‎Physique‎

‎"BOHR, NIELS. & LÉON ROSENFELD. + LEV LANDAU & RUDOLF PEIERLS.‎

‎[Three papers] 1. Zur Frage der Messbarkeit der elektomagnetischen Feldgrössen. + 2. Erweiterung des Unbestimmtheitsprinzips für die relativistische Quantentheorie. + 3. Field and Charge Measurements in Quantum Electrodynamics. - [QUANTUM FIELD THEORY]‎

‎Copenhagen, Levin & Munksgaard, 1933. + Berlin, Springer 1931. + Lancaster, American Physical Society, 1950. First paper: Published as no. 8 of vol. 12 in 'Kgl. Dankse Vid. Selsk. Math.-Fys. Medd.'. 8vo. Original printed wrappers. With the ownership signature of Danish physicist Mogens Pihl (Prof. of physics at Copenhagen University 1957-77). 65,(1) pp. Second paper: Published in 'Zeitschrift für Physik', vol. 69, pp.56-69. The entire volume in contemporary half cloth offered here.Third paper: Published in 'The Physical Review', vol. 78, no. 6, pp.794-798. The entire issue in original printed wrappers offered here. With rubber stamp of Danish physicist Christian Møller (Author of ""The Theory of Relativity, 1952"").‎

‎First editions of these fundamental papers in the development of quantum field theory. The process of measuring electromagnetic fields involves the observation of charged test bodies in those fields. Therefore the theory of electrodynamics is an inseparable extension of mechanics. A quantum theory of fields thus inherits, in some form, the limitations of measurement which lie at the foundation of quantum mechanics. In 1931 Landau and Peierls published a critical analysis of the consequences of such limitations in a relativistic quantum theory of fields (second paper offered). Landau and Peierls came to the negative conclusion that in several cases, the concept of momentum was without physical meaning and quantities such as the strength of a field was un-measurable. In their famous paper from 1933 Bohr and Rosenfeld (first paper offered) carefully reviewed the arguments of Landau and Peierls and showed, through the use of particular measuring arrangements, that a consistent quantum theory of fields is possible without further limitations than the ones which secure the consistency of quantum mechanics. The BR-paper is often credited with having laid the foundation for quantum electrodynamics. Bohr continued his work in this field, and in 1937 he completed a manuscript entitled ""Field and Charge Measurement in Quantum Theory"", but this was never published. When, in the late 1940s the important work on QED by Tomonaga, Schwinger, Dyson, and Feynman appeared in The Physical Review, Bohr and Rosenfeld again joined and published the essentials of the 1937 manuscript in the same journal (third paper offered).See Abraham Pais: Bohr's Times, pp.358-364. Mehra & Rechenberg: The Historical Development of Quantum Theory, vol. 6, pp.697-703. Collected Works of Niels Bohr, vol. 7, pp.3-33.‎

书商的参考编号 : 35750

‎"BOHR, NIELS.‎

‎Atomteorien og Grundprincpperne for Naturbeskrivelsn.‎

‎København, 1930. Orig. bogtrykte omslag. 12 pp. Særtryk af Fysisk Tidsskrift.‎

‎First edition. Offprint from ""Fysisk Tidsskrift"".‎

书商的参考编号 : 39221

‎"BORN, M. (+) V. A. FOCK.‎

‎Beweis des Adiabatensatzes. - [ADIABATIC THEOREM]‎

‎Berlin, Springer, 1928. 8vo. Bound in contemporary half cloth with gilt lettering, In ""Zeitschrift für Physik"", Band 51, 1928. Entire issue offered. Two stamps to title page, otherwise fine. Pp. 165-80. [Entire volume: VII, (1) 903 pp].‎

‎First appearance of Born and Fock's important paper in which they introduced their adiabatic theorem, a concept in quantum mechanics which they stated as follows: "" A physical system remains in its instantaneous eigenstate if a given perturbation is acting on it slowly enough and if there is a gap between the eigenvalue and the rest of the Hamiltonian's spectrum."" (From the present paper). The concept of this theorem deals with the time-dependent Hamiltonian - a subject of Quantum dynamics - where the Hamiltonian changes with time.The present issue also contain Gamow's ""Zur Quantentheorie des Atomkernes"" containing the first direct calculation of the Geiger-Nuttall law.‎

书商的参考编号 : 49088

‎"BOYLE, W. S. & G. E. SMITH.‎

‎Charge Coupled Semiconductor Devices. - [THE INVENTION OF THE DIGITAL - CAMERA - NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSICS 2009.]‎

‎New York, American Telephone and Telegraph Company, 1970. 8vo. Original full green cloth. Volume 49, 1970 of ""The Bell System Technical Journal"". Library stamp to front free end-paper. Minor bumping to extremities. A nice and clean copy. Pp. 587-593. [Entire volume: XLII, (2), 918, (1) pp.].‎

‎First edition of Boyle and Smith's seminal and exceedingly important paper on the CCD-chip, in which information could be stored as electrons in a semiconductor. The invention created the technical background for digital cameras which revolutionized astronomy. It's invention launched entirely new industries and markets and is widely used in devices as diverse as digital cameras, video cameras, bar code readers, security monitoring, medical endoscopy, modern astronomy, video conferencing, optical technology, and high capacity WDM transmission-systems have enabled pictures to travel around the world within seconds. ""In this paper we describe a new semiconductor device concept. Basically it consists of storing charge in potential wells created at the surface of a semiconductor and moving the charge (representing information) over the surface by moving the potential minima."" (From the introduction to the present article). Boyle and Smith imagined that it could be used as a device for storage of memory, an early hard disk, however, they soon discovered that as a memory device it was not very useful. By applying Einstein's photoelectric effect, they illuminated the chip, thereby creating electrons. They discovered it could be used as storing light-structures"" taking pictures. ""At the heart of all astronomical instruments is some form of detector to convert electromagnetic energy into an electrical signal. [...] the dominant detector in modern astronomy is the charged-coupled device (CCD)."" (McLean, Ian S. Electronic imaging in astronomy: detectors and instrumentation, 2008, p. 241).""The invention of the charged-coupled deviceby Boyle and Smith has had remarkable impact [...]. CCDs due to their speed and ruggedness together with adequate sensitivity and speed have replaced conventional TV Vidicon cameras [...]. As a result the technology of CCDs has advanced rapidly."" (Jha, Sudhanshu. Perspectives in optoelectronics, 1995, p. 351). In January 2006, Boyle and Smith were awarded the National Academy of Engineering Charles Stark Draper Prize, and in 2009 they were awarded the Nobel Prize for Physics, for their work on the CCD.‎

书商的参考编号 : 43025

‎"BOHR, NIELS.‎

‎Determination of the Surface-Tension of Water by the Method of Jet Vibration. Offprint from: Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Series A, Vol. 209. pp. 281-317. - [BOHR'S FIRST PUBLISHED PAPER - PRESENTATION COPY]‎

‎London, Harrison & Sons, 1909 Large4to. Original printed wrappers. Offprint from: ""Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Series A, Vol. 209. pp. 281-317."" With cloth backstrip and I small nick to upper and lower corner of front wrapper. A fine and clean copy. Pp. 281-317.‎

‎Scarce first edition, off-print issue, of Bohr's first published paper, constituting his only ever work in experimental physics. ""His first research project, a precision measurement of the surface tension of water by the observation of a regularly vibrating jet, was completed in 1906, when he was still a student, and it won him the gold medal from the Academy of Sciences. It is a mature piece of work, remarkable for the care and thoroughness with which both the experimental and theoretical parts of the problem were handled."" (DSB).This Bohr's fist paper grew out of a work which Bohr did in 1906, and for which he won a gold medal from the Academy of Sciences. The subject was to experimentally investigate a method, proposed by Lord Rayleigh, for measuring the surface tension of water by the observation of a regularly vibrating jet. ""Bohr [...] included in his work essential improvements on Rayleigh's theory by taking into account the influence of the liquid's viscosity and of the ambient air, and by extending the earlier theory from infinitesimal to arbitrary large vibration amplitudes. In order to execute his experiments he had first of all to cope with one complication. The university had no physics laboratory."" (Pais, p. 101). Bohr thus constructed many of the instruments himself using his father's laboratory. """"I did the experiments completely alone alone in the physiological laboratory... it was a great amount of work"", which was technically demanding."" (Pais, p. 102). In spite of being Bohr's only ever work in experimental physics, it documents his deep understanding of the methods of experimentalists.""On 23 February 1907 the Academy notified him that he had won its gold medal. In 1908 he submitted a modified version to the Royal Society in London. It was his first and last paper on experiments he himself performed. His second publication was his last to deal with surface tension of liquids"" it was purely theoretical. Both papers were favorably referred to in later literature.The manuscript of the prize essay, never published in its original form, is preserved in the Bohr Archives. It is handwritten, by Harald Bohr [i.e. his brother]."" (Pais, p. 102), Rosenfeld, Bohr Bibliography No. 1. Rosenfeld, Dictionary of Scientific Biography II, pp. 239. Pais, Niels Bohr's Times, pp. 101-02.‎

书商的参考编号 : 54014

‎"BOHR, NIELS.‎

‎Drei Aufsätze über Spektren and Atombau. Mit sieben Abbildungen.‎

‎Braunschw., 1922. Orig.printed wrappers. VIII,148 pp.‎

‎First edition in bookform of ""Ueber die Wasser stoffspektrum"", ""Ueber die Serienspektren der Elemente"", ""der Bau der Atome und die physikalischen und chemischen Eigenschaften der Elemente"" - Rosenfeldt:24.‎

书商的参考编号 : 1454

‎"BORN, MAX.‎

‎Elektronentheorie des natürlichen optischen Drehungsvermögens isotroper und anisotroper Flüssigkeiten.‎

‎(Leipzig, Ambrosius Barth, 1918). Without wrappers as extracted from ""Annalen der Physik"", Vierte Folge, Bd. 55, No.3, pp.(177)-246. Borns paper takes up the whole issue (No.3).‎

‎First printing, the periodical form.‎

书商的参考编号 : 40497

‎"BOHR, NIELS. - [VARIOUS AUTHORS, SEE BELOW].‎

‎Festskrift til Professor Dr. Niels Bohr. Paa 50 aars dagen d. 7. oktober 1935.‎

‎Kjøbenhavn, J. Jørgensen & Co., 1935. 8vo. In the original printed wrappers, uncut. Offprint from ""Fysisk Tidsskrift"". Frontiespiece of Bohr. Corners a bit bumped and a small tear to upper capital, other fine and clean throughout. Pp. 77-220.‎

‎First printing of this commemoration to Niels Bohr on his 50ies birthday. It consists of the following papers and essays written by Bohr's student and fellow physicians. Kramers H.A. Atom- og kvanteteoriens udvikling 1 aarene 1913-1925.Heisenberg, w. Udviklingen af kvanteteoriens principielle grundlag efter 1925. Klein, O. Den elektriske elementarladning og kvanteteorien. Rosenfeld, L. Kvanteteori og feltfysik. Ambrosen, J. Om neutronen. Bjerge, T. & F. Kalckar. Atomkærnernes egenskaber og opbygning.Bøggild, J.K. Højdestraalingen. Jacobsen, J.C. Absorption af Røntgen- og v-straaler.Langseth, A. Isotopeffekten i molekylspektrene. Madsen, C. B. Isotoper.Møller, C. Om positronteorien.Rasmussen, Ebbe. Spektralliniernes hyperfinstruktur. Rasmussen, R. E. H. Lidt om adsorption, refleksion og energiudveksling ved molekylstød mod faste overflader. Thorsen, V. Den elektriske lysbue. Werner, Sven. Atomernes størrelse.‎

书商的参考编号 : 45477

‎"BOHR, A. (+) J. DAMGÅRD (+) B. R. MOTTELSON.‎

‎Isopin Mixing in Nuclear Ground States and Mermi Beta-decays.‎

‎Amsterdam, North-Holland Publ. Comp., 1967 8vo. Without wrappers (as issued). Offprint from ""Nuclear Structure"", 1967. Very fine and clean. 10 pp.‎

‎Offprint of Aage Bohr and Mottelson's paper on Fermi Beta-decay. In 1975 the were both awarded The Nobel Prize in Physics ""for the discovery of the connection between collective motion and particle motion in atomic nuclei and the development of the theory of the structure of the atomic nucleus based on this connection"".‎

书商的参考编号 : 51420

‎"BOTHE, W. (+) H. BECKER.‎

‎Künstliche Erregung von Kern-y-Strahlen. - [ANTICIPATING THE DISCOVERY OF THE NEUTRON]‎

‎Berlin, Springer, 1930. 8vo. In contemporary halv cloth with gilt lettering to spine. In ""Zeitschrift für Physik"", Bd. 66, 1930. Entire volume offered. Stamp to front free end-paper, otherwise fine and clean. Pp. 289-310. [Entire volume: VIII, 863 pp.].‎

‎First appearance of Bothe and Becker's seminal paper in which they found that if the very energetic alpha particles emitted from polonium fell on certain light elements, an unusually penetrating radiation was produced. Two years later this led directly to Chadwick's discovery of the neutron. ""In 1930 Bothe and Becker detected a highly penetrative radiation from beryllium bombarded by alpha particles, and they assumed that it was gamma radiation. Bothe estimated the photon energy from the degree of absorption of the secondary electrons. When physicists studied this ""beryllium radiation,"" estimating its energy constituted a problem, for it varied greatly according to the substance used as absorber. Chadwick later suggested that the radiation was particulate and consisted of a new particle, the neutron.""‎

书商的参考编号 : 49390

‎"BOHR, NIELS.‎

‎Linienspektren und Atombau.‎

‎Leipzig, Johann Ambrosius Barth, 1923. Contemp. full buckram. In: ""Annalen der Physik"", Vierte Folge, band 71. Stamp on verso of titlepage. Portrait as frontisp. (2),605,VI pp. (Entire volume offered). Bohr's paper: pp. 228-288 and 8 plates (on 2 leaves). Punched with cords in inner margins. Clean and fine.‎

‎First appearance of the only part of Bohr's planned new comprehensive treatise on atomic structure, announcing that this was 'the first of a series of essays....on atomic structure'.‎

书商的参考编号 : 48026

‎"BOHR, NIELS.‎

‎On the Quantum Theory of Line-Spectra. Part II, On the Hydrogen Spectrum. - [AUTHOR'S OFFPRINT - PRESENTATION-COPY]‎

‎Copenhagen, Bianco Lunos, 1918. 4to. Original printed wrappers. Lower right corner of front wrapper bent. Small closed tear to front wrapper. Spine strip renewed. Otherwise fine and clean throughtout.‎

‎First printing of the second part of Bohr's seminal work ""On the Quantum Theory of the Line-Spectra"" (which appeared in three parts and which was never finished), author's off-print (with ""Separate copy"" printed on front wrapper), presentation-copy, inscribed by Bohr: ""Hr. Professor K. Prytz / med venlig Hilsen / fra Forfatteren"".""By 1918 Bohr had visualized, at least in outline, the whole theory of atomic phenomena. ... He of course realized that he was still very far from a logically consistent framework wide enough to incorporate both the quantum postulates and those aspects of classical mechanics and electrodynamics that seemed to retain some validity. Nevertheless, he at once started writing up a synthetic exposition of his arguments and of all the evidence upon which they could have any bearing" in testing how well he could summarize what was known, he found occasion to check the soundness of his ideas and to improve their formulation. In the present case, however, he could hardly keep pace with the growth of the subject the paper he had in mind at the beginning developed into a four-part treatise, 'On the Theory of Line Spectra', publication of which dragged over four years without being completed" the first three parts appeared between 1918 and 1922 [of which the second from 1918 is offered here], and the fourth, unfortunately, was never published. Thus, the full impact of Bohr's view remained confined to the small but brilliant circle of his disciples, who indeed managed better than their master to make them more widely known by the prompter publication of their own results"" (D.S.B. 2: 246-47).The present second part deals with the hydrogen spectrum, whereas the first part dealt with the general theory, and the third with the spectra of elements of higher atomic structure. Peter Kristian Prytz (1851-1929), to whom the work is inscribed, was an important physicist of the generation before Bohr. He did immense work to better the conditions of the teaching of physics at the Polytechnic Institute in Copenhagen, where Bohr studied for many years and where he later became a teacher. Prytz introduced the teaching of experimental physics here and fought for more space, more apparatus, more money for teaching assistance and more time for teaching. Thus, he played a great role in the physics-environment in Copenhagen both during Bohr's years as a student and as a teacher.Most importantly, it was Prytz who (in 1907) attracted the necessary money for the institute which enabled him to create the physical laboratory that constituted the foundation of Danish experimental physics, the field of which Bohr became professor in 1916 (till 1920 - the years during which he was working on the ""On the Quantum Theory of the Line Spectra"").Rosenfeld, Bohr-Bibliography, 15.‎

书商的参考编号 : 35773

‎"BOHR, NIELS.‎

‎On the Quantum Theory of Line-Spectra. Part I-II. [Off-print from ""D. Kgl. Danske Vidensk. Selsk. Skrifter"". - [BOHR'S CORRESPONDENCE PRINCIPLE - PRESENTATION-COPIES]‎

‎Copenhagen, Bianco Lunos, 1918. 4to. Both parts uncut and in the original printed wrappers. Wrappers detached and with small nicks and tears to extremities. Internally fine and clean. Part I unopened. 36 pp. + pp. (37) - 100.‎

‎First editions, author's off-prints (with ""Separate Copy"" printed to front wrappers), presentation-copies, of the first two parts of Bohr's seminal work ""On the Quantum Theory of the Line-Spectra"" (which appeared in three parts and which was never finished, the third part of which, published 4 years later, is almost never found in presentation-sets), in which Bohr gave his first clear presentation of his groundbreaking ""correspondence principle"": ""Which would play a pivotal role in the later development of atomic theory and its transformation into quantum mechanics."" (Kragh, Quantum Generations, p. 56). It eventually became a cornerstone in the quantum mechanics formulated by Heisenberg and Schrödinger. ""There was rarely in the history of physics a comprehensive theory which owed so much to one principle as quantum mechanics owed to Bohr's correspondence principle"" (Jammer 1966, p. 118). The evolution of quantum theory is divided into two distinct periods"" from 1900 to 1925, usually referred to as the period with the old quantum theory still grounded in classical physics and the second period with quantum mechanics from 1925 onwards. The general rules of quantum mechanics are very successful in describing objects on an atomic level. But macroscopic systems are accurately described by classical theories like classical mechanics and classical electrodynamics. If quantum mechanics were to be applicable to macroscopic objects, there must be some limit in which quantum mechanics reduces to classical mechanics. Bohr's correspondence principle demands that classical physics and quantum physics give the same answer when the systems become large. ""A major tool he developed for dealing with quantum problem, [...], was the correspondence principle, which establishes links between predictions of the classical theory and expectations for the quantum theory."" (Pais, Niels Bohr's Times, p. 20.). In this sense, the correspondence principle is not only an exceedingly important methodological principle, it also represents the transition to quantum mechanics and modern physics in general and it became the cornerstone of Bohr's philosophical interpretation of quantum mechanics which later would be closely tied to his thesis of complementarity and to the Copenhagen interpretation. Another version of the correspondence principle lives on in philosophical literature where it has taken form as a more general concept representing a development of new scientific theories.""By 1918 Bohr had visualized, at least in outline, the whole theory of atomic phenomena. ... He of course realized that he was still very far from a logically consistent framework wide enough to incorporate both the quantum postulates and those aspects of classical mechanics and electrodynamics that seemed to retain some validity. Nevertheless, he at once started writing up a synthetic exposition of his arguments and of all the evidence upon which they could have any bearing" in testing how well he could summarize what was known, he found occasion to check the soundness of his ideas and to improve their formulation. In the present case, however, he could hardly keep pace with the growth of the subject the paper he had in mind at the beginning developed into a four-part treatise, 'On the Theory of Line Spectra', publication of which dragged over four years without being completed" the first three parts appeared between 1918 and 1922 [of which the two first from 1918 are offered here], and the fourth, unfortunately, was never published. Thus, the full impact of Bohr's view remained confined to the small but brilliant circle of his disciples, who indeed managed better than their master to make them more widely known by the prompter publication of their own results"" (D.S.B. II: 246-47).Inscribed to ""Hr. Docent D. la Cour/ Venskabeligst/ fra/ Forfatteren"" on both front wrappers. The renowned Danish physicist and meteorologist Dan la Cour (1876-1942), was the son of the great Poul la Cour (1846-1908), who is considered the ""Danish Edison"". Dan la Cour was the assistant of Niels Bohr's father, Christian Bohr, and a well known scientist. From 1903, he was head of the department of the Meteorological Institute, and from 1923 leader thereof. From 1908 he was Associate Professor at the Polytechnic College. His original scientific works are highly respected, as are his original apparati for measuring earth magnetism which are considered highly valuable. ""His original intelligence, which in many ways resemble that of his father, also bore fruit in his patenting of various inventions: the ""Pyknoprobe"", developed to quickly determine the different layers of the sea"" a use of termite in quickly heating food and drinks out in the open under unfavourable weather conditions."" (From the Danish Encyclopaedia - own translation). He wrote a number of important and esteemed works and was member of the Danish Scientific Academy as well as many prominent international scientific commissions of meteorology and geophysics (i.e. president of the International Geodetical and Geophysical Union). He was also honorary Doctor at the George Washington University. Rosenfeld, Bohr-Bibliography, 15.‎

书商的参考编号 : 46542

‎"BOHR, NIELS AND F. KALCKAR. - THE LIQUID DROP MODEL OF BOHR INTRODUCED.‎

‎On the Transmutation of Atomic Nuclei by Impact of Material Particles. I. General theoretical Remarks. (all published)‎

‎Copenhagen, Levin & Munksgaard,1937. 8vo. Uncut in orig. printed wrappers. In: ""Det KGL. Danske Videnskabernes Selskab. Mathematisk-fysiske Meddelelser. XIV,10"". 40 pp. Fine and clean.‎

‎First edition of the work in which Bohr introduced his famous Liquid Drop Model of the atom in order to interprete the nuclear structure. (The paper was not continued as Kalckar died the following year).""It had, of course, been clear to Bohr that analogies with atomic spectra could not be of help in interpreting his (earlier) picture of nuclear structure. Peripheral electrons, thinly spread within the atomic volume, can be compared to a dilute gas of particles interacting in pairs only. By contrast Bohr's picture of intranuclear motions of tightly bound nucleons should show 'essential collective aspects', he said. Now, together with Kalckar, he suggested that for nuclei a much more proper comparison would be with a drop of liquid. That analogy should not be taken too literally, the dynamics of a true liquid drop is vastly different from thta of nucleai. Yet the comparison, treated cautiously, was tempting and in the event proved fruitful in many respects, particularly in regard to collective motions.""(Pais ""Niels Bohr's Times"", pp. 339-40).""In the liquid drop model, formulated by Niels Bohr, the nucleons are imagined to interact strongly with each other, like the molecules in a drop of liquid. A given nucleon collides frequently with other nucleons in the nuclear interior, its mean free path as it moves about being substantially less than the nuclear radius. This constant ""jiggling around"" reminds us of the thermal agitation of the molecules in a drop of liquid. The liquid drop model permits us to correlate many facts about nuclear masses and binding energies"" it is useful in explaining nuclear fission. It also provides a useful model for understanding a large class of nuclear reactions."" (FAQ).Rosenfeld No 56.‎

书商的参考编号 : 48816

‎"BOHR, NIELS (+) HENRY MOSELEY.‎

‎On the Constitution of Atoms and Molecules. 3 Parts (all). (+) The High-Frequency Spectra of the Elements. - [THE BIRTH OF MODERN ATOMIC THEORY (PMM 411)]‎

‎London, Taylor & Francis, 1913. 8vo. Bound in one nice contemporary half calf binding with gilt leather title-label to spine. Published in ""The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science"", Vol. 26. No. 151-156 offered. Small repair to spine and blind stamped to lower part of title page. Front hindge a bit loose. A fine copy. The Bohr papers: pp. 1-25" pp. 476-502 pp. 857-875. [Moseley:] Pp. 1024-1034. [Entire volume: VIII, 1064 pp.+ 24 plates].‎

‎First edition of Bohr's seminal main work, which constitutes the departure from classical theories to the birth of modern atomic physics" by incorporating Planck's quantum postulate it became possible to calculate the wavelength of the hydrogen emission and thus to explain the regularity of the Balmer-lines. In 1922 Bohr was awarded the Nobel Prize ""for his services in the investigation of the structure of atoms and of the radiation emanating from them"".""Bohr's three-part paper postulated the existence of stationary states of an atomic system whose behavior could be described using classical mechanics, while the transition of the system from one stationary state to another would represent a non-classical process accompanied by emission or absorption of one quantum of homogeneous radiation, the frequency of which was related to its energy by Planck's equation"" (Norman).In his previous paper (""On the Theory of Decrease of Velocity of Moving Electrified Particles on passing through Matter"") Bohr had adopted Rutherford's nuclear model of the atom, and had become convinced that it was the peripherical electrons that determined the chemical properties of an element, whereas the nucleus determine the radioactive properties. However, Rutherford's model had an apparent explanatory problem: Why were the negatively charged electrons held away from the positive nucleus? In his doctorial dissertation on the electron theory of metals, Bohr had clarified the limitations of this theory, in particular its ability to explain magnetic properties, and he had shown how this arose from the classical nature of some of its foundations. Bohr strongly expected that the key to solving this problem was to be found in some way of introducing Planck's law of quantum action.In the beginning of 1913 Bohr heard about Rydberg's remarkable discovery in spectroscopy. Rydberg's formula could represent the frequencies of the lines of the hydrogen spectrum in the simplest form in terms of two integers. As soon as Bohr saw this formula, he immediately recognized that it gave him the missing clue to the correct way to introduce Planck's law of quantum of action into the description of the atomic systems. The rest of the academic year was spent reconstructing the whole theory upon the new foundation and expounding it in a large treatise, which was immediately published as these three papers in the 'Philosophical Magazine'. It was in these papers that Bohr first gave his postulates of the orbital structure of the electrons and their quantized radiation.Bohr's atomic theory inaugurated two of the most adventurous decades in the history of science. Bohr introduced the following postulates: 1. An electron can revolve about its nucleus only in certain special circular orbits. 2. The ordinary electron revolves about its nucleus in an invariable orbit, without radiating or absorbing energy. 3. Radiation takes place when and only when the electron falls from an orbit with greater energy to one of less energy.""In his great papers of 1913, Bohr presented his theory as being founded upon two postulates, whose formulation he refined in later papers. The first postulate enunciates the existence of stationary states of an atomic system, the behavior of which may be described in terms of classical mechanics" the second postulate states that the transition of the system from one stationary state to another is a nonclassical process, accompanied by the emission or absorption of one quantum of homogeneous radiation, whose frequency is connected with its energy by Planck's equation. As for the principle by which the possible stationary states are selected, Bohr was still very far from a general formulation" indeed, he was keenly aware of the necessity of extending the investigation to configurations other than the simple ones to which he had restricted himself. The search for sufficiently general quantum conditions defining the stationary states of atomic systems was going to be a major problem in the following period of development of the theory."" (DSB).Also contained in the volume is Henry Moseley's famous paper ""The High-Frequency Spectra of the Elements"" in which he ""used the method of X-ray spectroscopy devised by Braggs to calculate variations in the wave length of the rays emitted by each element. These he was able to arrange in a series according to the nuclear charge of each element. [...] It was now possible to base the periodic table on a firm foundation, and to state with confidence that the number of elements up to uranium is limited to 92."" (PMM 407).PMM 411Rosenfeld, Bohr Bibliography No. 6.‎

书商的参考编号 : 51728

‎"BOHR, NIELS.‎

‎On the Quantum Theory of Line-Spectra, Part I - III. - [BOHR'S CORRESPONDENCE PRINCIPLE]‎

‎København, Bianco Lunos Bogtrykkeri, 1918 - 1922. 4to. Uncut unopened in the original printed wrappers. In ""D. Kgl. Danske Vidensk. Selsk. Skrifter, afd., 8, række IV, 1-3"" / ""Mémoires de l'Académie Royale des Sciences et des Lettres de Danemark"". Wrapper with a few minor nicks and tears but otherwise a very fine and clean copy. 118 pp.‎

‎Collected offprint-edition of Bohr's seminal work ""On the Quantum Theory of the Line-Spectra"", marking the beginning of the quantum revolution in physics, introduced the concept of quantized energy levels, provided an explanation for the observed line spectra, and served as a foundational model that inspired further developments in quantum mechanics. It is conseidered one of Bohr's most important papers and the basis for his Nobel Prize. These papers give the first clear formulation of his 'correspondence principle' establishing the limit agreement of quantum and classical physics. ""By 1918 Bohr had visualized, at least in outline, the whole theory of atomic phenomena. ... He of course realized that he was still very far from a logically consistent framework wide enough to incorporate both the quantum postulates and those aspects of classical mechanics and electrodynamics that seemed to retain some validity. Nevertheless, he at once started writing up a synthetic exposition of his arguments and of all the evidence upon which they could have any bearing" in testing how well he could summarize what was known, he found occasion to check the soundness of his ideas and to improve their formulation. In the present case, however, he could hardly keep pace with the growth of the subject the paper he had in mind at the beginning developed into a four-part treatise, 'On the Theory of Line Spectra', publication of which dragged over four years without being completed" the first three parts appeared between 1918 and 1922, and the fourth, unfortunately, was never published. Thus, the full impact of Bohr's view remained confined to the small but brilliant circle of his disciples, who indeed managed better than their master to make them more widely known by the prompter publication of their own results"" (D.S.B. 2: 246-47).‎

书商的参考编号 : 60501

‎"BOHR, NIELS.‎

‎Physical Science and the Study of religions.‎

‎(Copenhagen), Munksgaard, 1953. Royal8vo. In orig. printed wrappers. Offprint from ""Studia Orientalia Ioanni Pedersen septuagenario""., pp. 385-390.‎

‎First edition. - Rosenfeld: 95.‎

书商的参考编号 : 40451

‎"BOSE, [SATYENDRANATH].‎

‎Plancks Gesetz und Lichtquantenhypothese. - [THE BIRTH OF QUANTUM STATISTICS]‎

‎Berlin, Springer, 1924. 8vo. In contemporary halv cloth with gilt lettering to spine. In ""Zeitschrift für Physik"", Bd. 26, 1924. Entire volume offered. Stamp to front free end-paper and titlepage, otherwise fine and clean. Pp. 178-81. [Entire volume: IV, 401 pp.].‎

‎First appearance of Bose's seminal paper in which he succeeded in deriving the Planck blackbody radiation law without reference to classical electrodynamics. Einstein was extremely impressed by Bose's paper and translated it into German himself. Shortly after Einstein made a generalization of Bose's method which led to the first of two systems of quantum statistical mechanics, known as the Bose-Einstein statistics. Paul Dirac coined the term ""boson"" for particles that obey these statistics and later physics historian Abraham Dirac described it as a ""confused masterpiece"", (Pais, Inward Bound, P. 283). ""With their work Bose and Einstein established the field of quantum statistics one year before the appearance of quantum mechanics"" (Brandt, The Harvest of a Century, P. 139).""In July 1924 he sent a short manuscript entitled ""Plancks Gesetz und Lichtquantenhypothese"" to Albert Einstein for criticism and possible publication. Einstein himself translated the paper into German and had it published in the Zeitschrift für Physik later that year. He added a note that stated: ""In my opinion Boses derivation of the Planck formula signifies an important advance. The method used also yields the quantum theory of the ideal gas as I will work out in detail elsewhere."" (DSB).""2 July 1924. Satyendra Nath Bose introduces a new coarse-grained statistical counting procedure which leads to Planck's radioation law. [...] Bose's discovery of a new statistics for photons and Einstein's extension to material gases - including the phenomenon of BE condensation - were made well before anyone had ever heard of a Schroedinger wave function. Bose's derivation of Planck's law is a confused masterpiece. His reasoning is correct but, as he himself once said, he had no idea that it was novel. The Paper also contains the discovery of BE condensation, an effect without application at that time."" (Pais, Inward Bound, P. 283-4).The present volume contains the following papers of interest:Fermi: Über die Wahrscheinlichkeit der Quantenzustände.Hahn & Meitner: Über die Rollen der beta-strahlen beim Atomzerfall.Heisenberg: Über den Einfluss der Deformierbarkeit der Ionen auf optische und chemische Konstanten. II.Heisenberg: Über eine Abänderung der formalen Regeln der Quantentheorie beim Problem der anomalen Zeemaneffekte.Born: Über Quantenmechanik.‎

书商的参考编号 : 49435

‎"BOHR, N. (+) D. COSTER [DIRK].‎

‎Röntgenspektren und periodisches System der Elemente. Mit vier Abbildungen.‎

‎Berlin, Julius Springer, 1923. 8vo. Entire volume 12 of ""Zeitschrift für Physik"" bound in contemporary black half cloth with gilt title to spine. Library stamp to title-page and paper label pasted on to lower part of spine. Minor wear to extremities. A nice and clean copy. Pp. 342-75. [Entire volume: IV, 380 pp.].‎

‎First printing of Bohr's conceptions about atomic structure including electronic orbits. The paper was written in the months during which element 72 was discovered (first named Hafnia, the Latin name for Copehagen, then Danium, and finally the official name became Hafnium), and in the paper, element 72 is mentioned but not named. This is Bohr's first paper with joint authorship.""Element 72 is included, but it is still indicated as unknown. In the second section of the paper a classification is given of the known X-ray spectra of 48 elements, from magnesium to uranium."" (Bohr. Collected Works: The periodic system (1920-1923), p. 33).The volume also contains the following paper by Erwin Schrödinger:""Über eine bemerkenswerte Eigenschaft der Quantenbahnen eines einzelnen Elektrons"" in which he made a new remarkable characteristic of the quanta channnel of a single electron.‎

书商的参考编号 : 43717

‎"BOHR, N. (+) D. COSTER [DIRK].‎

‎Röntgenspektren und periodisches System der Elemente. Mit vier Abbildungen.‎

‎Berlin, Julius Springer, 1923. 8vo. Bound in contemporary half cloth with gilt lettering to spine. In ""Zeitschrift für Physik"", 12 band, 1923. The entire volume offered. Library stamp to title page. Internally a fine and clean copy. Pp. 272-286. [Entire volume: IV, 383 pp.].‎

‎First printing of Bohr's conceptions about atomic structure including electronic orbits. The paper was written in the months during which element 72 was discovered (first named Hafnia, the Latin name for Copehagen, then Danium, and finally the official name became Hafnium), and in the paper, element 72 is mentioned but not named. This is Bohr's first paper with joint authorship.""Element 72 is included, but it is still indicated as unknown. In the second section of the paper a classification is given of the known X-ray spectra of 48 elements, from magnesium to uranium."" (Bohr. Collected Works: The periodic system (1920-1923), p. 33).The volume also contains the following paper by Erwin Schrödinger:""Über eine bemerkenswerte Eigenschaft der Quantenbahnen eines einzelnen Elektrons"" in which he made a new remarkable characteristic of the quanta channnel of a single electron.‎

书商的参考编号 : 49489

‎"BOHR, NIELS.‎

‎The quantum postulate and the recent development of atomic theory. - [COINING THE TERM 'COMPLEMENTARITY']‎

‎London, Macmillan and Co., 1928. Royal8vo. In recent full blue cloth with gilt lettering to spine. Extracted from ""Nature"", January - June, 1928, Vol. 121. Entire April 14-issue offered. Fine and clean. [Bohr:] Pp. 580-90. [Entire issue:] Pp. 561-608.‎

‎First edition of Bohr's exceedingly influential statement of his 'complementarity' principle, the basis of what became known as the 'Copenhagen interpretation' of quantum mechanics. In the paper he coined the term 'complementarity' and thereby created an entire new fundamental principle of quantum mechanics.""Immediately after Heisenberg's work on uncertainty relations, Bohr presented his concept of complementarity at a conference a Lake Como in Italy. Bohr's lecture marked the first attempt to provide a genuine philosophical underpinning to the new advances in physics. The uncertainty relations had provided Bohr a concrete measure of the consequences of the wave-particle duality and thereby a physics-based justification for the ideas he was working on. Bohr had already embraced the wave-particle duality underlying quantum theory and he presented the concept of complementarity as the fundamental feature of a new conceptual framework broad enough to include it"" (Paul McEvoy, Niels Bohr). ""For Bohr, complementarity was an almost religious belief that the paradoxes of the quantum world must be accepted as fundamental, not to be 'solved' or trivialized by attempts to find out 'what's really going on down there.' Bohr used the word in an unusual way: the 'complementarity' of waves and particles, for example (or of position and momentum), meant that when one existed fully, its complement did not exist at all"" (Louisa Gilder, The Age of Entanglement). ""The lecture was published in Nature in 1928 in a revised form It sparked significant debate in the years that followed and solidified the boundaries between those who accepted Bohr's view of the consequences of quantum theory and those who were seeking a more 'realistic' microscopic theory or a more realistic interpretation of quantum theory itself"" (McEvoy, P. 70).The paper was published almost simultaneously in English, Danish, English, French and German, the present English publication being the first.‎

书商的参考编号 : 57204

‎"BOLTZMANN, L.‎

‎Ueber die Möglichkeit der Begründung einer kinetischen Gastheorie auf anziehende Kräfte allein.‎

‎Leipzig, Ambrosius Barth, 1885. 8vo. Bound in contemporary half cloth with title label pasted on to spine. In ""Annalen der Physik und Chemie"", band 14, 1885. Entire volume offered. Front wrapper with names written in contemporary hand pasted on to front board. Front hindge a bit weak and stamp to title-page, otherwise fine. Pp. 37-44. [Entire volume: VII, (1), 680 pp. + 12 plates].‎

‎First appearance of Bolzmann's important paper in which he anticipated many of his ideas presented in his ""Vorlesungen über Gastheorie"" (1896).‎

书商的参考编号 : 50983

‎"BORN, MAX.‎

‎Zur Quantenmechanik der Stossvorgänge. (On the Quantum Mechanics of Collision). + Quantenmechanik der Stossvorgängee. (Quantum Mechanics of Collision). + Das Adiabatenprincip in der Quantenmechanik. (The Adiabatic Principle in Quantum Physics). In all... - [STATISTICAL INTERPRETATION OF QUANTUM MECHANICS]‎

‎Berlin, Julius Springer, 1926-27. 8vo. Bound in one nice hcalf with gilt borders and gilt lettering to spine. All three papers published in ""Zeitschrift für Physik"". 1. Title-page for volume 37, pp. 863-67. - 2. Title-page for volume 38, pp.. 803-27. - 3. Title-page for volume 40, pp.167-192. Title-pages with stamp. Clean and fine.‎

‎First editions of all three papers, which together constitute Born's main contributions to Quantum Mechanics, for which he received the Nobel Prize in physics in 1954. In his famous series of papers on wave mechanics Schrödinger stated his equation describing the behavior of the wave function. However, Schrödinger did not himself arrive at a proper physical interpretation of the wave function itself - this is due to Born. Just a few days after Schrödinger's fourth and final paper was published, Born successfully interpreted the wave function as probability amplitude. His relatively brief paper (the first offered here) was originally meant to be published in the weekly magazine ""Die Naturwissenschaften"" but due to lack of space in this journal it was forwarded to the 'Zeitschrift'. The next paper offered, with the same title, is an elaboration of the first. In the third paper Born used the adiabatic principle to further support his statistical interpretation of quantum mechanics.‎

书商的参考编号 : 38674

‎"BOHR, NIELS.‎

‎Zur Frage der Polarisation der Strahlung in der Quantentheorie. - [TOWARDS QUANTUM THEORY]‎

‎Braunschweig und Berlin, Vieweg & Sohn, Julius Springer, 1921. Contemp. hcloth. Stamp on titlepage. In ""Zeitschrift für Physik. Hrasg. von Karl Scheel"", vol. 6., IV,416 pp. Bohr's paper: pp. 1-9. A faint dampstain in right margin.‎

‎First edition. ""...in the hands of Bohr and his school the correspondence principle was like ""a magic wand that allowed the results of the classical wave theory to be of use for the quantum theory...but a costly price had to be paid. For taking resort to classical physics in order to establish quantum-theoretic predictions, or in other words, constructing a theory whose corroboration depends on premises which conflict with the substance of the theory, is of course a serious inconsistency from the logical point of view. Being fully aware of this difficulty, Bohr attempted repeatedly to show ""the correspondence principle must be regarded purely as a law of quantum theory, which can in no way diminish the contrast between the postulates and electrodynamic theory."" The earliest allusion to such a conception may perhaps be found as early as 1921 in a paper (the paper offered) in which Bohr briefly discussed the function of the principle...""(Max Jammer).‎

书商的参考编号 : 39202

‎"BOLTZMANN, LUDWIG.‎

‎Zur Priorität der Auffindung der Beziehung zwischen dem zweiten Hauptsatze der mechanichen Wärmetheorie und dem Principe der kleinsten Wirkung.‎

‎Leipzig, Johann Ambrosius Barth, 1871. Without wrappers. In ""Annalen der Physik und Chemie. Hrsg. von J.C. Poggendorff"", Bd. 143, No 6. Pp. 161-336 a. 1 plate. Boltzmann's paper: pp. 211-230. With titlepage to volume 143.‎

‎First printing of Boltzmann's paper in which he argues that he was the first, (and four years before Clausius) to infer the Second Law of Thermodynamics from analytical mechanics. He discusses his paper from 1866 ""Über die mechanische Bedeutung des Zweiten Hauptsatzes der Wärmetheorie"" and compares it with Clausius paper from 1870 ""Zurüchführung d. zweiten Hauptsatzes d. mechanichen Wärmetheorie auf allgemeine mechaniche Principien"".‎

书商的参考编号 : 45077