‎Physique‎

‎"SMOLUCHOWSKI, MARIAN.‎

‎Studien über Molekularstatistik von Emulsion und deren Zusammenhang mit der Brownschen Bewegung.‎

‎Wien, Alfred Hölder, 1915. 8vo. Unopened, uncut in the original printed wrappers. Author's presentation offprint with the printed presentation statement on top of frontwrapper ""Überreicht vom Verfasser"" [i.e. ""Given by the author""]. Offprint from ""Kaiserl. Akademie der Wissenschaften"", Bd. CXXIII, Abt. IIa, Dezember, 1914. A very fine and clean copy. 25 pp.‎

‎First printing of Smolukowski's important paper on molecule statistics, emulsion and their connection to Brownian Motion. Einstein and Smolukowski work simultaneously and independently in the beginning of the 1900ies Brownian Motion. Smolukowski continued his work in this field and he work is distinct from Einstein's since Einstein said nothing of the collisions between a Brownian particle and the surrounding molecules.""From about 1900 Smoluchowski worked on Brownian movement. He wished to use experimental data to verify the theory he had obtained desire complicated by the confused situation of experimental research. In the meantime Einstein, in papers of 1905 and 1906, had presented a solution to the problem. Smoluchowski then decided to publish his results in 1906, which presented his different method. Einstein started from general relations of statistical physics, an approach that was universal but did not lend itself to visualization. For example, Einstein said nothing of the collisions between a Brownian particle and the surrounding molecules. Smoluchowski started by examining the effects of successive collisions and obtained a final formula that differed little from Einstein's. Smoluchowski's further works in this field extend through an examination of the Brownian movement of a particle undergoing the influence of a quasi-elastic force to the Brownian movements of macroscopic bodies. At the Conference of Natural Scientists at Münster in 1912, Smoluchowski proposed the observation of the Brownian rotative movement of a small mirror suspended on a thin quartz fiber and the observation free end of a similar fiber. The first experiment was performed by W. Gerlach and E. Lehrer in 1927, and later by Eugen Kappler"" the second, by A Houdijk and P. Zeeman, and by E. Einthoven. In 1925, Both experiments confirmed Smoluchowski's calculations.""‎

Référence libraire : 48663

‎"SMOLUCHOWSKI, MARIAN.‎

‎Sur la conductibilité calorifique des corps pulvérisés (+) Études sur la conductibilité calorifique des corps pulvérisés (suite). - [THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY]‎

‎Cracovie, Imprimerie de L'Université, 1910 + 1911. 8vo. In the original printed wrappers. Two offprints from ""Bulletin de L'Académie des Sciences de Cracovie"", Mai, 1910 & Octobre, 1911. Both very fine and clean. Pp. (2), 130-53"" Pp. (1), 549-57.‎

‎Scarce offprint of Smoluchowski's important paper in which he documented that a layer of smooth spherical particles in vacuum may be used as an effective thermal insulator.""This was discovered by M. Smoluchowski some forty years ago. He investigated both theoretically and experimentally the thermal conductivity of powders, and concluded that filling the space between the walls of a Dewar vessel with a suitable powder would provide improved insulation by reducing the convective currents as well as the radiation and, moreover, would improve the vacuum by absorption. His application for a patent resulted in a long argument with the German Patent Office, whose examiners were reluctant to admit that any material agent could provide a better insulation than 'absolute' vacuum. At that time a large metallic Dewar vessel with its interstice filled with powdered active carbon was built at the Physical Institute of the University in Lwów, and showed the expected high insulating properties."" (Klemensiewicz, Thermal Conductivity of Powders)‎

Référence libraire : 48711

‎"SMOLUCHOWSKI, MARIAN.‎

‎Theoretische Bemerkungen über die Viskosität der Kolloide.‎

‎Dresden & Leipzig, Theodor Steinkopff, 1916. Royal8vo. In the original printed wrappers. Author's presentation offprint with the printed presentation statement on top of frontwrapper ""Überreicht vom Verfasser"" [i.e. ""Given by the author""]. Offprint from ""Kolloid-Zeitschrift"", Heft 5, Band XVIII. With a few nicks to front wrapper. A hole (1 cm2) going all the way through the issue, however, not affecting text. Pp. (2), 191-95.‎

‎First edition, in the scarce author's presentation offprint issue, of Smoluchowski's theoretical remarks on the viscosity of the colloids.‎

Référence libraire : 48722

‎"SMOLUCHOWSKI, MARIAN von. - BROWNIAN MOVEMENTS‎

‎Zur kinetischen Theorie der Brownschen Molekularbewegung und der Suspensionen. (Bearbeitet nach einer am 9. Juli 1906 der Krakauer Akademie vorgelegten und demnächst in dem Bullet. Int. Crac. erschienenen Abhandlung).‎

‎(Leipzig, Barth, 1906). Without wrappers.. In: ""Annalen der Physik. Vierte Folge. Bd. 21, No. 14.. Pp. 509-780. (Entire issue offered No 14). Smoluchowski's paper: pp. 756-780. Clean and fine.‎

‎First appearance of the final form of Smoluchowski's rechearches on the Brownian Movements, hereby introducing the Statistical Theory of the Brownian Movements.""Smoluchowski began his 1906 paper (the paper offered) by referring to Einstein's two articles of 1905. ""The findings (of these papers) agree completely with some results which I had...obtained several years ago and which I consider since then as an importent argument for the kinetic nature of this phenomenon."" Then why had he not published earlier ? 'Although it has not been possible for me till now to undertake an experimental test of the consequences of this point of view, something I originally intended to do, I have decided to publish these considerations...' In support of this decision, he stated that his kinetic method seemed more direct, simpler, and therefore more convincing than Einstein's, in which collision kinetics plays no explicit role....In any case, Smoluchowski's paper IS AN OUTSTANDING CONTRIBUTION TO PHYSICSS,even though the priority of Einstein is beyond question (as Smoluchowski himself pointed out)."" (Pais ""Subtle is the Lord"", pp. 100 ff.‎

Référence libraire : 43861

‎"SMOLUCHOWSKI, MARIAN.‎

‎Über Brownsche Molekularbewegung unter Einwirkung äusserer Kräfte und deren Zusammenhang mit der verallgemeinerten Diffusionsgleichung. - [THE SMOLUCHOWSKI EQUATION]‎

‎Leipzig, Barth, 1915. 8vo. In the original printed wrappers. Author's presentation offprint with the printed presentation statement on top of frontwrapper ""Überreicht vom Verfasser"" [i.e. ""Given by the author""]. Offprint from ""Annalen der Physik"", Vierte Folge, Band 48, 1915. A very fine copy, near mint. Pp. 1103-1112.‎

‎Scarce presentation offprint with the printed presentation of Smolukowski's important drift-diffusion equation or the Smoluchowski equation. Here he documented that In some cases, the average velocity field exists because of a force, for example, the equation might describe the flow of ions dissolved in a liquid, with an electric field pulling the ions in some direction. This is referred to as the drift-diffusion equation (not to be confused with the Einstein-Smoluchowski relation)‎

Référence libraire : 48659

‎"SMOLUCHOWSKI, MARIAN.‎

‎Über die Wechselwirkung von Kugeln die Sich in einer Zähen Flüssigkeit Bewegen.‎

‎Cracovie, Imprimerie de L'Université, 1911. 8vo. In the original printed wrappers. Offprint from ""Bulletin de L'Académie des Sciences de Cracovie"", Janvier 1911. Very fine and clean. Pp. (2), 28-39.‎

‎Scarce offprint of Smoluchowski's paper on the interaction of spheres that moves in a viscous liquid.‎

Référence libraire : 48717

‎"SMITH, ROBERT. - THE MAIN TEXTBOOK ON OPTICS IN THE 18TH CENTURY.‎

‎Vollständiger Lehrbegriff der Optik nach Herrn Robert Smiths Englischen mit Aenderungen und Zusätzen ausgearbeitet von Abraham Gotthelf Kästner.‎

‎Altenburg, Richterischen Buchhandlung, 1755. 4to. Contemp. boards. Handwritten titlelabel on spine. Engraved titlevignette. (20),531,(5) pp. and 22 folded engraved plates. A few scattered brownspots, but in general clean.‎

‎"SMOLUCHOWSKI, MARIAN.‎

‎Anzahl und Grösse der Moleküle und Atome.‎

‎Bologna, Nicola Zanichelli, 1913. 8vo. In the original printed wrappers (With both the regular journal issue wrappers and the offprint wrappers - as issued). Offprint from ""Scientia"", Band XIII, Jahr 7. (1913), N.XXVII-1. A very fine and clean copy. Pp. 1-(25) - 20-(44).‎

‎"SMOLUCHOWSKI, MARIAN.‎

‎Bemerkung zu der Arbeit B. Baules: ""Theoretische Behandlung der Erscheinungen in verdünnten Gasen"". - [AUTHOR'S PRESENTATION OFFPRINT ISSUE]‎

‎Leipzig, Johann Ambrosius Barth, 1914. 8vo. In the original printed wrappers. Author's presentation offprint with the printed presentation statement on top of frontwrapper ""Überreicht vom Verfasser"" [i.e. ""Given by the author""]. Offprint from ""Annalen der Physik"", Vierte Folge, Band 45, 1914. Light miscolouring to left margin of front wrapper. A very fine and clean copy, near mint. Pp. 1098-1102.‎

‎"SMOLUCHOWSKI, MARIAN.‎

‎Studien über Molekularstatistik von Emulsion und deren Zusammenhang mit der Brownschen Bewegung.‎

‎Wien, Alfred Hölder, 1915. 8vo. Unopened, uncut in the original printed wrappers. Author's presentation offprint with the printed presentation statement on top of frontwrapper ""Überreicht vom Verfasser"" [i.e. ""Given by the author""]. Offprint from ""Kaiserl. Akademie der Wissenschaften"", Bd. CXXIII, Abt. IIa, Dezember, 1914. A very fine and clean copy. 25 pp.‎

‎"SMOLUCHOWSKI, MARIAN.‎

‎Sur la formation des veines d'efflux dans les liquides.‎

‎Cracovie, Imprimerie de l'Universite, 1904. 8vo. In the original stapled printed wrappers. Offprint from ""Bulletin de L'Académie des Sciences de Cracovie"", Octobre, 1904. A very fine and clean copy. Pp. (2), 371-384.‎

‎"SMOLUCHOWSKI, MARIAN.‎

‎Theoretische Bemerkungen über die Viskosität der Kolloide.‎

‎Dresden & Leipzig, Theodor Steinkopff, 1916. Royal8vo. In the original printed wrappers. Author's presentation offprint with the printed presentation statement on top of frontwrapper ""Überreicht vom Verfasser"" [i.e. ""Given by the author""]. Offprint from ""Kolloid-Zeitschrift"", Heft 5, Band XVIII. With a few nicks to front wrapper. A hole (1 cm2) going all the way through the issue, however, not affecting text. Pp. (2), 191-95.‎

‎"SMOLUCHOWSKI, MARIAN.‎

‎Zur Theorie der Zustandsgleichungen. - [AUTHOR'S PRESENTATION OFFPRINT ISSUE]‎

‎Leipzig, Johann Ambrosius Barth, 1915. 8vo. In the original printed wrappers. Author's presentation offprint with the printed presentation statement on top of frontwrapper ""Überreicht vom Verfasser"" [i.e. ""Given by the author""]. Offprint from ""Annalen der Physik"", Vierte Folge, Band 48, 1915. A very fine and clean copy, near mint. Pp. 1098-1102.‎

‎"SMOLUCHOWSKI, MARIAN.‎

‎Über die Wechselwirkung von Kugeln die Sich in einer Zähen Flüssigkeit Bewegen.‎

‎Cracovie, Imprimerie de L'Université, 1911. 8vo. In the original printed wrappers. Offprint from ""Bulletin de L'Académie des Sciences de Cracovie"", Janvier 1911. Very fine and clean. Pp. (2), 28-39.‎

‎"SMOLUCHOWSKI, MARIAN.‎

‎Über gewisse Mängel in der Begründung des Entropiesatzes sowie der Boltzmann'schen Grundgleichung in der kinetischen Gastheorie.‎

‎Cracovie, Imprimerie de L'Université, 1915. 8vo. In the original printed wrappers. Offprint from ""Bulletin de L'Académie des Sciences de Cracovie"", Juillet 1915. Very fine and clean, near mint. Pp. (2), 164-178.‎

‎"SODDY, FREDERICK.‎

‎Der gegenwärtige Stand der Radioaktivität.‎

‎(Leipzig, S. Hirzel, 1906). No wrappers. In ""Jahrbuch der Radioaktivität und Elektronik"", 3. bd., Heft 1. Pp. 1-116 (entire issue offered). Soddy's paper: pp. 1-23.‎

‎Importent early survey of the investigations into the radioactive elements.Soddy developed with Lord Rutherford during 1901-1903 the disintegration theory of radioactivity, confirmed with Sir William Ramsay in 1903 the production of helium from radium, advanced in 1910 the concept of isotope, proposed in 1911 the alpha-ray rule leading to the full displacement law of 1913, and was the 1921 Nobel laureate in chemistry, principally for his investigations into the origin and nature of isotopes. (DSB).‎

Référence libraire : 45813

‎"SODDY, F. (+) E. RUTHERFORD.‎

‎Intra-atomic Charge [Soddy] (+) The Structure of the Atom [Rutherford]. - [INTRODUCING THE CONCEPT AND COINING THE WORD ""ISOTOPE""]‎

‎London, Macmillan, 1913-1914. Royal8vo. Bound in contemporary half calf with two black leather title label to spine with gilt lettering. Five raised bands. In ""Nature"", Vol. 92, September - February, 1913-1914. Library stamp of Christ Church College, Oxford on first page of index with their bookplate on front free endpaper and that of Dr Lee's Laboratory, Christ Church, on front paste-down. Minor wear to extremities, otherwise a very fine and clean copy.‎

‎First printing of this important paper introducing for the very first time the concept of isotopes"" how to designate chemically identical elements with different atomic weights. This is also the first uses the term 'isotope' in print. This work would later award him the Nobel Prize in Physics. ""To be able to refer generically to these active and inactive elements with identical chemical properties, Soddy introduced the technical term ""isotope"" in 1913.10 While chemically inseparable, active isotopes were distinguishable by their radioactive properties, and all isotopes differed in atomic weight. Soddy suggested that the 1912 metaneon of J. J. Thomson be considered ""a case of isotopic elements outside the radioactive sequences.""11 Following Soddy, Aston announced a partial separation in 1913 on this very basis. The connection between chemical properties and the periodic table became increasingly clarified with concurrent developments in the physics and chemistry of the nuclear atom, from the chemical side. Soddy proposed the alpha-ray rule in 1911, the key to the first of two locks. Applying his general principle that the common elements are mixtures of chemically inseparable elements ""differing step-wise by whole units of atomic weight"" specifically to the case of the radioelements, Soddy recognized that the expulsion of an alpha particle would result in a lighter element chemically inseparable from those occupying the ""next but one"" position in the periodic table. The second lock to the displacement law involved the beta transitions."" (DSB)A rather indignant Ernest Rutherford responded [In the second paper]: the nucleus has ""resultant"" positive charge, he said, and as he elaborated, Rutherford came tantalizingly close to postulating the proton"" (Nature Website).‎

Référence libraire : 47056

‎"SOMMERFELD, A. - THE BOHR-SOMMERFELD MODEL OF THE ATOM.‎

‎Zur Quantentheorie der Spektrallinien. I-III. (I. Theorie der Balmerschen Serie. II. Die Feinstruktur der Wasserstoff- und der wasserstoffähnlichen Linien. III. Theorie der Röntgenspektren.‎

‎Leipzig, Johann Ambrosius Barth, 1916. Contemp. hcloth. Gilt lettering to spine. VIII,888 a. 4 plates. (entire volume offered). Sommerfelds paper: pp. 1-94 a. pp. 125-167. A stamp on verso of titlepage. Clean and fine.‎

‎First appearance of Sommerfeld's elaborated version of the fine structure of the hydrogen atom, in which he was the first to show, that relativity theory gives a quantitative account of the fine structure, and thus creating a general theory of spectral lines based on the quantum concepts.""Sommerfeld's two papers...and a more elaborate version (the paper offered)...surely deserves a lenghty chapter in the history of the old quantum theory...""Pais, Bohr p. 186 ff).""This extraordinary extension, enrichment, and precision of Bohr’s theory by Sommerfed contributed decisively to its rapid and widespread acceptance. Only five years after Bohr’s first publication Sommerfeld, recognizing that the mathematical development of this quantum-theoretical atomic model had reached a conclusion of sorts, undertook a comprehensive exposition of the field. HisAtombau and Spektallinien, of which the first edition appeared late in 1919, immediately became the bible of atomic physics and its successive editions, appearing almost annually in the early 1920’s, chronicled the progress of this field up to the eve of the introduction of quantum mechanics.""(DSB). - Parkinson ""Breakthroughs"", 1916 P.The volume contains other notable papers by Paul S. Epstein ""Zur Quantentheorie"", Stark, P. Ehrenfest ""Adiabatische Invarianten und Quantentheorie"" and A. Einstein ""Über Friedrich Kottlers Abhandlung ""Über Einsteins Áquivalenzhypothese und die Gravitation"" pp. 639-642.‎

Référence libraire : 45027

‎"SODDY, F. (+) E. RUTHERFORD.‎

‎Intra-atomic Charge [Soddy] (+) The Structure of the Atom [Rutherford]. - [INTRODUCING THE CONCEPT AND COINING THE WORD ""ISOTOPE""]‎

‎London, Macmillan, 1913-1914. Royal8vo. Bound in contemporary half calf with two black leather title label to spine with gilt lettering. Five raised bands. In ""Nature"", Vol. 92, September - February, 1913-1914. Library stamp of Christ Church College, Oxford on first page of index with their bookplate on front free endpaper and that of Dr Lee's Laboratory, Christ Church, on front paste-down. Minor wear to extremities, otherwise a very fine and clean copy.‎

‎"SODDY, FREDERICK.‎

‎Die Entwickelung der Elemente.‎

‎(Leipzig, S. Hirzel, 1906). No wrappers. In ""Jahrbuch der Radioaktivität und Elektronik"", 3. bd., Heft 3. Pp. 239-358 (entire issue offered). Soddy's paper: pp. 247-264.‎

‎"SOMMERFELD, ARNOLD.‎

‎Zur Relativitätstheorie. I. Vierdimensionale Vektoralgebra.‎

‎Leipzig, Ambrosius Barth, 1910. 8vo. In full black cloth with gilt lettering to spine. In ""Annalen der Physik"", Vierte Folge, Band 32. Entire volume offered. Library labels to front end papers and stamp to title page, otherwise fine and clean. Pp. 749-76. [Entire volume: VIII, 1112 pp. + 15 plates.].‎

‎"SPOTTISWOODE, WILLIAM & J. FLETCHER MOULTON. - EARLY TELEVISION.‎

‎On the Sensitive State of Electrical Discharges through Rarified Gases. Received April 2, - Read May 8, 1879.‎

‎(London, Harrison and Sons, 1880). 4to. No wrappers as extracted from ""Philosophical Transactions"" 1879 - Vol. 170 - Part I. Pp. 165-229 a. 6 lithographed plates.‎

‎"STERN, O. [OTTO] (+) WALTHER GERLACH.‎

‎Ein Weg zur experimentellen Prüfung der Richtungsquantelung im Magnetfeld [in: Zeitschr. für Physik vol. 7, 1921:] (+) Der experimentelle Nachweis des magnetischen Moments des Silberatoms [in Zeitschr. für Physik vol. 8, 1922] (+) Der experimentelle ... - [DISCOVERY OF SPATIAL QUANTIZATION - THE STERN-GERLACH EXPERIMENT]‎

‎Berlin, Julius Springer, 1921 & 1922. 8vo. Entire volumes 7-9, 1921 and 1922, of ""Zeitschrift für Physik"" bound in three contemporary half cloth bindings over marbled boards, volumes 7 and 8 in uniform bindings, volume 9 slightly differing, with more gilding to spine. Tiny marginal dampstain to the first leaves of vol. 9, and large library-stamp to front free end-papers of volumes 7-8, otherwise, all three volumes fine, clean, and tight. All three title-pages with library-stamp. Pp. 249-53" 110-11 349-55. [Entire volumes: VI, 414 pp IV, 419 pp." IV, 412 pp.].‎

‎First printing of Stern and Gerlach's seminal papers in which the first spatial quantization, atomic magnetic moments, was first presented. With these papers, the first clear proof for the spin of the electron appeared, profoundly influencing the world of physics. The discovery of the deflection of particles is often used to illustrate basic principles of quantum mechanics and demonstrates that electrons and atoms have inherent quantum properties.Spatial quantization had been introduced merely as a theoretical concept by Sommerfeld in 1916, but no one before Stern had ever empirically demonstrated its existence, and some physicists even considered it to be nothing more than a mathematical tool. In his 1921-paper Stern proposed an empirical test:""The idea for the experiment proposed by Stern was simple enough. A beam of silver atoms is produced by letting silver evaporate in an oven with a small opening. The beam is collimated and travels in X direction until it falls on a glass plate. Between collimators and plate an inhomogeneous magnetic field is produced. It points in y direction and also changes its strength as a function of y. If the atoms possess a magnetic moment, the field pulls them away from the X axis. If the moments are oriented at random, there will be a broadening of the beam. But if spatial quantization exists with just two possible orientations, then the beam will be split in two. Half the atoms are pulled in the positive and half in the negative y direction. It should be treated as a spinning top with a magnetic needle in its axis."" ( Brandt. The Harvest of a Century, p. 124).In November 1921, Stern and Gerlach observed a broadening of the beam, its size increased from 0.1 mm till 0.3 mm when the field was turned on. ""This result proved that silver atoms possess a magnetic moment. With a still better collimated beam in February 1922 where the splitting of the beam into two was observed. Spatial quantization was established."" ( Brandt. The Harvest of a Century, p. 124).Only after the birth of quantum mechanics it became clear that the atoms themselves are not turned, but that their quantum mechanical wave function assumes one of its possible values in the apparatus. The discovery penetrated all aspects of physics"" it was documented that electrons are responsible for the hyperfine structure of the spectroscopic lines and more generally that the direct observation of the spin of the electron is the most clear evidence of quantization in quantum mechanics.The three volumes also contains the following papers of interest:1. Born, Max. Über elektrostatische Gitterpotentiale. Bd. 7. pp. 124-140.2. Born, Max. Zur Thermodynamik der Kristallgitter. Bd. 7. pp. 217-248.3. Geiger, H. Reichweitemessungen an alfa-Strahlen. Bd. 8. pp. 45-58.4. Brody, E. & Max Born. Bemerkungen zy unseren Abhandlungen ""Über die Schwingungen eines mechanischen Systems mit endlicher Amplitude und ihre Quantelung"" [...] . Bd. 8. Pp. 205-208.5. Heisenberg, Werner. Zur Quantentheorie der Linienstruktur und der anomalen Zeemaneffekte. Bd. 8. pp. 273-297.6. Bohr, Niels. Der Bau der Atome und die physikalischen und chemischen Eigenschaften der Elemente. Bd. 9. pp. 1-67.And many others.‎

Référence libraire : 43611

‎"STERN, O. [OTTO] (+) WALTHER GERLACH.‎

‎Ein Weg zur experimentellen Prüfung der Richtungsquantelung im Magnetfeld [in: Zeitschr. für Physik vol. 7, 1921:] (+) Der experimentelle Nachweis des magnetischen Moments des Silberatoms [in Zeitschr. für Physik vol. 8, 1922] - [DISCOVERY OF SPATIAL QUANTIZATION - THE STERN-GERLACH EXPERIMENT]‎

‎Berlin, Julius Springer, 1921 & 1922. 8vo. Bound in two uniform contemporary. In ""Zeitschrift für Physik"", Vol. 7, 8 & 9, 1922. All three volumes offered. Both with library stamp to title page and light wear to extremities. A fine set. Pp. 249-53" 110-11 349-55. [Entire volumes: VI, 414 pp IV, 419 pp." IV, 412 pp.].‎

‎First printing of Stern and Gerlach's seminal papers in which the first spatial quantization, atomic magnetic moments, was first presented. With these papers, the first clear proof for the spin of the electron appeared, profoundly influencing the world of physics. The discovery of the deflection of particles is often used to illustrate basic principles of quantum mechanics and demonstrates that electrons and atoms have inherent quantum properties.Spatial quantization had been introduced merely as a theoretical concept by Sommerfeld in 1916, but no one before Stern had ever empirically demonstrated its existence, and some physicists even considered it to be nothing more than a mathematical tool. In his 1921-paper Stern proposed an empirical test:""The idea for the experiment proposed by Stern was simple enough. A beam of silver atoms is produced by letting silver evaporate in an oven with a small opening. The beam is collimated and travels in X direction until it falls on a glass plate. Between collimators and plate an inhomogeneous magnetic field is produced. It points in y direction and also changes its strength as a function of y. If the atoms possess a magnetic moment, the field pulls them away from the X axis. If the moments are oriented at random, there will be a broadening of the beam. But if spatial quantization exists with just two possible orientations, then the beam will be split in two. Half the atoms are pulled in the positive and half in the negative y direction. It should be treated as a spinning top with a magnetic needle in its axis."" ( Brandt. The Harvest of a Century, p. 124).In November 1921, Stern and Gerlach observed a broadening of the beam, its size increased from 0.1 mm till 0.3 mm when the field was turned on. ""This result proved that silver atoms possess a magnetic moment. With a still better collimated beam in February 1922 where the splitting of the beam into two was observed. Spatial quantization was established."" ( Brandt. The Harvest of a Century, p. 124).Only after the birth of quantum mechanics it became clear that the atoms themselves are not turned, but that their quantum mechanical wave function assumes one of its possible values in the apparatus. The discovery penetrated all aspects of physics"" it was documented that electrons are responsible for the hyperfine structure of the spectroscopic lines and more generally that the direct observation of the spin of the electron is the most clear evidence of quantization in quantum mechanics.The three volumes also contains the following papers of interest:1. Born, Max. Über elektrostatische Gitterpotentiale. Bd. 7. pp. 124-140.2. Born, Max. Zur Thermodynamik der Kristallgitter. Bd. 7. pp. 217-248.3. Geiger, H. Reichweitemessungen an alfa-Strahlen. Bd. 8. pp. 45-58.4. Brody, E. & Max Born. Bemerkungen zy unseren Abhandlungen ""Über die Schwingungen eines mechanischen Systems mit endlicher Amplitude und ihre Quantelung"" [...] . Bd. 8. Pp. 205-208.5. Heisenberg, Werner. Zur Quantentheorie der Linienstruktur und der anomalen Zeemaneffekte. Bd. 8. pp. 273-297.6. Bohr, Niels. Der Bau der Atome und die physikalischen und chemischen Eigenschaften der Elemente. Bd. 9. pp. 1-67.And many others.‎

Référence libraire : 49490

‎"STOKES, G.G. - COINING THE WORD 'FLUORESCENCE'‎

‎On the Change of Refrangibility of Light. (No. I). Received May 11, - Read May 27, 1852. (+) On the Change of Refrangibility of Light.- No. II. Received June 16, - Read June 26, 1853. (2 Papers).‎

‎(London, Richard Taylor and William Francis, 1852 and 1853). 4to. No wrappers as extracted from ""Philosophical Transactions"" 1852 - Part II. Pp. 463-562 a. 1853 - Vol. 143. Part III. Pp. 385-396. Clean and fine.‎

‎First appearance of two importent papers in the physical theories of light and the atomic structure.""Sir John Herschel first noticed that sulpahte of quinine shows a blue colour when light is incident on it under certain circumstances"" later it was found that many other substances, if placed in a dark room and exposed to invisible radiations beyond the viloet end of the visible spectrum, emit a bluish or greenish light. To this phenomenon the name 'flourencence' was given by Stoken in 1852 (the paper offered), in a famous paper disclosing its true nature.""(Whittaker in ""A History of the Theores of Aether and Electricity"" Vol. I.p. 262).""However, long before the discovery of the electron made the compositeness of atoms explicit, the clearest signals that structure was called for came from spectra. Already in 1852, Stokes, in the importent memoir ""On the Change of Refrangibility of Ligh"" (to which Kelvin referred) had written. ""In all probability...the molecular vibrations by which...light is produced are not vibrations i which the molecules move among one another, but vibrations aming the constituent parts of the molecules themselves, performed by virtue of the internal forces which hold the parts of molecules together"". Please notice...at that time, the term 'molecule' often meant what we call 'atom'.""(Pais in""Inward Bound"", p. 175).‎

Référence libraire : 42590