‎Decouverte‎

‎"NILSON, L.- F. (LARS FREDRIK). - THE DISCOVERY OF A NEW ELEMENT SCANDIUM.‎

‎Sur l'ytterbine, terre nouvelle de M. Marignac. (+) Sur le scandium, élément nouveau.‎

‎(Paris, Gauthier-Villars), 1879. 4to. No wrappers. In: ""Comptes Rendus Hebdomadaires des Séances de L'Academie des Sciences"", Tome 88, No 12. Pp. (625-) 676. (Entire issue offered). Nilson's papers: pp. 642-645 a. 645-648. First leaf with a tear to right margin, no loss of paper.‎

‎First apperance of the papers in which Nilson describes his discovery of a new element and its properties, and naming it Scandium. It was the second new element found after Mendeleev's prediction of its existence as ""Eka-Boron"".""Mendeléeff had predicted that another element, which he called eka-boron and which he said would have an atomic weight between 40 (calcium) and 48 (titanium), would some day be revealed. It was discovered in 1879 by Lars Fredrik Nilson.... Nilson extracted 63 grams of the rare earth erbia from gadolinite and euxenite, and converted it into the nitrate. Upon decomposing this salt by heat, as Marignac had done, he obtained some very pure ytterbia and, to his great surprise, an earth that was unknown to him.Upon thoroughly investigating this new earth, he found that it contained an element whose properties concided almost exactly with those Mendeléef had predicted for ekaboron. Nilson called it scandium in honour of his fatherland.""(Weeks ""Discovery of the Elements"" pp. 219-20).Parkinson ""Breakthroughs"" 1879 C.‎

书商的参考编号 : 47273

‎"DEBIERNE, (ANDRÉ). - THE DISCOVERY OF ACTINIUM.‎

‎Sur une nouvelle matière radio-active.‎

‎(Paris, Gauthier-Villars), 1898. 4to. No wrappers. In: ""Comptes Rendus Hebdomadaires des Séances de L'Academie des Sciences"", Tome 129, No 16. Pp. (567-) 626. (Entire issue offered). Debierne's paper: pp. 593-595. Paperquality rather poor, a bit fragile.‎

‎First appearance of the paper in which Debierne announced his discovery of a new radioactive element found in uranium residues.""In 1906 Professor Hahn discovered radioactinium between actinium an actinium X. Actinium emanation, or ""action"", like radon, is an inert gas, was discovered independently by F. Giesel and André Debierne."" (Weeks ""Discovery of the Elements"", p. 307.Parkinson ""Breakthroughs"" 1899 C.‎

书商的参考编号 : 47409

‎"RAMSAY, WILLIAM and MORRIS W. TRAVERS. - DISCOVERY OF THE ELEMENT KRYPTON.‎

‎On a new Constituent of Atmospheric Air. Received June 8 - Read June 9, 1898.‎

‎(London, Taylor and Francis, 1898) No wrappers. In ""Proceedings of the Royal Society of London."", Vol.63, Nos. 399-400 (both issues offered).. Pp. 373-480 a. 5 plates. Ransay & Travers' paper: pp. 405-408.‎

‎First appearance of the paper in which Ramsay and Travers announced their discovery of a new element which they named ""krypton"" (meaning hidden).""Dr. William Hampson presented them (Ransay & Travers) with about a liter of liquid air, which they used, not for liquefying the argon, but for obstaining sufficient skill in manipulation so that they would not risk loosing their precious fifteen liter of argon......The residue left after most of the liquid air had boliled away consisted largly of oxygen and nitrogen, which Ramsay and Travers temoved with red-hot copper and magnesium. ....(they) then examined the twenty-five cibic centimeters of residual gas, and when they found it to be inerst, they immediately placedit in a Pl'ucker tube connected to and induction coil and observed its spectrum. There was a bright yelælow line with a greener tint than that of the helium line and a brilliant green line that did nor coincide with any line of argon, helium, mercury, or hydrogen. They discoverede this gas on 30 May, 1898, and named it 'krypton'....they found that it belonged between bromine and rubidium in the periodic table, and so great was their excitement that the younger chemist almost forgot about his examination for doctor of sciwence which had been schedules for the next day.""(Weeks, p. 267).Parkinson ""Breakthroughs"", 1898 C.‎

书商的参考编号 : 44238

‎"HENRY, JOSEPH - THE DISCOVERY OF SELF-INDUCTION - GERMAN VERSION.‎

‎Ueber elektro-dynamische Induction.‎

‎(Leipzig, Johann Ambrosius Barth, 1842). Without wrappers. In ""Annalen der Physik und Chemie. Hrsg. von J.C. Poggendorff"", Ergänzungsband 1, Stück 2. Pp. 193-384 a. 1 folded engraved plate. (The entire issue offered). Henry's paper: pp. 282-312.‎

‎First German version of Henry's description of his discovery of self-induction. He missed the credit for the discovery of induction to Faraday, but he had done the key experiment ahead of Faraday, but Faraday was the first to publish. But he is credited for the discovery of self-induction (1832) and Faraday discovered it independently two years later (1834).""In Henry's paper, however, he explained thet the electric current in a coil can induce another current not only in another coil but in itself. The actual current observed in the coil is, then, the combination of the original current and the induced current. This is called self induction.""(Isac Asimov).The issue contains further notable papers Michael Faraday's ""Vierzehnte Reihe von Experimental-Untersuchungen über Elektricität"", 2o-22. (Nos 1667-1748). Pp. 249-281. First German version. In this paper FARADAYamplifies his theory of electrostatic induction by making further use of the analogy with the induction of magnetism. Whittaker describes the paper as having ""THE FUNDAMENTAL EQUATION OF ELECTROSTATICS"", as modified in order to take into account the effect of the specific inductive capacity.""(Whittaker I, pp.187-89).‎

书商的参考编号 : 44147

‎"FARADAY, MICHAEL. - THE DISCOVERY OF ELECTRO-MAGNETIC INDUCTION (PMM 308) - FRENCH VERSION.‎

‎Recherches expérimentales sur l'Electricité. I-V. (I. Sur l'induction des courans l'èlectriques. II. Sur le développement de l'électricité par le magnetisme. III. Sur une nouvelle condition électrique de la matière. IV. Sur les phénomènes magnét...‎

‎Paris, Crochard, 1832. Contemp. hcalf., gilt spine, light wear along edges. In: ""Annales de Chimie et de Physique, Par MM. Gay-Lussac et Arago."", tome 50, Series 2. (Entire volume offered). 448 pp. 2 folded engraved plates. Faraday's papers: pp. 5-67 a. pp. 113-162.‎

‎First French editions of the 2 first memoirs of Faradays groundbreaking researches on electricity, constituting the first 2 papers of his ""Experimental Researches in Electricity"", and containing his fundamental discovery of electromagnetic induction, THE FOUNDATION OF NEARLY ALL THE ELECTRICITY IN USE TODAY. In 1820 Oersted had generated magnetism from electricity, Faraday here finds the opposite effect, generating electricity by magnetism. He also described the first electrical generator (second paper). THESE PAPERS ARE SOME OF THE GREAT CLASSICS OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS.""Faraday demonstrated this theory involving the lines of force....by inserting a magnet into a coil of wire attached to a galvanometer. While the magnet was being inserted or removd, current flowed through the wire. If the magnet was held stationary and the coil moved over it one way or the other, there was current in the wire. In either case the magnetic lines of force about the magnet were cut by the wire.If the magnet and coil were both held motionless, whether the magnet was within the coil or not, there was no current...Faraday hd thus discovered electricalinduction...It was to lead to great things, but this was not apparent.""(Asimov).""Although his discovery of the electric motor and the dynamo was almost entirely identical to his theoretical discoveries, it laid the foundation of the modern electrical industry - electric light and power, teælephony, wireless telegraphy, televison etc. - by providing for the production of continous mechanical motion from an electrical source, and vice versa."" (PMM, 308).Horblit, 29 - Milestones, 62. - Dibner, 64. - PMM, 308.‎

书商的参考编号 : 44145

‎"ÅNGSTRÖM, A.J. (ANDERS JONAS). - THE DISCOVERY OF HYDROGEN IN THE SUN.‎

‎Ueber die Fraunhofer'schen Linien im Sonnenspectrum. (Mitgetheilt vom Hrn. verf. aus d. Oefversigt af K. vet. Acad. Förhandl."" 1861, No 8, nebst einem späteren Zusatz).‎

‎Leipzig, Johann Ambrosius Barth, 1862. Without wrappers as issued in ""Annalen der Physik und Chemie. Hrsg. von J.C. Poggendorff"", Vierte Reihe Bd. 27 (117), Stück Zwei, No. 10. The entire issue offered. Titlepage to vol. 27. Pp. 193-352 a. 1 engraved plate. Ångströms paper: pp. 290-302.‎

‎First appearance in German of Ångström's famous paper in which he announced the discovery of hydrogen in the atmosphere of the sun and in which he also confirmed the probable existence of of other elements there. The paper appeared in ""Oefversigt af K. Vet. Acad. Förhandl."" in 1861. The German paper here is expanded. At the same time it was translated into English and publishe as ""On the Fraunhofer Lines Visible in the Solar Spectrum"".Ångström was one of the early formulators of the science of modern spectroscopy" he wrote extensively on terrestrial magnetism, the conduction of heat, and especially spectroscopy. He published a monumental map of the normal solar spectrum that expressed the length of light waves in units of one ten-millionth of a millimeter, a unit of length now known as the angstrom. He discovered that hydrogen is present in the sun's atmosphere, and he was the first to examine the spectrum of the aurora borealis.‎

书商的参考编号 : 44063

‎"SCHMIDT, G.C. - THE DISCOVERY THAT THORIUM IS RADIOACTIVE.‎

‎Ueber die von den Thorverbindungen und einigen andern Substanzen ausgehende Strahlung.‎

‎Berlin, J.A. Barth, 1898. No wrappers. In ""Annalen der Physik"", Neue Folge Band 65, No 5. Pp. 1-240.. (Entire issue offered, No.5). Titlepage to vol. 65. Stamp on titlepage. Schmidt's paper: pp. 141-151, textillustr. A tear to inner lower corners of pp. 24-32. (not affecting Schmidt's paper). Clean and fine.‎

‎First printing of Schmidt's full exposition, in which he describes his discovery of the radioactivity of Thorium. Schmidt and Marie Curie independently demonstrated the radioactive quality, but Schmidt's demonstration took place a few months before Curie's. The discovery was announced, but not described in full, in a short message published in ""Verhandl. d. Phys. Gesellsch. zu Berlin, 1898.""Schmidt made his discovery while examining ""many elements and compounds"" in an effeort to determine whether any of the rays that were emitted bore a resemblance to those that Henri becquerel had found emerging from uranium and uranium compounds. He located only one such element, thorium, and immediately conducted absorption, ionization, reflection, refradction, and poklarization studies to determine the characteristics of its rays. Having combined a misinterpretation of Becquerel's with one of his own, Schmidt concluded that thorium rays most resembled Röntgen rays - a conclusion that soon required revisoln in view of the researches of Marie Curie and Ernest Rutherford.""(DSB XII, p. 191.‎

书商的参考编号 : 43857

‎"WÖHLER, F. und J. LIEBIG. - THE DISCOVERY OF ""EMULSIN"" A MAIN WORK IN ORGANIC CHEMISTRY.‎

‎Ueber die Bildung des Bittermandelöls. (+) Vorschlag zur Einführung eines neuen Arzneimittels anstatt des destillirten Kirschlorbeer- und Bittermandelswassers. (+) Ueber Marcet's Xanthic-Oxyd. (3 papers all by Wöhler u. Liebig).‎

‎Leipzig, Johann Ambrosius Barth, 1837. Without wrappers as issued in ""Annalen der Physik und Chemie. Hrsg.von Poggendorff"", Bd. 41, Zweites Stück. (Entire issue No 6 offered). Titlepage to vol. 41. Pp. 225-448 a. 2 folded engraved plates. Wöhler & Liebig's papers: pp. 345-366, pp. 366-374 a. pp. 393-397. Clean and fine.‎

‎First appearance of this classic paper in organic chemistry in which Wöhler and Liebig showed how Amygdalin could be decomposed by a vegetable emulsion, the first example of a glycoside.""The conclusions which you have drawn from the investigation of bitter-almond oil,"" wrote Berzelius to Liebig and Wöhler, ""are certainly the most importent which have so far been reached in the domain of vegetable chemistry, and give promise of shedding an unexpected light over this part of the science...The facts which you have set forth inspire such reflections that they may be regarded as the dawn of a new day in vegetable chemistry.""(Berzelius-Wöhler Briefwechsel).""During the years that Liebig was preoccupied with the ether theory and with organic acids, he also carried out two importent investigations with Wöhler. In october 1836 Wöhler wrote that he had discovered a way to transform amygdalin to oil of bitter almonds and hydrocyanid acis, by distilling it with manganese and sulfuric acid, and he invited Liebig to join in pursuing the topic. Two days later he made a more remarkable discovery. It had occurred to him that perhaps thetransformation of amygdalin could be effected by the albumin in the almonds, in a manner similar to the action of yeast in sugar...Wöhler suspected that the decomposition was an example of what Berzelius had recently defined as catalysis. Liebig and Wöhler then divided up the detailed examination of the properties and composition of amygdalin. They precipitated from the emulsion of almonds a substance which when dissolved retain its action. They named the active substance ""emulsion"". Its effectiveness in very small quantities confirmed that it acted like yeast.""(DSB VIII, p. 342).‎

书商的参考编号 : 43739

‎"RITTER, (JOHANN W.). - THE DISCOVERY OF ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT.‎

‎Versuche über das Sonnenlicht.‎

‎Halle, Rengerschen Buchhandlung, 1803. Without wrappers as extracted from ""Annalen der Physik. Herausgegeben von Ludwig Wilhelm Gilbert"", Jahrgang 1802, Bd. 12, Zwölftes Stück. Pp. 409-416. Titlepage to vol. 12.‎

‎This is Ritter's first expositon of his discovery of ultraviolet light. It was announced the year before in a halfpage letter addressed to Gilbert's Annalen and printed in the Annalen. With that discovery, it became clear that visible light represents no more than a fraction of a continous spectrum.A year earlier, in 1800, William Herschel discovered infrared light. This was the first time that a form of light beyond visible light had been detected. After hearing about Herschel's discovery of an invisible form of light beyond the red portion of the spectrum, Ritter decided to conduct experiments to determine if invisible light existed beyond the violet end of the spectrum as well. He had heard that blue light caused a greater reaction in silver chloride than red light did. Ritter decided to measure the rate at which silver chloride reacted to the different colors of light. He directed sunlight through a glass prism to create a spectrum. He then placed silver chloride in each color of the spectrum and found that it showed little change in the red part of the spectrum, but darkened toward the violet end of the spectrum. Johann Ritter then decided to place silver chloride in the area just beyond the violet end of the spectrum, in a region where no sunlight was visible. To his amazement, this region showed the most intense reaction of all. This showed for the first time that an invisible form of light existed beyond the violet end of the visible spectrum. This new type of light, which Ritter called Chemical Rays, later became known as ultraviolet light or ultraviolet radiation (the word ultra means beyond).‎

书商的参考编号 : 43638

‎"RITTER, (JOHANN W.). - THE DISCOVERY OF ""CHEMICAL RAYS"" - ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT AND RADIATION.‎

‎Announcing his discovery of ultraviolet light ""Von den Herren Ritter und Bückmann. - - Am 22sten Febr. habe ich auch auf der Seite des Violetts im Farbespectrum, ausserhalb desselben, Sonnenstrahlen angetroffen....‎

‎Halle, Rengerschen Buchhandlung, 1801. Without wrappers as published in ""Annalen der Physik. Herausgegeben von Ludwig Wilhelm Gilbert"", Bd. 7, Viertes Stück. The entire issue offered (=Heft 4). Pp. 387-528. Ritter's announcement p. 525. With titlepage to volume 7. Clean and fine. Titlepage a bit shavedin inner margin.‎

‎First printing of Ritter's announcement of his discovery of ultraviolet light in a halfpage letter addressed to Gilbert's Annalen. With that discovery, it became clear that visible light represents no more than a fraction of a continous spectrum.A year earlier, in 1800, William Herschel discovered infrared light. This was the first time that a form of light beyond visible light had been detected. After hearing about Herschel's discovery of an invisible form of light beyond the red portion of the spectrum, Ritter decided to conduct experiments to determine if invisible light existed beyond the violet end of the spectrum as well. He had heard that blue light caused a greater reaction in silver chloride than red light did. Ritter decided to measure the rate at which silver chloride reacted to the different colors of light. He directed sunlight through a glass prism to create a spectrum. He then placed silver chloride in each color of the spectrum and found that it showed little change in the red part of the spectrum, but darkened toward the violet end of the spectrum. Johann Ritter then decided to place silver chloride in the area just beyond the violet end of the spectrum, in a region where no sunlight was visible. To his amazement, this region showed the most intense reaction of all. This showed for the first time that an invisible form of light existed beyond the violet end of the visible spectrum. This new type of light, which Ritter called Chemical Rays, later became known as ultraviolet light or ultraviolet radiation (the word ultra means beyond). - Parkinson, Breakthroughs: 1801 P.‎

书商的参考编号 : 43492

‎"WÖHLER, F. et J. LIEBIG. - THE DISCOVERY OF ""EMULSIN"" A MAIN WORK IN ORGANIC CHEMISTRY.‎

‎Sur la Formation de l'Huile d'Amandes amères. (+) Emploi d'un nouveau Médicament en place des Waux distillées du Laurier-Cerise ou d'Amandes amères, proposé par.. F. Woehler et J. Liebig.‎

‎Paris, Crochard et Comp., 1837. Orig. printed wrappers. No backstrip. In: ""Annales de Chimie et de Physique, Par MM. Gay-Lussac et Arago."", tome 64, Cahier 2 (Fevrier 1837). Pp. 113-224. (Entire issue offered with printed wrappers.). Wöhler a. Liebig's papers: pp. 185-209 a. pp. 209-217.‎

‎First appearance of this classic paper in organic chemistry in which Wöhler and Liebig showed how Amygdalin could be decomposed by a vegetable emulsion, the first example of a glycoside. The papers were issued at the same time in ""Annalen der Physik und Chemie"".""The conclusions which you have drawn from the investigation of bitter-almond oil,"" wrote Berzelius to Liebig and Wöhler, ""are certainly the most importent which have so far been reached in the domain of vegetable chemistry, and give promise of shedding an unexpected light over this part of the science...The facts which you have set forth inspire such reflections that they may be regarded as the dawn of a new day in vegetable chemistry.""(Berzelius-Wöhler Briefwechsel).""During the years that Liebig was preoccupied with the ether theory and with organic acids, he also carried out two importent investigations with Wöhler. In october 1836 Wöhler wrote that he had discovered a way to transform amygdalin to oil of bitter almonds and hydrocyanid acis, by distilling it with manganese and sulfuric acid, and he invited Liebig to join in pursuing the topic. Two days later he made a more remarkable discovery. It had occurred to him that perhaps thetransformation of amygdalin could be effected by the albumin in the almonds, in a manner similar to the action of yeast in sugar...Wöhler suspected that the decomposition was an example of what Berzelius had recently defined as catalysis. Liebig and Wöhler then divided up the detailed examination of the properties and composition of amygdalin. They precipitated from the emulsion of almonds a substance which when dissolved retain its action. They named the active substance ""emulsion"". Its effectiveness in very small quantities confirmed that it acted like yeast.""(DSB VIII, p. 342).‎

书商的参考编号 : 48086

‎"ØRSTED (OERSTED), H.C. - THE DISCOVERY OF ELECTROMAGNETISM - FIRST FRENCH EDITION.‎

‎Experimenta circa Effectum, etc. Expériences sur l'effet du conflict électrique sur l'aiguille animantée.‎

‎Paris, Crochard, 1820. Contemp. hcalf., raised bands, gilt spine with gilt ettering. Stamps to verso of titlepage and to verso of plates. In ""Annales"". In ""Annales de Chimie et de Physique, Par MM. Gay-Lussac et Arago"" Tome XIV pp. 417-25. Entire volume offered: 448 pp. and 3 folded engraved plates. Fine and clean, printed on good paper.‎

‎First French edition of Ørsted's announcement of his discovery of electromagnetism. It was through this first French edition of Ørsted's original Latin paper, translated by Arago that the founder of electrodynamics, Ampère, first became aware of Ørsted's discovery. It is the first translation of Oersted's epoch-making announcement in his Latin pamphlet ""Extperimenta circa effectum conflictus electrici in acun magneticam. Hafniæ, 1820"" (privately printed in a very small number, and only distributed to colleques in Europe). This discovery and confirmation of the connection between 2 forces, electricity and magnetism, must be considered one of the happiest events in the history of science, both with regard to scientific and practical results. - ""From the moment that Ørsted's discovery became known it created an enormous sensation. The results communicated were so astounding that they were received with a certain distrust, but they were stated with such accuracy that it could hardly be permitted to entertain any doubts. In the course of a short time the treatise was translated into all the chief languages."" (Kirstine Meyer). Arago was givin a copy of the Latin paper by the Swiss physicist Marc-Auguste Pictet. 4 September Arago announces Oersted's discovery to the Academie. - 11 September Arago reproduces Oersted's experiments.Dibner:61 - PMM: 282 - Horblitt: 3 b. - Sparrow: 152.‎

书商的参考编号 : 48150

‎"VILLARD, P. (PAUL ULRICH). - THE DISCOVERY OF GAMMA RAYS AND GAMMA RADIATION.‎

‎Sur la réflexion et la réfraction des rayons cathodiques et des rayons déviables du radium. (+) Sur le rayonnement du radium.‎

‎(Paris, Gauthier-Villars, 1900). 4to. No wrappers. In: ""Comptes Rendus Hebdomadaires des Séances de L'Academie des Sciences"", Tome 130, No 15 a. No 18. Pp. (962-) 1044 a. pp. (1145-) 1220. Entire issues offered. Stamp on first pages. A few tears to margins. Poor paperquality, fragile. Villard's papers: pp. 1010-1012 a. 1178-1182, textillustrations.‎

‎First apperance of Villard's two papers in which he announced and described the discovery of a new type of radiation more powerfull and penetrating than alpha-and beta rays. The new type of rays was named by Rutherford as gammarays.""His (Villard)experiments in radioactivity led to the unexpected discovery of gamma rays in 1900. Villard recognized them as being different from x rays because the gamma rays had a much greater penetrating depth. He had discovered they were emitted from radioactive substances and were not affected by electric or magnetic fields. These came to be called gamma rays by another scientist, Ernest Rutherford. It wasn't until 1914 that Rutherford showed that they were a form of electromagnetic (EM) like light only with a much shorter wavelength than x rays. Now we know that gamma rays are a form of EM radiation similar to x rays. Gamma rays tend to have a higher energy and a shorter wavelength than x rays do. However, the dividing line between these two forms of radiation is not clearly defined. Scientists typically apply the term gamma ray to EM radiation with energies above several hundred thousand electron volts."" (Hps - Healt Physics Society). - See Sigmund Brandt ""The Harevst of a Century"", Episode 6, p. 24 ff.).The issues contains other importent papers HENRI BECQUEREL ""Note sur la transmission du rayonnement du radium au travers des corps"", pp. 979-984 and ""Sur la transparance de l'aluminium pour le rayonnement du radium"", pp. 1154-57. P. CURIE et G. SAGNAC ""Électrisation négative des rayons secondaires produits au moyen des rayons de Röntgen"", pp. 1013-1016.‎

书商的参考编号 : 48207

‎"PLÜCKER, (JULIUS). - THE DISCOVERY OF CATHODE RAYS.‎

‎Ueber die Constitution der elektrischen Spectra der verschiedenen Gase und Dämpfe. (+) Nachtrag zu der Abhandlung über die Consstitution der elektrischen Spectra der verschiedenen Gase und Dämpfe. (2 papers).‎

‎Leipzig, Johann Ambrosius Barth, 1859. Without wrappers as issued in ""Annalen der Physik und Chemie. Hrsg.von Poggendorff"", Bd. 107, Viertes Stück.(= Heft No. 8 of 1859). (The entire issue offered (Heft 4 of vol. 107 with titlepage to vol. 107). Pp. 497-660. - Plücker's papers: pp. 497-539 a. 638-643. Clean and fine.‎

‎First printing of this milestone paper describing Plückers first observations on Cathode Rays, which he called ""the beautiful and mysterious green glow"", and produced by discharges in tubes exhausted by means of the Geissler pump. These importent observations lead directly to Röntgens discovery of the Röntgen Rays.""Cathode rays were first observed by Julius Plücker in 1859 (the paper offered). They are rays which are found in the neighbourhood of the point of exit of an electrical current passing through a Geissler tube. These rays stimulated intense interest and experiment. William Crookes greatly improved these discharge tubes and intensified the degree of rarification of gases within them. The tubes in this form is known as Crookes tube. Crookes declared his conciction that the cathode rays represented matter in a fourth, hitherto unobserved form....It was reserved for J.J. Thomson (in 1908) to discover the true nature of the cathode rays.""(PMM no 386).‎

书商的参考编号 : 43325

‎"BROWN, ROBERT. - THE DISCOVERY OF ""BROWNIAN MOTION""‎

‎Mikroskopische Beobachtungen über die im Pollen der Pflanzen enthaltenen Partikeln, und über das allgemeine Vorkommen activer Molecüle in organischen und unorganischen Körpern"" (Unterdem Titel: ""A brief Account of Microscopical Observations made in th...‎

‎Leipzig, Johann Ambrosius Barth, 1828. Without wrappers as issued in ""Annalen der Physik und Chemie. Hrsg.von Poggendorff"", Bd. 14, Zweites Stück. (=Jahrgang 1828, zehntes Stück). Pp. 191-306 a. 3 engraved plates. (the entire issue offered (Heft 2) together with the titlepage to 14. Band). Brown's paper: pp. 294-313. Clean and fine. Small stamp on verso of titlepage.‎

‎First appearance in German of this monumental paper in atomic theory and kinematics, as it was the first evidence for atomism that was an observation rather than a deduction from abstract principles.""In 1827 as he was viewing a suspension of pollen in Water under the microscope, he noted that the individual grains were moving about irregularly. This, he thought, was the result of the life hidden within the pollen grains. However, when he studied dye particles (indubitably nin-livin) suspended in water, he found the same erratic motion. This has been called ""Brownian motion"" ever since and Brown could merely report on the observation. He had no explanation for it. Nor had anyone else until the development of the kinetic theory of gases by men such as Maxwell a generation later. It seemed plain. after Maxwell and especially after the work of Einstein and Perrin a half century after Maxwell, that the Brownian Motion was actually a visible effect of the fact that water was composed of particles. It was the first evidence for atomism that was an observation rather than a deduction."" (Asimov).The issue contains other importent papers by C.. Naumann, G. Magnus, Th. Saussure ""Kohlensäuregas in der Atmosphäre"" andothers.PMM: 290 (the English paper from 1828) - Sparrow, Milestones of Science No 31. - Magie ""A Source Book in Physics p. 251-255. - Dibner, Heralds of Science No 156.‎

书商的参考编号 : 43318

‎"GAY-LUSSAC, (JOSEPH) et LOUIS JACQUES THENARD. - THE DISCOVERY OF BORON.‎

‎Sur la décomposition et la recomposition de l'acide boracique.‎

‎Paris, Chez Mad. Ve. Bernard, 1808 Contemp. hcalf., gilt spine. Some scratches to binding.. Verso of titlepage and plates with small stamps.In: ""Annales de Chimie"" Vol. 68. - 358 pp. a. 3 engraved plates. (The entire volume offered). Gay-Lussac's a. Thenard's paper: pp. 169-174.‎

‎First announcement of the results that they had obtaines by treating boric acid with potassium, showing that acid is composed of a combustible substance and oxygen. ""Before regarding their proof (of the existance of a new element) as complete Gay-Lussac and Thenard wished not only to decomposed boric acid, but to recompose it. On November 30 of the same year they were able to state in the 'Annales de Chemie et de Physique"" (the paper offered) that ""the composition of boracid s no longer problematical. In fact, said they, ""we decompose and we recompose this acid at will"" (Weeks ""Discovery of the Elements"", p. 160). - Parkinson ""Breakthroughs"", 1808 C. - Bunch, 1808.The volume contains other importent paper, Davy's famous paper on electrolysis in first French translations, Gayton-Morveau""Description d'un hygrometre pour le gaz..."", d'Arcet ""Observations sur la potasse et sur la soude préparées à l'alcool"" etc.‎

书商的参考编号 : 43299

‎"VAUQUELIN, (NICOLAS) - THE DISCOVERY OF CHROMIUM.‎

‎Sur une nouvelle substance métallique contenue dans le plomb rouge de Sibérie, et qu'on propose d'appeler Chrôme, à cause de la propriété qu'il a de colorer les combinaisons ou il entre. Lu à la premiere classe de l'Institut national, le 11 Brumai...‎

‎Paris, Fuchs et Guillaume, An VIe. (1798). Contemp. hcalf. Spine gilt. Very slightly rubbed. Small stamps on verso of titlepage. In: ""Annales de Chimie, ou Recueil de Mémoires concernant la Chemie"" Tome 25. - 335,(3) pp., 2 engraved folded plates and 1 folded table..(the entire volume offered). Vauquelin's papers: pp. 21-32 a. pp. 194-204. Some brownspots to the first and last leaves, otherwise fine and clean.‎

‎First printing of the papers in which Vauquelin describes and announces his discovery of Chromium. The first paper was simultaneously printed in Mem.de l'Institut. Because of its many coloured compounds Fourcroy and Haüy suggested the name 'chromium' for the new metal. (Greek, chroma-colour).In 1797, Vauquelin began his own studies of Siberian red lead. He was convinced that the mineral contained a new element. None of the elements then known could account for his results. He reported ""a new metal, possessing properties entirely unlike those of any other metal."" A year later, Vauquelin was able to isolate a small sample of the metal itself. He heated charcoal (nearly pure carbon ) with a compound of chromium, chromium trioxide (Cr 2 O 3 ). When the reaction was complete, he found tiny metallic needles of chromium metal. DSB XIII, p. 597 - Parkinson ""Breakthrough"" 1798 C.The volume contains other importent papers in the history of chemistry, Guyton ""Examen de quelques propriétés du Platine"" a. ""Examen de quelques critiques de la nomenclature de chimistes francais"", Chaptal ""Observations sur la fabrication de l'acétite de cuivre (verd-de-gris) etc.‎

书商的参考编号 : 43089

‎COURTOIS, BERNARD ET AL. - THE DISCOVERY OF IODINE.‎

‎Découverte d'une substance nouvelle dans le Vareck. (Annoncée par M. Clément). - Sur un nouvel acide formé avec la substance découverte par M. Courtois. - Note Sur la combinaison de l'iode avec l'oxigène" Par M. Gay-Lussac. - Lettre de M. Humphry ...‎

‎Paris, J. Klostermann, 1813. Contemp. hcalf. Spine gilt. A few scratches to binding. In: ""Annales de Chimie, ou Recueil de Mémoires concernant la Chemie"" Tome 88. - 336 pp. (the entire volume offered). Pp. 304-310, 311-318, 319-321 a. 322-329. Scattered brownspots.‎

‎First printing of this paper announcing the discovery of Iodine. Courtois found this substance, which he suspected to be a new element, while burning algae in order to obtain sodium and potassium compounds. Although Courtois discovered the element in 1811, the announcement of it was not made until two years later after he had turned it over to Charles Desormés and Nicolas Clément.""The first publication on iodine are somewhat confusing. Courtois's research is found in a paper attributed to him (the paper offered) but actually the work of Clément.... was followed by an anonymous article (the second paper offered). Gay-Lussac. who repeated and extended Courtios's work, was responsible for this paper. Courtois himself published nothing. These two articles were immediately followed by short contributions of Gay-Lussac and Humphry Davy on the new element (third and fourth paper offered). Gay-Lussacs views (none too flattering to Davy) on the history ofthe discovery of iodine appeared in his ""Mémoire sur l'iode"" (1814).""(DSB III, p. 455). - Weeks ""Discovery of the Elements"", pp. 257-262.The volume contains further importent papers in chemistry, Guyton de Morveau ""Sur la chaux maigre"", ""Sur le dissolvant des pierres biliaires"", an importent paper by Chevreul on animal fats ""Recherches chimiques sur plusieurs corps gras, et particulierement sur leurs combinaisons avec les alcalis"", Berzelius's papers ""Mémoires sur la compositions des fluides animaux"" (first edition in French) + Suite (first edition), Parmentier etc. etc.‎

书商的参考编号 : 43081

‎"HERSCHEL, JOHN W.F. - DISCOVERY OF PRUSSIAN BLUE IN PHOTOGRAPHIC PROCESSES.‎

‎On the Action of the Rays of the Solar Spectrum on Vegetable Colours, and on some new Photographic Processes. Received June 15, - Read June 16, 1842.‎

‎(London, Richard and John E., Taylor, 1842.). 4to. No wrappers as extracted from ""Philosophical Transactions"" 1842 - Part II. Pp. 181-214 and one double-page folded engraved plate.‎

‎First appearance of a pioneer-paper in the history of early photography in which Herschel announced some of his importent discoveries of the photographic printing processes, the process of photographic contact-printing in Prussian blue, brought to light just three years after Louis Daguerre and Henry Talbot had announced their independent inventions of photography in silver, using metal and paper substrates, respectively. and the photographic properties of red ferro sesquicyanuret of potassium.""This is the first recorded observation of Prussian blue being formed for a photographic purpose by the action of light on potassium ferricyanide, so it represents the moment of discovery of the first cyanotype process, although this name still lay in the future. The significance of this observation impressed Herschel sufficiently to mention it also in his general diary entry for 23 April 1842....""(Mike Ware in ""John Herschel's Cyanotype. Invention or discovery ?"").‎

书商的参考编号 : 42843

‎"HERSCHEL, JOHN W.F. - THE DISCOVERY OF THE IRON-PRINTING PROCESS.‎

‎On certain Improvements on Photographic Processes described in a former Communication, and on the Parathermic Rays of the Solar Spectrum. Received November 17, - Read November 17, 1842.‎

‎(London, Richard and John E., Taylor, 1843. 4to. No wrappers as extracted from ""Philosophical Transactions"" 1843 - Part I. Pp. 1-6.‎

‎First appearance of a pioneer-paper in the history of early photography, as Herschel here for the first time describes his discovery of the iron printing process with ammonio-citrate of iron by both methods, namely with blue lines on a white background and white lines on a blue ground.‎

书商的参考编号 : 42662

‎"LOCKYER, JOSEPH NORMAN - THE DISCOVERY OF HELIUM.‎

‎Spectroscopic Observations of the Sun.- No. II. Received November 19,- Read November 19 and 26, 1868. (With additional notes Nov. 26, April 9, 1869, Oct. 10, 1869).‎

‎(London, Taylor and Sons, 1870). 4to. No wrappers as extracted from ""Philosophical Transactions"" 1869, Vol. 159 - Part I. Pp. 425-444 and 2 lithographed plates (1 with the spectrum of helium, 1 with his spectroscope (not requiring eclipses to function)). Clean and fine.‎

‎First appearance of this milestone paper in chemistry, physics and astronomy, announcing the discovery of helium in the sun and naming it 'helium' for Helios, the Greek God of the Sun. In the same paper he demonstrates his invention of the spectroscope by which the prominences of the sun could be observed and studied without an eclipse by leading the light from the very edge of the sun through a prism. - Helium was not discovered on the earth before 1895 by William Ramsay, and it was Crookes who established its identity with the helium Lockyer observed in the spectrum of the sun.""This (the last discovery) was announced on the same day by the French astronomer Janssen, who was in India observing a total eclipse. As a result, the French government some ten years later struck a medallion showing the heads of both scientists.By that time, the two men had made a much more dramatic discovery at the same time, this time in cooperation. Janssen, studying the spectrum ofthe sun during the eclipse, had noted a fine line he did not recognize. he send a report on this to Lockyer, an acknowledges expert on solar spectra. Lockyer compared the reported position of the line with lines of known elements, concluding that it must belong to a yeat unknown element, possibly not even existing on the earth. He named the element, from the Greek word for the sun.""(Asimov).‎

书商的参考编号 : 42423

‎"DAVY, HUMPHRY - THE DISCOVERY OF HYDROGEN TELLURIDE.‎

‎The Bakerian Lecture for 1809. On some new Electrochemical Researches, on various Objects, particularly the metallic Bodies, from the Alkalies, and Earth, and on some Combinations of Hydrogene. Read November 16, 1809.‎

‎(London, W. Bulmer and Co., 1810). 4to. No wrappers as extracted from ""Philosophical Transactions"" 1810 - Part I. Pp. 16-74 and 2 engraved plates showing Davy's electrochemical apparatus for decomposing substances. The plates dampstained. Text fine and clean.‎

‎First appearence of this historical chemical paper, Davy' fifth Bakerian Lecture, in which he announced his discovery of hydrogen telluride.""Mr. Davy having from the commencement of his electro-chemical researches, communicated the several steps of his progress to the Society (The Royal Society), takes the present opportunity of reporting the results of his further inquiries under four principal heads. First, on the nature of the metals of the fixed alkalis. Second, on the nature of Hydrogen and composition of ammonia. Thirdly, on the metals of the earth"" and Fourthly he makes a comparison between the antiphlogistic doctrine, and a modified phlogistic hypothesis.""(Abstract). He further gives arguments for considering potassium and sodium, which he discovered in 1808, as a element.""Humphry Davy was one of the most brilliant chemists of the early nineteenth century. His early study of nitrous oxide brought him his first reputation, but his later and most importent investigations were devoted to electrochemistry. Following Galvani's experiments and the discovery of the voltaic pile, interest in galvanic electricity had become widespread. The first electrolysis by means of the pile was carried out in 1800 by Nicholson and Carisle, who obtained oxygen and hydrogen from water. Davy began to examine the chemical effects of electricity in 1800, and his numerous discoveries were presented in his Bakerian lectures."" - Wheeler Gift: 2518.‎

书商的参考编号 : 42219

‎"RUNGE, F.F. - THE DISCOVERY OF PHENOL.‎

‎Ueber einige Produkte der Steinkohlendestillation.‎

‎(Leipzig, Johann Ambrosius Barth, 1834). Without wrappers. Extracted from ""Annalen der Physik und Chemie. Hrsg.von Poggendorff"", Bd. 31, No 5. Pp. 65-80.‎

‎First printing of the paper in which Runge discloses his discovery of carbolic acid or phenol, and how he prepared it by distilling coal.Parkinson ""Breakthroughs"", 1834 C. - Partington IV, pp. 183-84.‎

书商的参考编号 : 45159

‎"(ARAGO, DOMINIQUE- FRANCOIS). - THE DISCOVERY OF MAGNETIZATION BY WAY OF THE VOLTAIC CURRENT.‎

‎Expériences relatives à l'aimantation du fer et de l'acier par l'action du courant voltaïque.‎

‎(Paris, Crochard, 1820). No wrappers as extracted fron 'Annales de Chimie et de Physique', Volume 15 (2e Series). Pp. 93-102.‎

‎First appearance of this importent paper in which Arago gives an account of his discovery of how iron and steel could be magnetized by the action of the voltaic current, THE FIRST STEP TOWARDS THE ELECTRIC TELEGRAPH. ""Arago .... made several important contributions to electromagnetism on his own. On 20 September 1820 he announced the discovery of the temporary magnetization of soft iron by an electric current, which suggested to Ampère a theory about the nature of magnetic ""currents"" and provided the technological key to the electric telegraph. Ampère calculated that the magnetic power could be multiplied by twisting the current-carrying wire into a helix, and with Arago he carried out the first experiments on primitive solenoids. In his historical articles Arago was always careful to credit Ampère with the major share of this discovery, which ultimately depended upon Ampère’s mathematical theory.""(DSB).Arago formed a close freinship with Fresnel,whose views on the nature of light he ardently supported. He assisted Fresnel in some of his most importent work and made original discoveries in the same field.Magie ""A Source Book in Physics"", p. 443 ff.‎

书商的参考编号 : 44807

‎PROUST, (JOSEPH LOUIS) - THE DISCOVERY AND ISOLATION OF GRAPE-SUGAR.‎

‎Memoire sur le Sucre de raisin" (+) Suite du Mémoire....sur le sucre de raisin. (2 Parts).‎

‎Paris, Chez Bernard, 1806. No wrappers. Ectracts from ""Annales de Chimie ou Recueil de Mémoires.."" Vol. 57. Pp. 131-174 a. pp. 225-272. With the titlepage to volume 57.‎

‎First appearance of a classic paper in which Proust describes his discovery of Grape.Sugar and the identificationof this with glucose. He investigated the varieties of sugar that occur in sweet vegetable juices, distinguishing three kinds, and he showed that the sugar in grapes, of which he announced the existence to his classes at Madrid, is identical with that obtained from honey by the Russian chemist J. T. Lowitz.Proust is famous for his work on the steadiness of composition of chemical compounds.""In chemistry, the law of definite proportions, sometimes called Proust's Law, states that a chemical compound always contains exactly the same proportion of elements by mass. An equivalent statement is the law of constant composition, which states that all samples of a given chemical compound have the same elemental composition. For example, oxygen makes up 8/9 of the mass of any sample of pure water, while hydrogen makes up the remaining 1/9 of the mass. Along with the law of multiple proportions, the law of definite proportions forms the basis of stoichiometry.""(Wikipedia).‎

书商的参考编号 : 45517