‎Decouverte‎

‎"FARADAY, MICHAEL. - THE DISCOVERY OF ELECTRO-MAGNETIC INDUCTION (PMM 308) - GERMAN VERSION.‎

‎Experimental-Untersuchungen über Elektricität. (Frei übersetzt aus dem Philosop. Transact. f. 1832). (Erste-) Zweite Reihe. ( I-V). (I. Vertheilung elektrischer Ströme. II. Electricitätserregung durc Magnetismus. III. Neuer elektrischer Zustand der M...‎

‎Leipzig, Johann Ambrosius Barth, 1832. Contemp. hcalf., raised bands, gilt spine. Light wear along edges. In ""Annalen der Physik und Chemie. Hrsg. von J.C. Poggendorff"", Band 25. (Entire volume offered). VIII,648 pp. and 6 folded engraved plates. Small stamps on verso of titlepage and plates. Faraday's papers: pp. 91-142 a. pp. 142-186. with 3 folded engraved plates. Clean and fine.‎

‎First German editions of the 2 first memoirs of Faradays groundbreaking researches on electricity, constituting the first 2 papers of his ""Experimental Researches in Electricity"", and containing his fundamental discovery of electromagnetic induction, THE FOUNDATION OF NEARLY ALL THE ELECTRICITY IN USE TODAY. In 1820 Oersted had generated magnetism from electricity, Faraday here finds the opposite effect, generating electricity by magnetism. He also described the first electrical generator (second paper). THESE PAPERS ARE SOME OF THE GREAT CLASSICS OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS.""Faraday demonstrated this theory involving the lines of force....by inserting a magnet into a coil of wire attached to a galvanometer. While the magnet was being inserted or removd, current flowed through the wire. If the magnet was held stationary and the coil moved over it one way or the other, there was current in the wire. In either case the magnetic lines of force about the magnet were cut by the wire.If the magnet and coil were both held motionless, whether the magnet was within the coil or not, there was no current...Faraday hd thus discovered electricalinduction...It was to lead to great things, but this was not apparent.""(Asimov).""Although his discovery of the electric motor and the dynamo was almost entirely identical to his theoretical discoveries, it laid the foundation of the modern electrical industry - electric light and power, teælephony, wireless telegraphy, televison etc. - by providing for the production of continous mechanical motion from an electrical source, and vice versa."" (PMM, 308).Horblit, 29 - Milestones, 62. - Dibner, 64. - PMM, 308.The volume contains further notable papers. Elie de Beaumont ""Zweiter geologischer Brief...an A.v. Humboldt über die relative Alter der Gebirgszüge"", pp. 1-58 a. 2 plates (one handcoloured), papers by Döbereiner, E. Lenz, Moser, Mitscherlich, de Saussure, J. Dumas, F.E. Neumann, Gay-Lussac, Johannes Müller ""Beobachtungen zur Analyse der Lymphe, des Bluts und des Chylus"", pp. 513-590.‎

书商的参考编号 : 44146

‎"FARADAY, MICHAEL. - THE DISCOVERY OF ELECTRO-MAGNETIC INDUCTION (PMM 308) - FRENCH VERSION.‎

‎Recherches expérimentales sur l'Electricité. I-V. (I. Sur l'induction des courans l'èlectriques. II. Sur le développement de l'électricité par le magnetisme. III. Sur une nouvelle condition électrique de la matière. IV. Sur les phénomènes magnét...‎

‎Paris, Crochard, 1832. Contemp. hcloth, gilt lettering to spine. In: ""Annales de Chimie et de Physique, Par MM. Gay-Lussac et Arago."", tome 50, Series 2. (Entire volume offered). 448 pp. 2 folded engraved plates. Faraday's papers: pp. 5-67 a. pp. 113-162. Some scattered brownspots.‎

‎First French editions of the 2 first memoirs of Faradays groundbreaking researches on electricity, constituting the first 2 papers of his ""Experimental Researches in Electricity"", and containing his fundamental discovery of electromagnetic induction, THE FOUNDATION OF NEARLY ALL THE ELECTRICITY IN USE TODAY. In 1820 Oersted had generated magnetism from electricity, Faraday here finds the opposite effect, generating electricity by magnetism. He also described the first electrical generator (second paper). THESE PAPERS ARE SOME OF THE GREAT CLASSICS OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS.""Faraday demonstrated this theory involving the lines of force....by inserting a magnet into a coil of wire attached to a galvanometer. While the magnet was being inserted or removd, current flowed through the wire. If the magnet was held stationary and the coil moved over it one way or the other, there was current in the wire. In either case the magnetic lines of force about the magnet were cut by the wire.If the magnet and coil were both held motionless, whether the magnet was within the coil or not, there was no current...Faraday hd thus discovered electricalinduction...It was to lead to great things, but this was not apparent.""(Asimov).""Although his discovery of the electric motor and the dynamo was almost entirely identical to his theoretical discoveries, it laid the foundation of the modern electrical industry - electric light and power, teælephony, wireless telegraphy, televison etc. - by providing for the production of continous mechanical motion from an electrical source, and vice versa."" (PMM, 308).Horblit, 29 - Milestones, 62. - Dibner, 64. - PMM, 308.The volume contains further notable papers. Elie de Beaumont ""Zweiter geologischer Brief...an A.v. Humboldt über die relative Alter der Gebirgszüge"", pp. 1-58 a. 2 plates (one handcoloured), papers by Döbereiner, E. Lenz, Moser, Mitscherlich, de Saussure, J. Dumas, F.E. Neumann, Gay-Lussac, Johannes Müller ""Beobachtungen zur Analyse der Lymphe, des Bluts und des Chylus"", pp. 513-590.‎

书商的参考编号 : 48987

‎"GAY-LUSSAC, (JOSEPH) et LOUIS JACQUES THENARD. - THE DISCOVERY OF BORON.‎

‎Sur la décomposition et la recomposition de l'acide boracique.‎

‎Paris, Chez Mad. Ve. Bernard, 1808 Contemp. hcalf., gilt spine. Some scratches to binding.. Verso of titlepage and plates with small stamps.In: ""Annales de Chimie"" Vol. 68. - 358 pp. a. 3 engraved plates. (The entire volume offered). Gay-Lussac's a. Thenard's paper: pp. 169-174.‎

‎First announcement of the results that they had obtaines by treating boric acid with potassium, showing that acid is composed of a combustible substance and oxygen. ""Before regarding their proof (of the existance of a new element) as complete Gay-Lussac and Thenard wished not only to decomposed boric acid, but to recompose it. On November 30 of the same year they were able to state in the 'Annales de Chemie et de Physique"" (the paper offered) that ""the composition of boracid s no longer problematical. In fact, said they, ""we decompose and we recompose this acid at will"" (Weeks ""Discovery of the Elements"", p. 160). - Parkinson ""Breakthroughs"", 1808 C. - Bunch, 1808.The volume contains other importent paper, Davy's famous paper on electrolysis in first French translations, Gayton-Morveau""Description d'un hygrometre pour le gaz..."", d'Arcet ""Observations sur la potasse et sur la soude préparées à l'alcool"" etc.‎

书商的参考编号 : 43299

‎"HAHN, O. (OTTO). - THE DISCOVERY OF RADIOTHORIUM.‎

‎Über ein neues, die Emanation des Thoriums gebendes radioaktives Element.‎

‎Leipzig, S. Hirzel, 1905. No wrappers. Issued in ""Jahrbuch der Radioaktivität und Elekronik"", 2. Bd., Heft 3. Hahn's paper: pp. 233-264. Enntire issue: pp. 233-262 (= entire ""Heft 3""). Fine and clean.‎

‎First printing of this paper, which is Hahn's Habilitation paper, announcung his discovery of a new element in residues from a Ceylon mineral called Thorianite. He later showed that it is an intermediate disintegration product.""Because the sample (thorianite) was small, Ramsay proposed that Hahn confirm Marie Curie's determination of the atomic weight of radium by preparing it in some organic compounds (thereby greatly increasing the total amount being examined) and calculating the atomic weight from the measured molecular weights. Chance sometimes favors the unprepared mind, and Hahn, who familiarized himself with only the basic of radioactivity, followed the prescribed separationss technique and found himself the discovere of a new radioelement: radiothorium. The explanation was that the material given him came from an ore which contained a large percentage of thorium in addition to the radium. Thus, upon completion of the chemical procedure, not all the activity was confined in the radium-containg fraction"" indeed the nes subsyance in the remainder was several hundred thousand times more active than thorium and ultimately yielded the characteristic one.minute halflife of thorium emanation.""(DSB VI, p. 15). - Weeks, Discovery of the Elements,p. 308 ff.).‎

书商的参考编号 : 42829

‎"HENRY, JOSEPH - THE DISCOVERY OF SELF-INDUCTION.‎

‎On the Influence of a Spiral Conductor in increasing the Intensity of Electricity from a Galvanic Arrangement of a Single Pair, &c.‎

‎(London, Richard and John E. Taylor, 1837). No wrappers. Extracted fron ""Scientific Memoirs, selected from The Transactions of Foreign Academies of Science and Learned Societies. Edited by Richard Taylor."", Vol. I. Pp. 540-547.‎

‎Henry's milestone paper announcing his discovery of electrical self-induction. ""Henry independently discovered electro-magnetic induction and in this paper announced his discovery of electric self-induction, one of the prime properies of an electro-magnetic circuit. Henry was an eminent experimenter but was casual in publishing his findings with resulting lack of recognition of his contributions.""(Bern Dibner).Dibner ""Heralds of Sciece"", No.63.It was also printed the same year in ""Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, New Series, Vol. 5"". The paper was later printed in ""Philosophical Magazine"", 1840.""The direction of Henry’s thought became somewhat apparent in his 1835 paper (refers to the papers reading before the American Phil. Soc., febr. 6th, 1835) on the action of a spiral conductor in increasing the intensity of galvanic currents. The paper started out as an affirmation of Henry’s priority in the discovery of self-induction. He then combined induction proper (using Faraday’s findings and his own) with selfinduction to show how these produce a pattern of repulsions yielding an increased effect in spirals. He specifically linked these “magneto-electrical” results to the principles of static induction developed by Cavendish and Poisson. This explanation was then applied to Savary’s report of changes of polarity when magnetic needles were placed at varying distances from a wire in which a current was being transmitted (""Mémoire sur l’aimantation,"" in Annales de chimie et de physique, 34 [1827],. That is, currents appeared periodically in the air surrounding a current-bearing straight wire as a result of the actions of induction and self-induction."" (DSB).Wheeler Gift: 2724-2725a.‎

书商的参考编号 : 47418

‎"HERSCHEL, JOHN W.F. - DISCOVERY OF PRUSSIAN BLUE IN PHOTOGRAPHIC PROCESSES.‎

‎On the Action of the Rays of the Solar Spectrum on Vegetable Colours, and on some new Photographic Processes. Received June 15, - Read June 16, 1842.‎

‎(London, Richard and John E., Taylor, 1842.). 4to. No wrappers as extracted from ""Philosophical Transactions"" 1842 - Part II. Pp. 181-214 and one double-page folded engraved plate.‎

‎First appearance of a pioneer-paper in the history of early photography in which Herschel announced some of his importent discoveries of the photographic printing processes, the process of photographic contact-printing in Prussian blue, brought to light just three years after Louis Daguerre and Henry Talbot had announced their independent inventions of photography in silver, using metal and paper substrates, respectively. and the photographic properties of red ferro sesquicyanuret of potassium.""This is the first recorded observation of Prussian blue being formed for a photographic purpose by the action of light on potassium ferricyanide, so it represents the moment of discovery of the first cyanotype process, although this name still lay in the future. The significance of this observation impressed Herschel sufficiently to mention it also in his general diary entry for 23 April 1842....""(Mike Ware in ""John Herschel's Cyanotype. Invention or discovery ?"").‎

书商的参考编号 : 42843

‎"HUDDART, JOSEPH. - DISCOVERY OF COLOR-BLINDNESS.‎

‎An Account of Persons who could not distinguish Colours. In a Letter to Joseph Priestly.‎

‎London, W. Bowyer and J. Nichols, 1777. 4to. Extracted from ""Philosophical Transactions"", Year 1777. Vol. 67 - Part I. Pp. 260-265. Clean and fine, broadmargined.‎

‎First apperarance of this paper, constituting the first reliable account of colour blindness.Usually Goethe or John Dalton - Huddart's case was cited in Dalton's paper of 1794 - is supposed to have discovered colourblindness. However, the English oculist Joseph Huddart was the discoverer of this phenomenon. The first physiological explanation of it does come from Goethe.Garrison & Morton: 5832.‎

书商的参考编号 : 46614

‎"JANSSEN, PIERRE JULES. - DISCOVERY OF THE FIRST ALIAN ELEMENT, HELIUM.‎

‎Observations spectrales prises pendent l'éclipse du 18 août 1868, et methode d'observation des protubérances des éclipses... Calcutta, 3 octobre 1868.‎

‎(Paris, Gauthier-Villars), 1869. 4to. In: ""Comptes Rendus Hebdomadaires des Séances de L'Academie des Sciences"", Tome 68, No 7. Pp. (349-) 408. (Entire issue offered). Janssen's paper pp. 367-376.‎

‎First printing of the paper in which Janssen announced the discovery of a new element. On August 18, 1868, Janssen managed to do just that. He became the first person to observe helium, an element never before seen on Earth, in the solar spectrum. At the time, though, Janssen didn’t know what he’d seen""just that it was something new""""Helium, the second most abundant element in the universe, was discovered on the sun before it was found on the earth. Pierre-Jules-César Janssen, a French astronomer, noticed a yellow line in the sun's spectrum while studying a total solar eclipse in 1868. Sir Norman Lockyer, an English astronomer, realized that this line, with a wavelength of 587.49 nanometers, could not be produced by any element known at the time. It was hypothesized that a new element on the sun was responsible for this mysterious yellow emission. This unknown element was named helium by Lockyer.""‎

书商的参考编号 : 59086

‎"LECOQ de BOISBAUDRAN, PAUL ÈMILE. - RARE EARTH DISCOVERY - HOLMIUM AND DYSPROSIUM.‎

‎L'holmine (ou terre X de M. Soret) contient au moins deux radicaux métalliques. (+) Sur le dysprosium. (2 Papers).‎

‎(Paris, Gauthier-Villars), 1886. 4to. No wrappers. In: ""Comptes Rendus hebdomadaires des Séances de L'Academie des Sciences"", Tome 102, No 18. Pp. (991-) 1041. (Entire issue offered). The papers: pp. 1003-1004 a. 1005-1006.‎

‎First apperance of the papers in which Lecoc de Boisbaudran described how he separated Holmium into two kinds of earths and naming them.""He accomplished this by fractional prepicitation, first with ammonium hydroxide and then with a saturated solution of potassium sulfate, and found that the constituents of pure holmium solutions precipitate in the folloeing order: terbium, dysprosium, holmium, and erbium. Lecog de Boisbaudran never had an abundant supply of raw materials for his remarkable researches on the rare earths, and he once confided to professor Urbain that most of his fractionations had been carried on on the marble slab of his fireplace.""(Weeks ""Discovery of the Eelements"").Parkinson ""Breakthroughs"", 1886 C.‎

书商的参考编号 : 48205

‎"LEIBNIZ (LEIBNITZ), G.F. - CHRISTIAAN HUYGENS - JOHANN BERNOULLI - JACOB BERNOULLI ET AL. - THE DISCOVERY OF THE ""CATENARY CURVE"" , THE ""LOGARITHMIC CURVE"" AND THE ""POLAR COORDINATES"".‎

‎1. De Linea in quam Flexile se pondere proprio curvat, ejeuque usu insignia adinveniendi quotcunque medias proportionales & Logarithmos. - 2. De Solutionibus Problematis Catenarii vel Funicularis in Actis A. 1691, aliisque a Dn. I.B. propositis. (1-2:...‎

‎Leipzig, Grosse & Gleditsch, 1691. 4to. Contemp. full vellum. Faint handwritten title on spine. a small stamp on titlepage. In: ""Acta Eruditorum Anno MDCLXXXXI"". (8),590,(6) pp. and 13 (of 15) folded engraved plates. The 2 first plates lacks, but they do not belong to the papers listed.Leibniz' papers: pp.277-281 a. 1 plate, pp. 435-439. Johann Bernoulli: pp. 274-276 a. 1 plate. Huygens: pp. 281-282. - Jacob Bernoulli: pp. 282-290 a. 1 plate.‎

‎All papers first apperance. All 5 of extreme importence in the development of the Calculus. Leibniz' 2 papers on the catenary curve (paper 1-2 offered here) was written at the instigation of Jacques Bernoulli. Following the example of Blaise Pascal, who had initiated, in 1658, a contest for the construction of the cycloid, Leibniz also provoked the geometers of his time, by challenging them to submit, at the fixed date of mid-1691, their geometric method for the construction of the catenary curve. Leibniz later provided the answer, followed by Johann Bernoulli and Huygens.'These two papers are a historical account of the origin of the study of this transcendental curve, and, at the same time, the first physical-geometric construction showing the species-relationship between the catenary and the logarithmic curves, as two companion curves" one arithmetic, the other geometric. All of the differentials of the catenary curve, are arithmetic means of corresponding differentials of the logarithmic curve" and, all of the differentials of the logarithmic curve, are geometric means of the catenary.'""The Catenary is the form of a hanging fully flexible rope or chain (the name comes from ""catena"", which means 'chain'), suspended on two points. The interest in this curve originated with Galileo, who thought that is was a parabola. Young Christiaan Huygens proved in 1646 that this cannot be the case. What the actual form was remained an open question till 1691, when Leibniz, Johann Bernoulli and the then much older Huygens sent solutions to the problem to the ""Acta"" (Jakob Bernoulli, 1690, Johann Bernoulli 1691, Huygens 1691 and Leibniz 1691), - these 4 1691-papers offered here - in which the previous year Jakob Bernoulli had challenged mathematicians to solve it. As published, the solutions did not reveal the methods, but through later publications of manuscripts these methods have been known. Huygens applied with great ( paper 4) virtuosity the by then classical methods of 17th century infinitesimal mathematics, and he needed all his ingenuity to reach a satisfactory solution. Leibniz ( the papers 1-2) and Bernoulli (paper 3), applying the new Calculus, found the solutions in a much direct way. In fact, the catenary was a test-case between the old and the new style in the study of curves, and only because the champion of the old style was a giant like Huygens, the test-case can formally be considered as ending in a draw."" (Grattan-Guiness in ""From the Calculus to Set Theory, 1630-1910."").The paper by JACOB BERNOULLI ( no. 5 offered here) is a milestone papers as it marks the invention of the ""SYSTEM OF POLAR COORDINATES"" with points located by reference to a fixed point and a line through that point. Although newton had earlier also devised such a coordinate system (in 1671), his work was not known, so that the credit for the discovery generally goes to Bernoulli. (Parkinson, Breakthroughs (1691).Further papers contained in this volume of Acta Eruditorum:DENYS PAPIN: Mecanicorum de Viribus Motricibus sententia, asserta a D. Papino adversius C.G.G. L. (Leibniz) objectiones. pp. 6-13. The plate lacks. - and Dion. Papini Observationes quaedam circa materias ad Hydraulicam spectantes. Pp. 208-213 a. 1 plate. This importent paper is part of the LEIBNIZ-PAPIN-CONTROVERSY.JACOB BERNOULLI: Specimen Calculi Differentialis in dimensione Parabolæ helicoidis, ubi de flexuris curvarum in genere, carundem evolutionibus. Pp. 13-22. The plate lacks. - and J.B. Demonstratio Centri Oscillationis ex Natura Vectis, reperta occassione eorum, quæ super hac materia in Historia Literaria Roterodamensi recensentur, articulo...Pp.317-321.LEIBNIZ: O.V.E. Additio ad Schediasma de Medii Resistentia publicatum in Actis mensis Febr. 1889. Pp. 177-178. and O.V.E. Quadratura Arithmetica Communis Sectionum Conicarum quæ centrum babent,...Pp. 178-182 a. 1 plate.TSCHIRNHAUS: Singularia Effecta Vitri Caustici bipedalis, quod omnia magno sumtu hactenus constructa specula ustoria virtute superat, per D.T. Pp. 517-520‎

书商的参考编号 : 41859

‎"LOMONOSOW (LOMONOSOV), MICHAELE (MIKHAIL). - THE DISCOVERY OF THE TRANSITION OF A METAL INTO PASSIVE STATE.‎

‎Dissertatio de Actione Menstruorum Chymicorum in Genere. (Considerations of the Action of chemical Solvents).‎

‎(Petropoli (St. Petersbourg), 1750). 4to. Uncut, without wrappers. Extracted from ""Novi Commentarii Academiae Scientiarum Imperialis Petropolitanae"", Tom. I. ad Annum 1747 et 1748. Pp. 245-266 a. 1 engraved plate (ad. p. 251). Clean and fine.‎

‎First appearance of a groundbreaking paper in chemistry in which Lomonosov describes his discovery of the transition of a metal into passive state, and this is the first scientific description of this phenomena. He observed and described fast termination of the dissolution of iron in concentrated nitric acid, and attributed this to a change in the solvent properties.""Lomonosov employed corpuscular mechanics in chemical explanations more extensively than Boyle had done. Treating chemical compounds as particles in adhesion, he held that ""adhesion is eliminated and renewed by means of motion.....since no change in a body can take place withouy motion"". He attempted to apply these theories to chemical phenomena - although he was limited to speculation- in papers on the action of chemical solvents in general..""(DSB VIII, p. 469).""Lomonosov was founder of Russian science, and he would be universally recognized as a great pioneer of science had he been born a West European. He was famous also for his literary works, including poems and dramas. In 1755 he wrote a Russian Grammar that reformed the language and in the same year he helped found the University of Moscow. In 1760 he published the first history of Russia.""(Isaac Asimov).‎

书商的参考编号 : 42895

‎"MATTEUCCI, CARLO. - THE DISCOVERY OF THE ""CURRENT OF INJURY"" AND THE ""CURRENT OF REST"".‎

‎Note sur les phénomenes électriques des animaux""‎

‎(Paris, Bachelier), 1841. 4to. No wrappers. In: ""Comptes Rendus Hebdomadaires des Séances de L'Academie des Sciences"", Tome XIII, No. 10. Pp. (487-) 558. (Entire issue offered). Matteucci's paper: pp. 540-41.‎

‎First appearance of a main paper in the history of electro-physiology.""The discovery by Volta of means for producing galvanic currents led to the construction of a galvanometer for measuring currents and later to its refinement.... In 1841 Matteucci presented... a paper which showed that a galvanometer indicates a curring flowing whenh it is connected from the surface of a muscle to a wound in the muscle, a current that was later called the ""current of injury"" and also the ""current of rest"", since it flowed without observable muscular contraction. Johannes Müller showed tis paper to his brilliant pupil, du Bois-reymond... Du Bois interest was caught at once. He published his first paper on ""thierische Electricität"" in 1843, and his two-volumes on the subject - soon to become the classic - in 1848-49.""(Boring ""History of Experimental Psychology"", p. 40).‎

书商的参考编号 : 47143

‎"NILSON, L.- F. (LARS FREDRIK). - THE DISCOVERY OF A NEW ELEMENT SCANDIUM.‎

‎Sur l'ytterbine, terre nouvelle de M. Marignac. (+) Sur le scandium, élément nouveau.‎

‎(Paris, Gauthier-Villars), 1879. 4to. No wrappers. In: ""Comptes Rendus Hebdomadaires des Séances de L'Academie des Sciences"", Tome 88, No 12. Pp. (625-) 676. (Entire issue offered). Nilson's papers: pp. 642-645 a. 645-648. First leaf with a tear to right margin, no loss of paper.‎

‎First apperance of the papers in which Nilson describes his discovery of a new element and its properties, and naming it Scandium. It was the second new element found after Mendeleev's prediction of its existence as ""Eka-Boron"".""Mendeléeff had predicted that another element, which he called eka-boron and which he said would have an atomic weight between 40 (calcium) and 48 (titanium), would some day be revealed. It was discovered in 1879 by Lars Fredrik Nilson.... Nilson extracted 63 grams of the rare earth erbia from gadolinite and euxenite, and converted it into the nitrate. Upon decomposing this salt by heat, as Marignac had done, he obtained some very pure ytterbia and, to his great surprise, an earth that was unknown to him.Upon thoroughly investigating this new earth, he found that it contained an element whose properties concided almost exactly with those Mendeléef had predicted for ekaboron. Nilson called it scandium in honour of his fatherland.""(Weeks ""Discovery of the Elements"" pp. 219-20).Parkinson ""Breakthroughs"" 1879 C.‎

书商的参考编号 : 47273

‎"PASTEUR, (LOUIS). - THE DISCOVERY OF ANAEROBIC LIFE.‎

‎Animalcules infusoires vivant sans gaz oxygène libre et déterminant des fermentations.‎

‎(Paris, Mallet-Bachelier), 1861. 4to. No wrappers. In: ""Comptes Rendus Hebdomadaires des Séances de L'Academie des Sciences"", Tome 52, No 8. Pp. (321-) 368. (Entire issues offered). Pasteur's paper: pp. 344-347. Minor marginal brownspots.‎

‎First printing of a milestone paper in microbiology, being the paper in which Pasteur disclosed his discovery of organisms that lived without oxygen. Two years later he named them anaerobic or zymics, contrasting to aerobic which only lived in the presence of free oxygen.""In 1861 he turned his attention to the butyric fermentation and made another importent discovery, viz. that this fermentation proceeds in the absence of oxygen. In the fermented material he found cylindrical rods, which he showed were the cause of the fermentation. Following the nomenclature and ideas of the time he regarded them as animal in character and named them Vibrio..."" (Bullock ""The History of Bacteriology"", p. 61).‎

书商的参考编号 : 53357

‎"PASTEUR, LOUIS. - ANNOUNCING THE DISCOVERY OF ""MOLECULAR ASSYMETRY""‎

‎Mémoire sur la relation qui peut exister entre la forme cristalline et la composition chimique, et sur la cause de la polarisation rotatoire"" (Extrait). (Séance du Lundi 22 Mai 1848).‎

‎(Paris, Bachelier), 1848. 4to. No wrappers. In: ""Comptes Rendus Hebdomadaires des Séances de L'Academie des Sciences"", Tome 26, No 21. Pp. (529-) 548. (Entire issue offered). Pasteur's paper: pp. 535-538. Clean and fine.‎

‎First appearance of the announcement of Pasteur's momentous and revolutionary discovery of ""molecular assymetry"" and founding the science of Polarimetry.The discovery was first announced by Pasteur in may 1848 by the printing of the preliminary report of only 4 short pages, in order to establish priority (the paper offered). A more full exposition was published the same year in ""Annales de Chimie et de Physique"", 3me Series - Tome XXIV.""In 1848....Pasteur studied the crystals of tartrates (one of the substances that exhibited the now-clockwise, now-counterclockwise effect) under the microscope and found that the xcrystasls were mirror images of the others. The two crystals resemmbled each other as a right-hand glove resembles a left-hand glove....This was a revolutionary discovery and it took some courage to announce it. A few years before, the well-known chemist Mitscherlich had studies the same tartrate crystals and declared them all to be identical. Pasteur was only a twenty-sic-year-old unknown. neverthelless he announced his findings and went before Biot to repeat the separation ofthe crystals before the eyes of the aged authority in the field. Biot was convinced and Pasteur received the Rumford medal of the Royal Society for his work....Pasteur had thus founded the science of polarimetry in which the measurements of the manner in which the plane of polarized light was twisted could be used to help to determine the structure of organic substance, to follow various chemical reactions, and so on.""(Asimov). Leicester & Klickstein ""A Source Book of Chemistry"", p. 374-379).‎

书商的参考编号 : 49456

‎"PAYEN, A. et J.F. PERSOZ - DISCOVERY OF THE FIRST ENZYME, DIASTASE.‎

‎Mémoire sur la diastase, les principaux produits de ses réactions et leurs applications aux arts industriels"" (Memoir on diastase, the principal products of its reactions, and their applications to the industrial arts),‎

‎Paris, Crochard, 1833. Contemp. hcalf. Raised bands, gilt spine with gilt lettering. A few scratches to spine. Stamps to verso of titlepage. In: ""Annales de Chimie et de Physique, Par MM. Gay-Lussac et Arago."", Series 2, tome 53. Entire volume offered. 448 pp. Payen & Persoz's paper: pp. 73-92. Clean and fine.‎

‎First printing of a pioneering paper in industrial chemistry and microbiology, being the discovery of the first Enzyme, Diastase. It catalyses the breakdown of starch into maltose.‎

书商的参考编号 : 51493

‎"PELTIER, JEAN CHARLES A. - DISCOVERY OF THE ""PELTIER-EFFECT""‎

‎Nouvelle Expériences sur la Caloricité des courans électriques.‎

‎(Paris, Crochard, 1834). No wrappers. In: ""Annales de Chimie et de Physique"", 2. Series, Tome 56, Cahier 4 (last issue of tome 56). Entire issue offered. Pp. 337-444. Peltier's paper: pp. 371-386. The text calls for a plate, but not present here.‎

‎First printing of the paper in which Peltier describes his discovery of the ""Peltier-Effect"", the thermo-electric cooling and heating of an electrical junction dependent on the direction of the current.""Stimulated by the work of Nobili, Peltier constructed a sensitive galvanometer to measure the conductivities of antimony and bismuth for small currents. Peltier's use of small samples of these nonductile materials was fortunate because the anomalous behavior of these materials led him to construct a thermoelectric thermoscope and to measure the temperature distribution along a series of thermocouple circuits. He discovered that a cooling effect can take place at one junction and an excessive heating at the other. He then confirmed this discovery by using an air thermometer in place of the thermoscope. Peltier did not pursue the effect he had discovered, and its importence was not fully recognized until after the thermodynamic work of William Thomson twenty years later.""(DSB X, p. 500).Wheeler Gift no 2684. - Ronald's Library, p. 389. - Parkinson ""Breakthroughs"" 1834 P.‎

书商的参考编号 : 43654

‎"PIRIA, RAFFAELE. - THE DISCOVERY OF SALICIN - ASPIRIN.‎

‎Recherches sur la Salicine et les produits qui en dérivent.‎

‎Paris, Bachelier, 1839. 4to. No wrappers. In: ""Comptes Rendus Hebdomadaires des Séances de L'Academie des Sciences"", Tome VIII, No 13. Pp. (459-) 504. (Entire issue offered). Piria's paper: pp. 479-485.‎

‎First apperance of a main paper in pharmacology, describing the discovery of Salicylic acid compound, giving it the empirical formula C7H6O3. It is the most successful drug in history. A trillion tablets are consumed every year. Used to treat everything from headaches to heart disease, from rheumatism to cancer - scientists are still struggling to understand all its qualities. But aspirin can truly claim the title of wonder drug.Raffaele Piria (20 August 1814 - 18 July 1865), an Italian chemist from Scilla who converted the substance Salicin into a sugar and a second component, which on oxidation becomes salicylic acid, a major component of an analgesic drug, Aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid).Garrison & Morton No 1857.‎

书商的参考编号 : 47232

‎"POINCARE, H. (HENRI). - THE DISCOVERY OF AUTOMORPHIC FORMS.‎

‎Sur les fonctions fuchsiennes. (+) Sur les fonctions.... Note. (+) Sur les fonctions.... Note.‎

‎(Paris: Gauthier-Villars), 1882. 4to. No wrappers. In: ""Comptes Rendus Hebdomadaires des Seances de l'Academie des Sciences"", Vol 94, No 4 + 15 + 17. Pp. (149-) 184, pp. (997--) 1068 a. pp. (1139-) 1214. (3 entire issues offered). Poincare's papers: pp. 163-168, 1038-1042 a. 1166-67.‎

‎First appearance in print of the discovery of the automorphic forms, which Poincaré named Fuchsian functions.""One of Poincaré's first discoveries in mathematics, dating to the 1880s, was automorphic forms. He named them Fuchsian functions, after the mathematician Lazarus Fuchs, because Fuchs was known for being a good teacher and had researched on differential equations and the theory of functions. Poincaré actually developed the concept of these functions as part of his doctoral thesis. Under Poincaré's definition, an automorphic function is one which is analytic in its domain and is invariant under a discrete infinite group of linear fractional transformations. Automorphic functions then generalize both trigonometric and elliptic functions."" (Wikipedia).‎

书商的参考编号 : 49173

‎"RAMSAY, WILLIAM & PER THEODOR CLEVE. - THE INDEPENDENTLY DISCOVERY OF HELIUM ON EARTH‎

‎On a Gas showing the Spectrum of Helium, the reputed cause of D3, one of the Lines in the Coronal Spectrum. preliminary Note. (Received March 26, 1895). (+) Helium, a Gaseous Constituent of certain Minerals. Part I. And (P.E. CLEVE:) Sur la présence d...‎

‎London, arrison and Sons, 1895. - (Paris, Gauthier-Villars), 1895. 8vo. and 4to. Later full cloth, gilt lettering to spine (Ramsay) and without wrappers (Cleve). In ""Proceedings of the Royal Society"" (Ramsay), Vol. 58. (Entire vol. offered). And in ""Comptes Rendus Hebdomadaires des Séances de L'Academie des Sciences"" (Cleve), Tome 120, No 15. Pp. (797-) 850. (Entire issue offered). Ramsay's papers: pp. 65-67 and pp. 81-89. - Cleve's paper: p. 834. Stamps tp edges and a few corners a bit bumped on vol. 58, otherwise clean and fine.‎

‎First printing of both papers in which Ramsay and Cleve - independently - announced their discovery of Helium on the Earth. Although Ramsay announced the discovery of Helium before Cleve had completed his research, the Swedish chemist was independent discoverer of the element.Helium was discovered in the sun already in 1868 by Jules Janssen and independently by Lockyer the same year. Janssen discovered helium in the sun when he observed a total eclipse in India by studying the spectra of the suns chromosphere and Lockyer, also by spectroscopy, found that the new line in the spectrum did not belong to any element then known and he named it Helium for the sun.In the same volume as Ramsays paper there are 5 papers by NORMAN LOCKYER dealing with the discovery of Helium on the earth, examining Ramsay's and Cleve's findings.Parkinson ""Breakthroughs"", 1895.‎

书商的参考编号 : 49284

‎"RAOULT, F.-M. (FRANCOIS MARIE). - DISCOVERY OF RAOULT'S LAWS.‎

‎Loi générale de congélation des dissolvants, Mémoire de... (Extrait par l'auteur). (+) Loi générale des tensions de vapeur des dissolvants. (2 Papers).‎

‎(Paris, Gauthier-Villars), 1882. 4to. No wrappers. In: ""Comptes Rendus Hebdomadaires des Séances de L'Academie des Sciences"", Tome 95, No 22 a. Tome 104 No 21 (entire issues offered). Pp. 1017-1076 and pp. 1387-1462. Raoult's papers: pp. 1030-33 (tome 95) and pp. 1430-1433 (tome 104).‎

‎First appearance of Raoult's two importent papers in which described a method for finding the molecular weight of an organic compound by the determination of the lowering of the freezing point of water that resulted from dissolving that compound in water and the law governing the relation between solutes and vapor pressure.""Then in 1882, F.-M. Raoult published his results on the effects of nondissociating organic solutes, from which he deduced a general law controlling the lowering of freezing points (the first paper offered). Four years later he extended this work to show the effect of solutes on vapor pressure (the second paper offered). Having established the effect of nondissociating compounds, he was in position to show that salts produced an eeffect which, though anomalous, could nevertheless be explained by the supposition that a dissolved molecule broke up into other molecules. This work was of great value in supplying a new method for determining molecular weights, since the depression of freezing point and vapor pressure (as well a the related rise in boiling point later discovered) are proportional to the moleculat concentrations ofthe solutions"" it was of equal value in supporting the ideas of van't Hoff on osmotic pressure. With the announcement of the dissociation theory of Arrhenius, the anomalies were explained and the full significance of the generalizations of Raoult was recognized. Raoult published the formulations of his laws in the ""Comptes Rendus"" for 1882 and 1887 (the papers offered)"" (Leicester a. Klickstein ""A Source Book in Chemistry"", pp. 471 ff).‎

书商的参考编号 : 47024

‎"RAYLEIGH, LORD (J.W. STRUTT) and WILLIAM RAMSAY. - THE DISCOVERY OF ARGON.‎

‎Argon, a New Constituent of the Atmosphere. Received and Read January 31, 1895.‎

‎London, Harrison and Sons, 1895. 4to. Orig. full cloth. Gilt lettering to spine. Blindtooled covers. First corner a bit bumped. In ""Philosophical Transactions"", Vol. 186 - I, Series A. XIV,(2),602,(4) pp. (Entire volume offered). The paper: p. 187-241 a. 8 textillustrations (apparatus). The title-page with faint brownspots. Otherwise internally clean and fine.‎

‎First printing of this importent paper in the history of chemistry, Lord Rayleigh's most famous discovery, announcing the discovery of this new gas, the first finding of one of the rare gases (inert gases) having unusual properties, and forming a distinct group in the periodic table, and all with zero valency.""The original paper in the ""Philosophical Transactions"" will undoubtly rank as a classic, the investigation having been a particularly brilliant ine."" (Ernst von Meyer in History of Chemistry). For this discovery Lord Rayleigh and W. Ramsay received the Nobel Prize (1904). The volume also contains WILLIAM CROOKES ""On the Spectra of Argon"", OSBORNE REYNOLD ""On the Dynamical Theory of Incompressible Viscous Fluids and the determination of the Criterion"", KARL PEARSON ""Contributions to the Mathematical Theory of Evolution. - II. Skew Variations in Homogenous Materials"" etc.After having made several measuring of the densities of gases, ""Rayleigh came across a curious puzzle. With oxygen, he always obtained the same density, regardless of how the oxygen might be produced, whether from one particular compound, from a second compound, or from the air. The situation was different with nitrogen. The nitrogen he obtained from air constantly showed a slightly higher density than the nitrogen he obtained from any of various compounds. Rayleigh could think of several ways in which the nitrogen obtained from air might be contaminated but none of the possibilities checked out experimentally. He was so frustrated that he went so far as to write to the journal ""Nature"" asking for suggestions. Ramsay, a brilliant Scottish chemist, asked permission to tackle the problem and received it. The upshot was that a new gas, somewhat denser that nitrogen, was discovered to exist in the atmosphere. It was named argon and it was the first of a series of rare gases of unusual properties whose existence had never been suspected.""(Asimow).Dibner, Heralds of Science No. 50 - Neville, Historical Chemical Library vol. II, p.358.‎

书商的参考编号 : 49207

‎"RITTER, (JOHANN W.). - THE DISCOVERY OF ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT.‎

‎Versuche über das Sonnenlicht.‎

‎Halle, Rengerschen Buchhandlung, 1803. Without wrappers as extracted from ""Annalen der Physik. Herausgegeben von Ludwig Wilhelm Gilbert"", Jahrgang 1802, Bd. 12, Zwölftes Stück. Pp. 409-416. Titlepage to vol. 12.‎

‎This is Ritter's first expositon of his discovery of ultraviolet light. It was announced the year before in a halfpage letter addressed to Gilbert's Annalen and printed in the Annalen. With that discovery, it became clear that visible light represents no more than a fraction of a continous spectrum.A year earlier, in 1800, William Herschel discovered infrared light. This was the first time that a form of light beyond visible light had been detected. After hearing about Herschel's discovery of an invisible form of light beyond the red portion of the spectrum, Ritter decided to conduct experiments to determine if invisible light existed beyond the violet end of the spectrum as well. He had heard that blue light caused a greater reaction in silver chloride than red light did. Ritter decided to measure the rate at which silver chloride reacted to the different colors of light. He directed sunlight through a glass prism to create a spectrum. He then placed silver chloride in each color of the spectrum and found that it showed little change in the red part of the spectrum, but darkened toward the violet end of the spectrum. Johann Ritter then decided to place silver chloride in the area just beyond the violet end of the spectrum, in a region where no sunlight was visible. To his amazement, this region showed the most intense reaction of all. This showed for the first time that an invisible form of light existed beyond the violet end of the visible spectrum. This new type of light, which Ritter called Chemical Rays, later became known as ultraviolet light or ultraviolet radiation (the word ultra means beyond).‎

书商的参考编号 : 43638

‎"RUTHERFORD, ERNEST - NIELS BOHR - C.G. DARWIN. - THE DISCOVERY OF THE 'PROTON'.‎

‎The Structure of the Atom. (Rutherford) + (Darwin:) Collision of 'alpha' Particles with Light Atoms. + (Bohr:) On the Effect of Electric and Magnetic Fields on Spectral Lines‎

‎London, 1914. No wrappers, but stiched. All three papers contained in: ""Philosophical Magazine"", Sixth Series, Vol. 27. No. 159. March 1914. The whole issue issue offered (=no. 159): pp. 397-540 and 2 plates.Rutherford's paper.pp. 488-498. - Darwin's paper: pp. 499-506. - Bohr's paper: pp. 506-523. All clean and fine.‎

‎First edition and first printing of all three papers. Rutherford, in this paper for the first time identifies the hydrogen nucleus, and called it the 'positive electron'. He later called it 'the proton' . In his definitive paper of 1911 he estimated the radius of the nucleus, a hundred thousand times smaller than that of an atom. Darwin in his paper (offered here) gave a more precise measure.In the first lines of the paper Rutherford outlines the content ""The present paper and and the accompanying paper by Mr. C. Darwin (the second paper offered here) deal with certain points in connection with the ""nucleus"" theory of the atom which were purposely omitted in my first communication on that subject (Phil. Mag. May 1911). A brief account is given of the later investigations which have been made to test the theory and of the deductions which can be drawn from them. At the same time a brief statement is given of recent observations on the passage of alpha particles through hydrogen, which throw importent light on the dimensions of the nucleus."" - Rutherford had studies alpha-particles intensely in the years before 1914 and proved quite conclusively that the individual particle was a helium atom with its electrons removed. The alpha particles were like the positive rays that had been discovered by Goldstein (1886), and now in 1914 (the paper offered) Rutherford suggested that the simplest positive rays must be those obtained from the hydrogen and that these must be the fundamentall positively-charged particle. He names it a 'positive electron'.Darwin, in the paper offered ""concluded from the known data:""No force proportional to some power of the distance other than the inverse square can give the dependence (the Rutherford scattering cross section) on (the initial velocity)"", and he then calculated the distance of closest alpha-particle-nucleus approach.The paper by Niels Bohr relates to ""The Stark effect"". In 1913 appeared ""an importent new discovery: when atomic hydrogen is exposed to a static electrical field its spectral lines split, the amount of splitting being proportional to thefield strenght (the linear Stark effect). After Rutherford read this news in ""Nature"", he at once wrote to Bohr:'I think it is rather up to you at the present time to write something on....electric effects.'"" (A. Pais). Bohrs paper on The Stark effect appeared in 1914, the paper offered here. - Rosenfeld. Niels Bohr' publications No. 10).‎

书商的参考编号 : 41545

‎"SCHWANN, THEODOR. - THE DISCOVERY OF PEPSIN, THE FIRST KNOWN ANIMAL ENZYME.‎

‎Ueber das Wesen des Verdauungsprocesses. (On the essence of digestion).‎

‎(Leipzig, Johann Ambrosius Barth, 1836). Without wrappers. In ""Annalen der Physik und Chemie. Hrsg. von J.C. Poggendorff"", Band 38, No. 6 (= Zweyte Stück). Titlepage to Vol. 38. Pp. 241-450 a. 3 engraved plates.(Entire issue offered, Heft No. 6, Bd. 38). Schwann's paper: pp. 358-364. Clean and fine.‎

‎First appearance of an importent paper in the history of biology, in which Schwann describes his discovery and isolation of pepsin, the substance in the stomach that aids digestion of eggwhite. It is the FIRST KNOWN ANIMAL ENZYME. The paper appeared at the same time in ""Archiv für Anatomie, Physiologie und Wissenschaftliches Medicin""Theodor Schwann (1810-1882) was a great German physiologist, pathologist, and experimenter. One of the founders of the cell doctrine and of the idea of the living nature of yeast. Born at Neuss, near Düsseldorff. A catholic, educated in the Jesuit Gymnasium in Cologne. Intended for the church but took to medicine. He was a pupil of Johannes Müller and a collegueand lifelong friend of J. Henle, the anatomist. In Berlin Schwann was Johannes Müller's assistent for five years, and it was then that he discovered pepsin in 1836 (the paper offered).Parkinson ""Breakthroughs"" 1836 B.The issue contains other importent papers by Seebeck, Matteucci, Marchand, G. Magnus ""Ueber die Wirkung des Ankers auf Elektromagnete und Stahlmagnete"", Schönbein, J. Müller ""Ueber die Structur und die chemischen Eigenschaften der thierischen Bestandtheile der Knorpel und Knochen"" + Nachtrag., Forchhammer ""Der kopaische See und seine unterirdischen Abzugskanäle.."" with a map.‎

书商的参考编号 : 43417