a period of four years: almost 400 of the first edition's 494 pages have been revised here. Alongside the Scholium the pair made particularly extensive annotations to the sections on lunar theory comets and fluid dynamics. Cotes was a gifted mathematician in his own right: after his early death Newton commented that "if he had lived we might have learned something". Cotes's lengthy preface together with Newton's Scholium and the revisions to the text itself helped to fashion the second edition of the Principia into a key text in the lengthy debate between Newton and continental philosophy most particularly that of Leibniz. The "Hypotheses non fingo" principle is directly framed to emphasize Newton's focus on descriptive analysis in contrast to continental speculation over causes. This is one of 750 copies printed at the Cambridge university press under the supervision of Richard Bentley the famed and feared master of Trinity College. Quarto 233 x 191 mm pp. xxviii 484 8. Leaf 3Q2 cancelled. Folding engraved plate facing p. 465 engraved Cambridge University Press printer's device on title page extensive wood-engraved diagrams in text. Recent vellum spine with red morocco label covers with yapp edges edges sprinkled red. With 20th-century engraved bookplate of the noted science collectors Peter and Margarethe Braune. Light finger soiling infrequent minor browning and foxing running wormhole throughout with discreet infill to most leaves and marginal repair to title and leaf b1 contents otherwise crisp and clean: a very good copy indeed. Babson 12; Dibner 11 note; ESTC T93210; Gray 8; Wallis 8. hardcover‎

Referentie van de boekhandelaar : 181514

‎Newton, Isaac, Sir,Innys, William (d),Innys, John,Vanderbank, John,Vertue, George‎

‎Philosophiae naturalis principia mathematica 1726 Full Leather Bound‎

‎2022. Full Leather Bound. NEW. Size: 19.68 x 24.13 cms A Unique Premium Leather-Bound book for elite readers/collectors of old rare books. An Original Leather is being used for binding this book with Golden Leaf Printing and designing on Spine front and Back of the book with edge gilding. WE HAVE MULTIPLE OPTIONS IN COLOR OF LEATHER RED GREEN BLUE MAGENTA TAN PURPLE DEEP BROWN BLACK AND WITH DIFFERENT COLOR LABELS. YOU MAY CHOOSE ANY COLOR OF YOUR CHOICE AND MAIL US. This service is chargeable. Original edition was published in 1726 and this unique edition is Reprinted in 2022 with the help of original edition. Black & white printing on high quality natural shade paper with sewing binding for longer life professionally processed without changing its contents. As these are old books we processed each page manually on computer and make them readable. We give our best to give you the best book but in some cases we have to adjust few pages which are blur or missing or black spots. If it is multi volume set then it is only single volume. We hope that you understand these issues in these old treasure. This is an important book for the readers who want to know more about our old treasure. Our dedicated team is trying to bring these rare books back to the shelves. We are also giving service of printing the hard-to-find books which are not listed in our store. Hope you will like it and give your comments and suggestions. Lang: - Latin Pages 548. Product Disclaimer: Please be aware that because leather is a natural material slight discoloration or change in texture may be visible. FOLIO EDITION Size 12x19 Inches IS ALSO AVAILABLE ON REQUEST. hardcover‎

Referentie van de boekhandelaar : BIBSD008470631

‎Newton, Isaac,‎

‎Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica‎

‎like new. unknown‎

Referentie van de boekhandelaar : 45224410 ISBN : 1016974760 9781016974769

‎Newton, Isaac‎

‎Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica Revision IV: The Laws of Orbital Motion‎

‎paperback. Good. Access codes and supplements are not guaranteed with used items. May be an ex-library book. paperback‎

Referentie van de boekhandelaar : 172518348X.G ISBN : 172518348X 9781725183483

‎Newton, Isaac‎

‎Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica Revision IV: Laws of Orbital Motion‎

‎paperback. Good. Access codes and supplements are not guaranteed with used items. May be an ex-library book. paperback‎

Referentie van de boekhandelaar : 1072156059.G ISBN : 1072156059 9781072156055