‎Physique‎

‎"STONER, EDMUND C. - STONERS RULE - ANTICIPATING PAULI'S EXCLUSION PRINCIPLE.‎

‎The Distribution of Electrons among Atomic Levels.‎

‎London, Taylor & Francis, 1924. Full buckram. Spine with gilt lettering. Stamps on titlepage. Bookmark of ""Pomona College Library"" on inside frontcover. In: ""The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science"", Vol. XLVIII, Sixth Series. VIII,1144 pp., textillustr. and 27 plates. (Entire volume offered). Stoner's paper: pp. 719-736.‎

‎First apperance of Stoner's importent paper in which he formulated ""Stoner's Rule"", a paper which inspired Pauli to his Exclusion principle in 1925. ""The publication of his paper (the paper offered) brought Stoner rapid recognition. His theory, however, was subsequently overshadowed by the exclusion principle of Wolfgang Pauli, who, exploiting Stoner’s insight and applying it to individual electrons, transformed it into a general and powerful analytic tool."" (DSB).""In 1924 (in the paper offered) Stoner had proposed the following rule: ""The number of electrons in each completed shall is equal to double the sum of the inner quantum numbers"".... Stoner's rule says: a shell corresponds to a fixed n and the number of electrons in that shell, if completetely filled. equals twice N.... Why twice ?... Here Pauli takes over.""(Pais ""Inward Bound"", p. 273.).""Soon after Bohr developed his initial configuration, Arnold Sommerfeld in Munich realized the need to characterize the stationary states of the electron in the hydrogen atom by means of a second quantum number-the socalled angular-momentum quantum number. Bohr immediately applied this discovery to many-electron atoms and in 1922 produced a set of more detailed electronic configurations. In turn, Sommerfeld went on to discover the third, or inner, quantum number, thus enabling the British physicist Edmund Stoner to come up with an even more refined set of electronic configurations in 1924..... Stoner assumed that three quantum numbers could be specified in many electron atoms. In any case, Stoner’s scheme solved certain problems present in Bohr’s configurations. For example, Bohr had assigned phosphorus the configuration 2,4,4,4,1, but this failed to explain the fact that phosphorus shows valencies of three and five. Stoner’s configuration for phosphorus was 2,2,2,4,2,2,1, which easily explains the valencies, since it becomes plausible that either the two or the three outermost subshells of electrons form bonds."" (Eric R. Scerri. ""The Periodic Table and the Electron"").‎

Référence libraire : 47277

‎"STERN, OTTO.‎

‎Zur Methode der Molekularstrahlen. I. (Untersuchungen zur Molekularstrahlmethode aus dem Institut für physikalische Chemie der Hamburgischen Universität. Nr. 1.) - [THE ESTABLISHMENT OF THE FIELD OF MOLECULAR BEAMS]‎

‎Berlin, Julius Springer, 1926. 8vo. Offprint in the original printed wrappes, ""Sonderabdruck Band 39, Heft 10/11"" printed on the front wrapper. A very fine and clean copy, near mint. Pp. 751-763. From the library of Niels Bohr.‎

‎Scarce offprint of Stern's first publication of his famous and groundbreaking series of papers named Untersuchungen zur Molekularstrahlmethode (U.z.M.), which established the field of molecular beams. In the first of the U.z.M.-papers (the present), Stern explains the advantages and disadvantages of the method, discusses technical details, and then gives the program for future work. In this section he mentions 1, the measurement of magnetic moments of molecules, including those due to the electrons, to the nucleus, and those induced by diamagnetic action" 2, electric dipole moments, including the so-called permanent dipole moment as well as moments of higher order (quadrupoles) 3, the measurement of the field of force of molecules (molecular forces) 4, fundamental problems such as the recoil on emission of a quantum, the de Broglie waves of matter, and others. The execution of this immense program kept him busy and gave work to many assistants, students, postdoctoral fellows, and guests of his institute.This series reached 30 papers before it ended prematurely due to interruption by Nazi Germany.‎

Référence libraire : 47132

‎"STERN, O. (+) R. FRISCH.‎

‎Über die magnetische Ablenkung von Wasserstoffmolekülen und das magnetische Moment des Protons. I.‎

‎Berlin, Springer, 1933. 8vo. In contemporary halv cloth with gilt lettering to spine. In ""Zeitschrift für Physik"", Bd. 85, 1933. Entire volume offered. Stamp to front free end-paper and titlepage, otherwise fine and clean. Pp. 4-16. [Entire volume: VIII, 811 pp.].‎

‎First printing of Stern and Frisch's seminal paper with the very first measurement of the proton magnetic moment constituting the earliest experimental evidence for the internal structure of the nucleon. ""It is this work that was specifically mentioned in Stern's Nobel Prize citation"" (DSB) in 1943 when he was awarded the prize ""for his contribution to the development of the molecular ray method and his discovery of the magnetic moment of the proton"".""Dirac had promulgated a theory according to which the ratio of the magnetic moment of the proton to that of the electron should have been the same as the inverse ratio of their masses. This theory was believed so generally that when Stern, O. R. Frisch, and this writer began the very difficult experiments, they were told more than once by eminent theoreticians that they were wasting their time and effort. But Stern's perseverance paid off. Measurements showed a proton magnetic moment two or three times larger than expected. While that result has since been reproduced with greater accuracy, a really satisfactory theoretical explanation is still outstanding. It is this work that was specifically mentioned in Stern's Nobel Prize citation."" (DSB)The magnetic moment of the proton, first measured in 1933 by Frisch and Stern, was the earliest experimental evidence for the internal structure of the nucleon. Although the theory of strong interactions, Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD), is over 20 years old, a quantitative description of the magnetic moments of the nucleons based on QCD remains an elusive goal. The phenomenal quantitative success of the standard electroweak theory now allows one to use the weak interaction to obtain additional information on the magnetic properties of the nucleon. In particular, the measurement of the strength of the magnetic interaction with the neutral weak boson Z0(when combined with the usual magnetic interaction with the photon) enables a decomposition of the nucleon magnetism into the contributions arising from the three relevant quark flavors (up, down, and strange). (American Physical Society)The present volume also contain Estermann and Stern paper: ""Über sie magnetische Ablenkung von Wasserstoffmolekülen und das magnetische Moment des Protons"" in which they demonstrated the existence of de Broglie Waves for Atom and molecules.‎

Référence libraire : 49260

‎"STARK, J.‎

‎Über die Lichtemission der Kanalstrahlen in Wasserstoff.‎

‎(Leipzig, Johann Ambrosius Barth, 1906). 8vo. No wrappers. Extracted from ""Annalen der Physik"" Vierte Folge. Bd. 21. Entire issue no. 13 offered. Pp. 401-456. [Entire issue: Pp. 401-608].‎

‎"STERN, ALEXANDER W.‎

‎The Third Revolution in 20th Century Physics.‎

‎[No place], 1964. 4to. Without wrappers (as issued). Offprint from ""Physics Today"", April 1964. very fine and clean. Pp. 42-45.‎

‎"STERN, O. (+) R. FRISCH.‎

‎Über die magnetische Ablenkung von Wasserstoffmolekülen und das magnetische Moment des Protons. I.‎

‎Berlin, Springer, 1933. 8vo. In contemporary halv cloth with gilt lettering to spine. In ""Zeitschrift für Physik"", Bd. 85, 1933. Entire volume offered. Stamp to front free end-paper and titlepage, otherwise fine and clean. Pp. 4-16. [Entire volume: VIII, 811 pp.].‎

‎"STERN, O. [OTTO] (+) WALTHER GERLACH.‎

‎Ein Weg zur experimentellen Prüfung der Richtungsquantelung im Magnetfeld [in: Zeitschr. für Physik vol. 7, 1921:] (+) Der experimentelle Nachweis des magnetischen Moments des Silberatoms [in Zeitschr. für Physik vol. 8, 1922] - [DISCOVERY OF SPATIAL QUANTIZATION - THE STERN-GERLACH EXPERIMENT]‎

‎Berlin, Julius Springer, 1921 & 1922. 8vo. Bound in two uniform contemporary. In ""Zeitschrift für Physik"", Vol. 7, 8 & 9, 1922. All three volumes offered. Both with library stamp to title page and light wear to extremities. A fine set. Pp. 249-53" 110-11 349-55. [Entire volumes: VI, 414 pp IV, 419 pp. " IV, 412 pp.].‎

‎"STERN, OTTO.‎

‎Zur Methode der Molekularstrahlen. I. (Untersuchungen zur Molekularstrahlmethode aus dem Institut für physikalische Chemie der Hamburgischen Universität. Nr. 1.) - [THE ESTABLISHMENT OF THE FIELD OF MOLECULAR BEAMS]‎

‎Berlin, Julius Springer, 1926. 8vo. Offprint in the original printed wrappes, ""Sonderabdruck Band 39, Heft 10/11"" printed on the front wrapper. A very fine and clean copy, near mint. Pp. 751-763. From the library of Niels Bohr.‎

‎"STOKES, G.G. - COINING THE WORD 'FLUORESCENCE'‎

‎On the Change of Refrangibility of Light. (No. I). Received May 11, - Read May 27, 1852. (+) On the Change of Refrangibility of Light.- No. II. Received June 16, - Read June 26, 1853. (2 Papers).‎

‎(London, Richard Taylor and William Francis, 1852 and 1853). 4to. No wrappers as extracted from ""Philosophical Transactions"" 1852 - Part II. Pp. 463-562 a. 1853 - Vol. 143. Part III. Pp. 385-396. Clean and fine.‎

‎"STRUTT, J.W. (LORD RAYLEIGH).‎

‎Experiments to determine the Value of the British Association Unit of Resistance in Absolute Measures. Received February 15, - Read March 9, 1882.‎

‎(London, Harrison and Sons, 1883). 4to. No wrappers as extracted from ""Philosophical Transactions"" Year 1882, Volume 173 - Part II. Pp. 661-697 a.1 lithographed plate (showing apparatus). A few brownspots to margins of plate. Fine and clean.‎

‎"SULZER, JOHANN GEORG.‎

‎Recherches sur L'Origine des Sentimens agreables et desagreables. 1.-4. Partie. (1. Theorie générale du plaisir. 2. Théorie des plaisirs intellectuels. 3. Des plaisirs des sens. 4. Des plaisirs moraux). - [THE FIRST DESCRIPTION OF PHYSIOLOGICAL ELECTRICITY]‎

‎(Berlin, Haude et Spener, 1753-54). 4to. Unbound, but stitched. In: ""Memoires de l'Academie Royale des Sciences et Belles-Lettres"" Tome VII pp. (57-)100 and Tome VIII pp. 350-390.‎

‎First editions and the first reports of the electrophysiological effects of electricity, the so-called electric taste produced by passing a small electric current through the tongue. The effect was described here nearly 50 years before Galvani and Volta investigated the phenomena (Galvani 1791, Volta 1792).""In a work entitled ""Recherches sur l'origine des sentiments agréables et désagreables"", which was published in 1752 (correctly published in 1753, the item offered), Johann Georg Sulzer (1720-79) had mentioned that two pieces of metal, the one of lead and the other of silver, be joined together in such a manner that their edges touch, and if they be placed on the tongue, a taste is perceived 'similar to that of vitriol of iron', although neither of these metals applied separately gives any trace of such taste. 'It is not probable', he says, 'that this contact of the two metals causes a solution of either of them, liberating particles which might affect the tongue"" and we must therefore conclude that the contact sets up a vibration in their particles, which, by affecting the nerves of the tongue, produces the taste in question.'. This observation was not suspected to have any connection with electrical phenomena, and it played no part in the inception of the next discovery, which indeed was suggested by a mere accident.""(Whittaker. A History of the Theories of Aether and Electricity. I:p. 67).‎

Référence libraire : 41243

‎"SWINTON, A. A. CAMPBELL.‎

‎Bath-Tub Vortex. - [THE CORIOLIS EFFECT ON A BATHTUB VORTEX]‎

‎London, Macmillian, 1962. Royal8vo. Bound in contemporary half calf with gilt lettering to spine. In ""Nature"", Vol. 196, October - December. Stamp to pasted down front end-paper and title-page. A fine copy. Pp. 1080-1. [Entire colume: LII, 1346 pp.].‎

‎First appearance of Shapiro's famous paper in which he sought to describe a bathtub vortex with the Coriolis Effect. This eventually gave birth to the urban myth that a toilet vortex always will have a counter clockwise flow in the Northern Hemisphere. The Coriolis effect on a micro level is still disputed and has never been satisfyingly confirmed or rejected. Scientists were aware that Earth's rotation alters the trajectory of objects in motion. This phenomenon causes low-pressure weather systems to twist counterclockwise in the Northern Hemisphere and clockwise in the Southern Hemisphere. The Coriolis effect, as it's known, had long been well documented as the cause of hurricanes and tornadoes. But despite previous attempts, no one had shown that the effect-first described in 1835 by the French engineer and mathematician Gustave-Gaspard Coriolis-works on very small scales as well. Though in theory it should influence bathwater's exit through a drain, the Coriolis effect was thought to be too small to see.""For his experiment, Shapiro used a circular, flat-bottomed tub with a centered drain hole three-eighths of an inch in diameter to which he attached a 20-foot length of hose, plugged with a stopper at the end. He filled the tank six inches deep with clean, room-temperature water. Small variations-air movement, a temperature change, a surface disturbance-create buoyancy currents that overshadow the Coriolis effect. So Shapiro did much tinkering to cancel out these possible sources of interference-covering the tank with a sheet of plastic to keep out air currents, for example, and carefully controlling the room's temperature. He also filled the tank by swirling water in clockwise, so that if the water drained counterclockwise, the direction would not have been influenced by how the tank was filled.After 24 hours of letting the water settle, Shapiro carefully pulled the plug from the end of the hose, gently placing above the drain a small float made of two crossed slivers of wood an inch long. It took about 20 minutes for the tub to drain completely. For the first 12 to 15 minutes, the float remained motionless. Then it began to rotate almost imperceptibly, counterclockwise, reaching a peak speed of approximately one revolution every three to four seconds. Proving that the Coriolis effect can be detected in a bathtub-size tank, albeit under carefully controlled conditions, was a remarkable achievement. At MIT's latitude of 42°, the effect was ""only thirty-millionths that of gravity, which is so small that it will be overcome by filling and even temperature differences and water impurities,"" reported one of many newspapers and periodicals covering the experiment. Shapiro's results were published in Nature and verified by colleagues who used his technique to demonstrate a clockwise flow in the Southern Hemisphere. The findings fascinated a curious public of all ages. Shapiro would also become known for explaining and improving the aerodynamics of golf ball dimples, as well as for helping to develop the intra-aortic balloon for heart patients and devices to treat blood clots, asthma, emphysema, and glaucoma. But for more than a decade after the bathtub test, he would receive letters and newspaper clippings from all over the world about what was dubbed the ""bathtub vortex"" controversy. "" (MIT Technology Review).‎

Référence libraire : 59906

‎"SWINDEN, (JAN HENDRIK) VAN. - THE PRIZE-WINNING MEMOIR ON MAGNETISM AND THE COMPASS.‎

‎Recherches sur les Aiguilles Aimantées, et sur leurs Variations régulières, qui ont portagé le Prix proposé pour L'Année 1777.‎

‎Paris, Moutard, Panckoucke, 1780. 4to. Contemp. full sprinckled calf with 5 raised bands on spine. Richly gilt compartments, title-and tomelabels with gilt lettering. ""Mémoires fe Mathematique et de Physique, Présentés à l'Academie des Sciences par divers Savans"", Tome VIII. XXIV,624 pp., 8 engraved plates a. 52 folded tables. (Entire volume offered). Van Swinden's work: pp. 1-576, 3 folded engraved plates and 52 folded tables.‎

‎"SZILARD, LEO (+) T. A. CHALMERS.‎

‎Detection of neutrons liberated from beryllium by gamma rays: A new technique for inducing radioactivity (+) Chemical Separation of the Radioactive Element from its Bombarded Isotope in the Fermi Effect.‎

‎London, Macmillan & Co., 1934. Royal8vo. Bound in contemporary half cloth with paper title label to spine. In ""Nature"", Vol. 134, July - December, 1934. Stamp to first two leaves. Light wear to spine, otherwise a nice and clean copy. Pp. 462-63"" 494-5. [Entire volume offered: LXVIII, 1020 pp.]‎

‎First appearance of these seminal papers describing the emission of neutrons from beryllium when bombarded with high-energy gamma radiation. In this landmark study Leo Szilard and Thomas A. Chalmers demonstrate a practical method for producing neutrons and detecting them through induced radioactivity: one of the most important inventions in the second half of the twentieth century, namely the nuclear chain reaction. Szilárd realized that if a nuclear reaction produced neutrons, which then caused further nuclear reactions, the process might be self-perpetuating, thereby anticipating Hahn and Strassman's discovery of fission by five years. ""Nuclear Scientist Szilard started work in nuclear physics in 1934, at St. Bartholomew’s Hospital, London, England, and by the late 1930s, he had become part of the distinguished group of top atomic scientists. In London, Szilard started to experiment with Thomas A. Chalmers on radioactive elements. They produced a method for the separation of a radioactive element from the mass of the stable element. They also separated photo neutrons from beryllium, a process that ultimately resulted in the possibility for inducing the fission process that was of critical importance for war-related nuclear research. This discovery later provided the key to the problem of the chain reaction. Szilard also found that radium-beryllium photo neutrons represented a useful tool in nuclear research. His British experiments proved of value for the discovery and investigation of neutron emission of uranium on which a chain reaction is based. Szilard was invited to the Clarendon Laboratory in Oxford in 1935."" (DSB).‎

Référence libraire : 62958

‎"SZILARD, LEO.‎

‎Über die Entropieverminderung in einem thermodynamischen System bei Eingriffen intelligenter Wesen. [On the Decrease of Entrophy in a Thermodynamic System by the invention of intelligent Beings). - [MAXWELL'S DEMON AND THE CONNECTION BETWEEN ENTROPY AND INFORMATION]‎

‎Berlin, Julius Springer, 1929. 8vo. Contemp. hcloth. Some wear to edges and spine. A stamp on title-page. In ""Zeitschrift für Physik"", vol. 53. The whole volume offered. VII,(1),889,(1) pp. Szilard's paper: pp. 840-856.‎

‎First edition of the important paper in which Szilard solved the puzzle of Maxwell's demon and discovered a theoretical model that serves both as a heat engine and an information engine, establishing the connection between entropy and information.Szilard was the first to stress that any manipulator of molecules would have to rely on measurement and memory. If one assumed that the demon could perform such operations without causing any changes in the system, one would by that very assumption deny the second law of thermodynamics, which requires equivalent compensations for all decreases in entropy. Szilard therefore proposed that whatever negative entropy Maxwell's demon might be able to create should be considered as compensated by an equal entropy increase due to the measurements the demon had to make. In essence, Szilard made Maxwell's doorkeeper mortal - no longer granting this tiny intelligence the ability to 'see' molecules without actually seeing them, i.e., without the sensory exchanges of energy that all other existences require. Szilard took this step for the sake of a grander vision, the dream that the adoption of his principle would lead to the discovery of a more general law of entropy in which there would be a completely universal relation for all measurements. Information theory has brought that vision to reality.‎

Référence libraire : 39204

‎"SZILARD, LEO.‎

‎Über die Entropieverminderung in einem thermodynamischen System bei Eingriffen intelligenter Wesen. [On the Decrease of Entropy in a Thermodynamic System by the Invention of intelligent Beings). - [MAXWELL'S DEMON]‎

‎Berlin, Julius Springer, 1929. 8vo. Contem. hcloth. In ""Zeitschrift für Physik"", Vol. 53. VII,(1),889,(1) pp. The whole volume offered. Szilard's paper: pp. 840-856. Ex-lirbrary stamp to front free end-paper, otherwise no stamps or other markings. A fine copy.‎

‎"SZILARD, LEO.‎

‎Über die Entropieverminderung in einem thermodynamischen System bei Eingriffen intelligenter Wesen. [On the Decrease of Entropy in a Thermodynamic System by the Invention of intelligent Beings). - [""THE EARLIEST KNOWN PAPER IN WHAT BECAME THE FIELD OF ""INFORMATION THEORY""""]‎

‎Berlin, Julius Springer, 1929. 8vo. Bound in contemporary halfcloth. In ""Zeitschrift für Physik"", Vol. 53, 1929. Entire volume offered. Library stamp to title page, otherwise fine and clean. Pp. 840-856. [Entire volume: VII,(1),889,(1) pp.]‎

‎"TAMM, IG. (+) S. SCHUBIN.‎

‎Zur Theorie des Photoeffektes an Metallen. - [THE THEORY OF PHOTOELECTRICITY]‎

‎Berlin, Springer, 1931. 8vo. In contemporary halv cloth with gilt lettering to spine. In ""Zeitschrift für Physik"", Bd. 68, 1931. Entire volume offered. Stamp to front free end-paper and titlepage, otherwise fine and clean. Pp. 97-113. [Entire volume: VIII, 845 pp.].‎

‎First printing of Tamm and Schubin's important paper in which they showed that the external photoeffect is caused by the presence of a jump in potential on the border of the metal vacuum.""In 1931 - 1933 Tamm studied the quantum theory of metals, specifically the external photoeffect in metals and the state levels of the electrons on the surface of the metal. His work with S. P. Shubin was the first to show that the external photoeffect is caused by the presence of a jump in potential on the border of the metal vacuum and is associated with the effect of surface absorption of light, while the optic absorption of light by the metal is associated with the volume effect.""‎

Référence libraire : 49252

‎"TAMM, IG. (+) S. SCHUBIN.‎

‎Zur Theorie des Photoeffektes an Metallen. - [THE THEORY OF PHOTOELECTRICITY]‎

‎Berlin, Springer, 1931. 8vo. In contemporary halv cloth with gilt lettering to spine. In ""Zeitschrift für Physik"", Bd. 68, 1931. Entire volume offered. Stamp to front free end-paper and titlepage, otherwise fine and clean. Pp. 97-113. [Entire volume: VIII, 845 pp.].‎

‎"THOMSON, WILLIAM (BARON KELVIN OF LARGS).‎

‎A Mathematical Theory of Magnetism. Received June 21, - Read Juni 21, 1849. (+) A Mathematical Theory of Magnetism. Continuation of Part I. Received June 20, - Read June 20, 1850. (2 Papers).‎

‎(London, Richard Taylor, 1851). 4to. No wrappers as extracted from ""Philosophical Transactions"" 1851 - Part I. Pp. 247-268 a. pp. 269-285.‎

‎First appearance of Lord Kelvin's most importent paper on magnetism.""In Paris, Joseph Liouville (1809-1882) encouraged Thomson's professional interest in Michael Faraday, whom Thomson knew and interacted with in London, by suggesting that the reconciliation of Faraday's electrostatic experimental results and the views of the French mathematicians, Ampère, Coulomb, Poisson, etc., could be a fertile field of mathematical endeavor. Intrigued by Liouville's suggestion Thomson wrote several papers over the next few years based on Faraday's experimental results, including: On a Mechanical Representation of Electric, Magnetic and Galvanic Forces (1847). On the Mathematical Theory of Electricity (1848). On the Mathematical Theory of Magnetism (1851). (The paper offered).After receiving Maxwell's request for guidance, Thomson shared with him the challenge presented by interpreting Faraday's written experimental results using mathematical formalism. Faraday's work on electricity and magnetism intrigued Maxwell and he began his research by reading Thomson's papers on the subject.""(Alan T. Williams).‎

Référence libraire : 44046

‎"THOMSON, J.J.‎

‎Elektrizität und Materie. Autorisierte Übersetzung von G. Siebert.‎

‎Braunschweig, Vieweg und Sohn, 1904. Uncut in orig. printed wrappers. Small portion of backstrip lacks. VI,(2),100 pp.‎

‎First German edition of ""Electricity and Matter"" published in the same year, and one of Thomson's main works on the electron and the atom. Thomson recieved the Nobel prize in 1906. (Die Wissenschaft. Sammlung naturwissenschaftlicher und mathematischer Monographien, 3).‎

Référence libraire : 31593

‎"THOMSON, WILLIAM (BARON KELVIN OF LARGS).‎

‎Electrodynamic Qualities of Metals. - Part VII. Effects of Stress on the Magnetization of Iron, Nickel, and Cobolt. Received May 9, - Read May 23, 1878.‎

‎(London, Harrison and Sons, 1880). 4to. No wrappers as extracted from ""Philosophical Transactions"", Vol. 1710 - Part I. Pp. 55-85, 12 plates and textillustrations.‎

‎First printing. In the paper Lord kelvin describes the effects of magnetization on different metals, reaching a notion of ""critical stress"".‎

Référence libraire : 44050

‎"THOMSON, WILLIAM (LORD KELVIN) & JAMES PRESCOTT JOULE. - THE JOULE-THOMSON EFFECT DISCOVERED.‎

‎On the Thermal Effects of Fluids in Motion. Received June 15, - Read June 16, 1853.‎

‎(London, Richard Taylor and William Francis, 1853) 4to. No wrappers as extracted from ""Philosophical Transactions"" 1853, Vol. 143 - Part III. Pp. 357-365. Textillustrations. Clean and fine.‎

‎First appearance of this highly importent paper in the development of thermodynamics, describing the experiments leading to the discovery of the cooling effect when a gas is allowed to expand freely. This is the founding theory, later used in refrigeration.""The only substantial contribution to thermodynamics to which the joint names of Joule and Thomson are attached belongs to an idea conceived by Thomson, who saw the possibility of analyzing the deviations of gas properties from the ideal behavior. In particular a non-ideal gas, made to expand slowly through a porous plug so as to approximate a specified mathematical condition - constant enthalpy), would in general undergo cooling (essentially a transformation of atomic motion into work spent against the interatomic attractions)....But the appliocation of the Joule-Thomson effect to technology of refrigeration belongs to a later stage in the development of thermodynamics.""(DSB VII, p. 182).The Joule-Thomson effect or Joule-Kelvin effect describes the increase or decrease in the temperature of a real gas (as differentiated from an ideal gas) or a liquid when allowed to expand freely through a valve or other throttling device while kept insulated so that no heat is transferred to or from the fluid, and no external mechanical work is extracted from the fluid. The Joule-Thomson effect is an isenthalpic process, meaning that the enthalpy of the fluid is constant (i.e., does not change) during the process. It is named for James Prescott Joule and William Thomson, 1st Baron Kelvin who established the effect in 1852, following earlier work by Joule on Joule expansion in which a gas expands at constant internal energy. The Joule-Thomson effect is sometimes referred to as the Joule-Kelvin effect. Engineers often refer to it as simply the J-T effect.‎

Référence libraire : 42715

‎"THOMSON, J.J. (JOSEPH JOHN).‎

‎On the Determination of the Number of Electrostatic Units in the Electromagnetic Unit of Electricity. Communicated by Lord Rayleigh. Received June 19, - Read June 21, 1883.‎

‎(London, Harrison and Sons, 1884). 4to. No wrappers as extracted from ""Philosophical Transactions"" 1883. Vol. 174 - Part II. Pp. 707-721, textillustrations. Clean and fine.‎

‎First appearance (together with the 2 pp. extract in ""Proceedings"") of Thomsons first paper on the electrostatic unit of electricity.""In 1884 Lord Rayleigh,....resigned the Cavendish Professorship of Experimental Physics. Thomson had by then completed a few imperfect bits of laboratory work, including a determination, at Rayleigh's suggestion, of the ratio of the electrostatic to the electromagnetic units of electricity (the paper offered). Rayleigh had intended to collaborate in this work which, apart from its imperfection, was typical of the Cavendish during this area" but Thomson, unaware of many of the pitfalls, ran away with the project, published hastily, and gave his collegues, including the Professor, to doubt that he had any future in experimental physics. With these credits and his mathematics, he competed for the chair" much to his surprise, and to the great annoyance of some of his competitors, who included Fitzgerald, Glazenbrook, Larmor, reynolds, and Schuster, he was elected.""(DSB XIII, p. 365).‎

Référence libraire : 44056

‎"THOMSON, WILLIAM.‎

‎On the Mathematical Theory of Electricity in Equilibrium, On the Elementary Laws of Statical Electricity. - [ANTICIPATION OF THE QUADRANT ELECTROMETER THE PORTABLE ELECTROMETER, AND THE ABSOLUTE ELECTROMETER]‎

‎Cambridge, Macmillan and Co., 1846. 8vo. Bound with the original front wrapper in contemporary half calf with black and red title labels to spine with gilt lettering. In ""The Cambridge and Dublin Mathematical Journal"", Vol. I [1], (Being Vol. V [5], of the Cambridge Mathematical Journal), 1846. Bookplate pasted on to pasted down front free end-paper and library code written in hand to lower part of spine. Library cards in the back. A fine and clean copy. Pp. 75-96. [Entire volume: IV, 288, VIII pp.].‎

‎First English translation (and first translation in general) with 'considerable additions' (as stated on p. 75) of Thomson's highly influential paper in which he for the very first time occupies himself with - and anticipates the invention of - the quadrant electrometer, the portable electrometer, and the absolute electrometer. ""When resident in Paris he published in Lionville's Journal a paper [first publication of the present], in which he examined the experiments and deductions of Sir. W. Snow-Harris. This investigator had made an experimental examination of the fundamental laws of Coulomb. Thomson showed by pointing out the defects of Harris' electrometer that the results, instead of disproving these laws, actually confirmed them, so far as they went, from this examination dates Thomson's interest in electrometers, which led to the invention of the quadrant electrometer, the portable electrometer, and the absolute electrometer. "" (Lectures on Ten British Physicists of the Nineteenth Century, P. 57).""Thomson's extensive contact with Liouville led him to think more deeply about electrical theory. Liouville had heard of Faraday's work in electrostatics, or at least of the aspects in which Faraday claimed to have found that electrical induction occurs in ""curved lines."" The conception seemed to conflict with the action-at-a-distance approach, and Liouville asked Thomson to write a paper clarifying the differences between Faraday on the one hand and Coulomb and Poisson on the other. This request prompted Thomson to bring together ideas he had been turning over in his mind during the previous three years.From Thomson's new point of view, both the French approach to electrical theory and that of Faraday should consist only of sets of mathematical propositions about the ""distribution of electricity"" on conducting bodies. Of Coulomb, who had never written like Poisson of the ""thickness"" of the electrical layer, Thomson said that he had ""expressed his theory in such a manner that it can only be attacked in the way of proving his experimental results to be inaccurate."" He did not, therefore, believe that Coulomb's approach would stand or fall with the fate of the electrical fluid.Of course, it may be wondered how Thomson could have employed the phrase ""distribution of electricity"" without believing that some hypothetical entity is implicated. He did not think so, however. Instead, by 1845 he was drawing a distinction between a ""physical hypothesis"" and an elementary mathematical law."" By a physical hypothesis he meant an assumption concerning the physical existence of an unobservable entity like the electrical fluid or Faraday's contiguous dielectric particles. By an elementary mathematical law he meant a statement that can be directly applied in experiments because its referents are phenomenal entities and mathematical propositions about them. For example, when it is a question of the ""distribution of electricity"" a phrase that might appear in an ""elementary mathematical law,"" the actual subject concerns the effects produced when a proof-plane is applied to a point of an electrified conductor. The measure of those effects is the twist given to the torsion-bearing thread of an electrometer. Coulomb's laws, therefore, and also those aspects of Poisson's mathematical development of them that do not depend upon the conception of electricity as a physical fluid, were thus actually concise, mathematical laws applicable to the results of such experiments. They were not hypotheses concerning the nature of electricity."" (DSB)‎

Référence libraire : 47439