‎Physique‎

‎"LORENTZ, H.A. (+) MAX PLANCK.‎

‎Zur Theorie der Thermoelectricität. (Lorentz). (+) Zur Theorie der Thermoelectricität in metallischen Leitern. (Planck). 2 Papers.‎

‎Leipzig, Johann Ambrosius Barth, 1889. Without wrappers as issued in ""Annalen der Physik und Chemie. Hrsg. von G. Wiedemann."", Neue Folge Bd. 36, 5. Heft. Pp. 593-768 a. 1 folded plate. (Entire issue offered). Lorentz's paper: pp. 593-624. Planck's paper: pp. 624-643. With htitle and titlepage to vol. 36. Titlepage with a small stamp.‎

‎This issue of ""Annalen"" contains 2 importent papers on thermoelectricity. Planck's paper represents an importent improvement of William Thomson's theory of thermoelectric currents. (Akademie No 15).‎

Ссылка продавца : 45455

‎"LOCKYER, JOSEPH NORMAN - THE DISCOVERY OF HELIUM.‎

‎Spectroscopic Observations of the Sun.- No. II. Received November 19,- Read November 19 and 26, 1868. (With additional notes Nov. 26, April 9, 1869, Oct. 10, 1869).‎

‎(London, Taylor and Sons, 1870). 4to. No wrappers as extracted from ""Philosophical Transactions"" 1869, Vol. 159 - Part I. Pp. 425-444 and 2 lithographed plates (1 with the spectrum of helium, 1 with his spectroscope (not requiring eclipses to function)). Clean and fine.‎

‎"LOCKYER, JOSEPH NORMAN.‎

‎On the Photographic Spectra of some of the Brighter Stars. Received November 3, - Read December 8, 1892.‎

‎(London, Harrison and Sons, 1893). 4to. No wrappers as extracted from ""Philosophical Transactions"" Year 1893, Volume 184 - Series A. Pp. 675-726 a. 5 large folded plates showing the spectra of different stars.‎

‎"LODGE, OLIVER.‎

‎Experiments on the Absence of Mechanical Connection between Ether and Matter. Received January 19, - Read March 4, 1897.‎

‎(London, Harrison and Sons, 1897). 4to. No wrappers as extracted from ""Philosophical Transactions"" Year 1897, Volume 189 - Series A. - Pp. 149-166, textillustrations. Clean and fine.‎

‎"LONDON, FRITZ.‎

‎Quantenmechanische Deutung der Theorie von Weyl.‎

‎Berlin, Springer, 1927. 8vo. In contemporary halv cloth with gilt lettering to spine. In ""Zeitschrift für Physik"", Bd. 42, 1927. Entire issue offered. Stamp to front free end-paper, otherwise fine and clean. Pp. 375-389. [Entire volume: VIII, 917 pp.].‎

‎"LORENTZ, H.A.‎

‎Le Phénomene découvert par Hall et la Rotation électromagnétique du Plan de Polarisation de la Lumière.‎

‎Harlem, Les Heritieres Loosjes, 1889. Lex8vo. Orig. printed wrappers. Uncut in orig. printed wrappers. Wrappers with tears and some loss. Some marginal tears to the first 15 pages.. In ""Archives Néerlandaises des Science Exactes et Naturelles. Redigée par J. Bosscha"", Tome XIX. V,478 pp. and 10 plates. Lorentz's paper: pp. 123-152.‎

‎"LORENTZ, H.A.‎

‎Sur L'Application aux Phénomènes Thermo-Électriques, de la Seconde Lois de la Théorie méchanique de la Chaleur.‎

‎Harlem, Les Heritieres Loosjes, 1886. No wrappers. In ""Archives Néerlandaises des Science Exactes et Naturelles."", Tome XX., 2. issue. With titlepage to volume XX. Pp. 95-170 (=2. issue). Lorentz's paper pp. 129-170. Clean and fine. A faint stamp on titlepage.‎

‎"LORENTZ, H.A.‎

‎Über positive und negative Elektronen. (Vortrag, gehalten in der American Philosophical Society am 17. April 1906).‎

‎Leipzig, S. Hirzel, 1907. Without wrappers as extracted from ""Jahrbuch der Radioaktivität und Elektronik"", Vierter Band 1907. Heft 2. Entire ""Heft 2"" offered. Pp. 125-230 with printed titlepage to Bd. 4, dated 1908. Lorentz' paper pp. 125-131. Clean and fine.‎

‎"LORENTZ, H.A. (+) MAX PLANCK.‎

‎Zur Theorie der Thermoelectricität. (Lorentz). (+) Zur Theorie der Thermoelectricität in metallischen Leitern. (Planck). 2 Papers.‎

‎Leipzig, Johann Ambrosius Barth, 1889. Without wrappers as issued in ""Annalen der Physik und Chemie. Hrsg. von G. Wiedemann."", Neue Folge Bd. 36, 5. Heft. Pp. 593-768 a. 1 folded plate. (Entire issue offered). Lorentz's paper: pp. 593-624. Planck's paper: pp. 624-643. With htitle and titlepage to vol. 36. Titlepage with a small stamp.‎

‎"LORENTZ, H.A. - THE STATIONARY ETHER.‎

‎De L'Influence du Mouvement de la Terre sur les Phénomènes Lumineux.‎

‎Harlem, Les Heritieres Loosjes, 1887. Lex8vo.Orig. printed wrappers. Wrappers a bit frayed at edges. Upper right corner of frontwrapper gone. A faint stamp on wrapper and on titlepage. In ""Archives Néerlandaises des Science Exactes et Naturelles. Redigée par J. Bosscha"", Tome XXI. VI,492 pp. a. 8 plates (2 in chromolithography, 2 with 8 mounted photographs (photottypie)). Uncut and unopened, clean and fine.(The entire volume offered). Lorentz's paper pp. 103-176.‎

‎"LORENZ, L. (LUDVIG VALENTIN).‎

‎Om Elektricitetens Forplantning. (On the propagation of Electricity).‎

‎Kjøbenhavn, Bianco Luno, 1873. Contemp. clothbacked blank boards. Offprint from ""Oversigter over d. K.D. Vidensk. Selskabs Forhandlinger. 1879"". A stamp on title-page. (2),32 pp. Scattered brownspots.‎

‎"LORENZ, L. (LUDVIG VALENTIN). - ESTABLISHING THE ELECTRO-MAGNETIC THEORY OF LIGHT.‎

‎Om Identiteten af Lyssvingninger og elektriske Strømme. Meddelt den 25. Jan. 1866. (On the Identity of light- vibrations and electrical Currents - Ueber die Identität der Schwingungen des Lichts mit den elektrischen Strömen - Sur l'identité des vibrat...‎

‎Kjöbenhavn, Bianco Luno, 1867. Contemp. hcalf. Gilt spine with gilt lettering. In: ""Oversigt over det Kongelige danske Videnskabernes Selskabs Forhandlinger... i Aaret 1867"". X,273,49,(3) pp., textillustrations and plates. (Entire volume offered). Lorenz's paper: pp. 26-45 and pp. 9-16 (Resumé en Francais). Clean and fine.‎

‎"LORENZ, L. - THE LORENZ-LORENTZ THEOREM.‎

‎Experimentale og teoretiske Undersøgelser over Legemernes Brydningsforhold. (Experimental and theoretical investigations on the refractions in matter).‎

‎Kjøbenhavn (Copenhagen), Bianco Luno,1869. 4to. Uncut and unopened in orig. printed wrappers. [Off-print from: Vidensk. Selsk. Skr., 5 Række, naturvidenskabelig og matematisk Afd., 8 Bd. V.]. Pp. (203-)248. A mint copy.‎

‎"LUMMER, O. (+) E GEHRCKE.‎

‎Über die Anwendung der Interferenzen an planparallelen Platten zur Analyse feinster Spektrallinien. - [THE LUMMER-GEHRCKE INTERFEROMETER]‎

‎(Leipzig, Johann Ambrosius Barth, 1903). 8vo. No wrappers. Extracted from ""Annalen der Physik"" Vierte Folge. Bd. 10. Entire issue no. 3 offered. Pp. 457-477. [Entire issue: Pp.‎

‎"MAXWELL, JAMES CLERK. - THE ""MAXWELL-DISTRIBUTION""S FINAL FORM.‎

‎""On the Dynamical Theory of Gases."" Received May 16, - 1866.‎

‎(London, Taylor and Francis, 1866). No wrappers, as extracted from""Proceedings of the Royal Society of London."", Vol. XV. May 16, 1866. Pp 167-171.‎

‎First appearance of this seminal paper (in the abstract-version from ""Proceedings""), representing the announcement of Maxwell's final ""Theory of Gases"" and introduces the ""Maxwell Distribution"" in its final form, a statistical means of describing aspects of the kinetic theory of gases, a theory, together with his electromagnetic theory, are considered to be some of the greatest advances in physics of all times. The paper offered, only 5 pages, is an abstract of a paper with the same title, which was printed in full in ""Philosophical Transactions"" in 1868. Everett considers this paper (1868) to be Maxwell's greatest single paper.The ""abstract"", which announces his discovery was printed the year before the larger paper. Maxwell's discoveries laid the foundations of special relativity and quantum mechanics.One of Maxwell's major investigations was on the kinetic theory of gases. Originating with Daniel Bernoulli, this theory was advanced by the successive labours of John Herapath, John James Waterston, James Joule, and particularly Rudolf Clausius, to such an extent as to put its general accuracy beyond a doubt" but it received enormous development from Maxwell, who in this field appeared as an experimenter (on the laws of gaseous friction) as well as a mathematician.In 1866, he formulated statistically, independently of Ludwig Boltzmann, the Maxwell-Boltzmann kinetic theory of gases. His formula, called the Maxwell distribution, gives the fraction of gas molecules moving at a specified velocity at any given temperature. In the kinetic theory, temperatures and heat involve only molecular movement. This approach generalized the previously established laws of thermodynamics and explained existing observations and experiments in a better way than had been achieved previously. Maxwell's work on thermodynamics led him to devise the Gedankenexperiment (thought experiment) that came to be known as Maxwell's demon.‎

Ссылка продавца : 41873

‎"MAXWELL, JAMES CLARK.‎

‎""On the Dynamical Theory of Gases."" Received May 16, - Read May 31, 1866. - [THE ""MAXWELL-DISTRIBUTION""S FINAL FORM - A MAIN PAPER IN 19TH CENTURY PHYSICS.]‎

‎London, Taylor and Francis, 1867. 4to. Extracted and rebound in recent green plain wrappers. Title-page of vol. 157 pasted on to front wrapper. A fine copy. Pp. 49-88.‎

‎First appearance of this seminal paper (in its full version from ""Transactions""), representing the announcement of Maxwell's final ""Theory of Gases"" and introduces the ""Maxwell Distribution"" in its final form, a statistical means of describing aspects of the kinetic theory of gases, a theory, together with his electromagnetic theory, are considered to be SOME OF THE GREATEST ADVANCES IN PHYSICS OF ALL TIMES. Everett considers this paper (1868) to be Maxwell's greatest single paper. Maxwell's discoveries laid the foundations of special relativity and quantum mechanics.One of Maxwell's major investigations was on the kinetic theory of gases. Originating with Daniel Bernoulli, this theory was advanced by the successive labours of John Herapath, John James Waterston, James Joule, and particularly Rudolf Clausius, to such an extent as to put its general accuracy beyond a doubt" but it received enormous development from Maxwell, who in this field appeared as an experimenter (on the laws of gaseous friction) as well as a mathematician.In 1866, he formulated statistically, independently of Ludwig Boltzmann, the Maxwell-Boltzmann kinetic theory of gases. His formula, called the Maxwell distribution, gives the fraction of gas molecules moving at a specified velocity at any given temperature. In the kinetic theory, temperatures and heat involve only molecular movement. This approach generalized the previously established laws of thermodynamics and explained existing observations and experiments in a better way than had been achieved previously. Maxwell's work on thermodynamics led him to devise the Gedankenexperiment (thought experiment) that came to be known as Maxwell's demon.‎

Ссылка продавца : 54393

‎"MASKELYNE, NEVIL.‎

‎An Account of Observations made on the Mountain Schehallien for finding its attraction. Read at the Royal Society, July 6, 1775 (+) A Proposal for measuring the Attraction of some Hill in the Kingdom by Astronomical Observations. - [THE FIRST CONVINCING EXPERIMENTAL DEMONSTRATION OF THE UNIVERSALITY OF GRAVITATION]‎

‎London, Lockyer Davis, 1775. 4to. In recent marbled paper wrappers. Extracted from ""Philosophical Transactions"". Including title-page of volume. Leaves reinforced in margin. Very light brownspotting through out and light offsetting from folding plate as usual. (2), iii-vii, (1), 495-542 pp.‎

‎First appearance of Maskelyne's paper constituting the ""first convincing experimental demonstration of the universality of gravitation"" (DSB), in the sense that it operates not only between the bodies of the solar system but also between the elements of matter of which each body is composed.""In a famous experiment of 1774 Maskelyne attempted to determine the earth's density from measurements of the deviation of a plumb line produced by the gravitational attraction of Mt. Schiehallion, in Scotland. By observing the slight difference in the zenith distances of certain stars at two observing stations on the north and south faces of the mountain, and making due allowance for the effect of their latitude difference by means of geodetic measurements, Maskelyne identified the residual displacement of 11.7"" with the sum of the deviations in the direction of the vertical to the earth's surface on each side of this conveniently symmetrical mountain."" (DSB).‎

Ссылка продавца : 57427

‎"MARTIN, W. H.‎

‎Decibel - The Name for the Transmission Unit. - [COINING THE WORD ""DECIBEL""]‎

‎New York, American Telephone and Telegraph Company, 1929. Lex8vo. Volume VIII, January, No. 1, 1929 of ""The Bell System Technical Journal"". In the original printed blue wrappers. Tear to upper part of spine. A bit of minor browning to extremities. Internally fine and clean. Pp. 1-2. [Entire issue: 216 pp.].‎

‎First publication of the paper in which the word ""Decibel"" (dB) was coined and officially announced for the first time. The concept of decibel originates from methods used to measure reductions in audio levels in telephone circuits. Today decibel is being used to measure sound volume in general. The original unit name decided upon was Bel, in honour of Alexander Graham Bell. Because the Bel unit was larger than needed in practice, one tenth of a bel, the DeciBel, was to become world standard of measuring sound volume. Up until 1929, The Bell System had used the ""transmission unit"" (TU) as their measuring standard which was devised to replace the ""Miles of Standard Cable "".In the mid 1920'ies The European International Advisory Committee recommended to the various European telephone administrations that they adopt either the decimal or naperian unit (after John Napier) as a standard for measuring volume. 1 TU was defined as ten times the base-10 logarithm of the ratio of measured power to a reference power level. The definitions were conveniently chosen such that 1 TU approximately equaled 1 MSC. Eventually, international standards bodies adopted the base-10 logarithm as a standard unit, named the bel in honor of the Bell System's founder and telecommunications pioneer Alexander Graham Bell.Other paper of interest contained in the present issue:1. Osborne, H.S. The Principles of Electric Circuits Applied to Communication. Pp. 3-202. Elmen, G.W. Magnetic Properties of Perminvar. Pp. 21-40.3. Siegmund, H.O. The Aluminum Electrolytic Condenser. Pp. 41-63.4. Darrow, Karl K. Contemporary Advances in Physics, XVII, The Scattering of Light with Change of Frequency. Pp. 64-93.5. Carson, John R. Ground Return Impedance: Underground Wire with Earth Return. Pp. 94-98.6. Molina, E.C. Application to the Binomial Summation of a Laplacian Method for the Evaluation of Definite Integrals. Pp. 99-108.7. Mason, W.P. A New Method for Obtaining Transient Solutions of Electrical Networks. Pp. 109-134.8. Bostwick, L.G.Acoustic Considerations Involved in Steady State Loud Speaker Measurements. Pp. 135-158.9. Frederick, Halsey A. Recent Advances in Wax Recording. Pp. 159-172.10. MacKenzie, Donald. Sound Recording with the Light Valve. Pp. 173-183.11. Stoller, H.M. Synchronization and Speed Control of Synchronized Sound Pictures. Pp. 184-195.12. Scriven, E.O. A Sound Projector System for Use in Motion Picture Theaters. Pp. 196-208.‎

Ссылка продавца : 43386

‎"MAXWELL, JAMES CLERK.‎

‎Die Elektrizität in elementare Behandlung. Herausgegeben von William Garnett. Ins Deutsche übertragen von L. Graetz. Mit in den Text eingedruckten Holzstichen.‎

‎Braunschweig, Vieweg und Sohn, 1883. Contemp. hcalf. Gilt spine with gilt lettering. First inner hinge weakening. XVI,224 pp., textillustrations and 4 plates. Some scattered brownspots.‎

‎First German edition of Maxwell's ""Elementary Treatise on Electricity"", 1881.‎

Ссылка продавца : 52605

‎"MAXWELL, JAMES CLERK.‎

‎La Chaleur. Lecons Élémentaires sur la Thermometrie, la Calorimétrie, La Thermodynamique, et la Dissipation de L'Énergie. Edition francaise, d'apres la huitieme edition anglaise., par Georges Mouret. Prècédée d'une préface par M.A. Potier.‎

‎Paris, Gauthier-Villars (as a paperlabel pasted on B.Tignot), (1891). Uncut in orig. printed wrappers. Unopened. Sewing broken on back. Nearly all of backstrip preserved. (4),IV,432 pp.Textillustrations. Scattered brownspots, mainly marginal. A good copy.‎

‎First French edition of ""Theory of Heat"" from 1871. The work contains the description of the so-called ""sorting demon"", a member of a class of ""very small BUT lively beings incapable of doing work but able to open and shut valves which move without friction and inertia"", and thereby defeat the second law of thermodynamics. The demon points to the statistical characyer of the law. (DSB IX, p. 227).‎

Ссылка продавца : 38564

‎"MAXWELL, JAMES CLERK.‎

‎Matter and Motion.‎

‎London, Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge, 1876. Small8vo. Original blind stamped brown cloth. End papers renewed and first two leaves reinforced in margin. Repair to lower part of title-page affecting year of printing and small label ( ""S.L.M."") to p. 128. Extremities slightly rubbed, internnaly fine and clean. Pp. viii, (9)-128, (4).‎

‎Rare first edition of Maxwell's ""masterpiece of natural philosophy, notable especially for introducing into physics the term relativity in a passage that combines strenuous scientific insight with a mystical awareness (...)"" (Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy, p. 209). ""Maxwell's Matter and Motion first appeared in 1876 and was reprinted before the year was out. The first American edition was printed in 1878. Following several reprints on both sides of the Atlantic, Sir Joseph Larmor added notes and appendices to produce a new edition in 1920. This edition was reprinted in 1925 and at least half-a-dozen times since 1952"" (Flood, McCartney & Whitaker, James Clerk Maxwell: Perspectives on his Life and Work (2014), p. 27). ""More light is thrown on Maxwell’s own opinions about the problem of relative and absolute motion and the connection between dynamics and other branches of physics by the delightful monograph Matter and Motion, published in 1876."" (DSB)‎

Ссылка продавца : 54544

‎"MAXWELL, JAMES CLERK.‎

‎On Double Refraction in a Viscous Fluid in Motion.‎

‎(London, Taylor and Francis, 1873). 8vo. Uncut in the original printed wrappers. In ""Proceedings of the Royal Society"", Vol. XXII [22], No. 148. Entire issue offered. Wrappers with light soiling, spine lacking upper and lower part of paper, otherwise fine and clean. Pp. 46-47. [Entire issue: 51 pp.].‎

‎First printing of this important paper in which Maxwell describes an attempt to establish the relaxation time: ""In 1866 I made some attempts to ascertain whether the state of strain in a viscous fluid in motion could be detected by its action on polarized light"" (from the present paper.)‎

Ссылка продавца : 47913

‎"MAXWELL, JAMES CLARK.‎

‎On the Theory of Compound Colours, and the Relations of the Colours of the Spectrum. - [MAXWELL ON THE RELATIONS OF COLOURS]‎

‎(London, Taylor and Francis, 1860). 8vo. In the original printed wrappers. In ""Proceedings of the Royal Society"", Vol. X [10], No. 39. Entire issue offered. Wrappers with a few brown spots, fine and clean. Pp. 404-408. [Entire issue: Pp. 319-494].‎

‎First printing of Maxwell's paper on a method of exhibiting the relations of colours.""Maxwell worked on the generation of white light by mixing different colors and in 1860, published the paper On the Theory of Compound Colours and its Relations to the Colours of the. In this paper, he extended the work of Thomas Young who first postulated only three colors, red, green and violet are necessary to produce any color including white and not all the colors of the spectrum are necessary as first illustrated by Newton. He also incorporated Hermann G?nther Grassman's concept that there are three variables of color vision (spectral color, intensity of illumination and the degree of saturation). Maxwell showed that these color variables can be represented on a color diagram based on three primary colors. While Newton distinguished his principal colors from the painters triad of primary colors (red, yellow and blue), he supposed the identity of mixing rule for lights and pigments. Even though Helmholtz explained that the mixture of color lights is an additive process while the mixture of pigments is a subtractive process as illustrated in Figure 2, Maxwell made experiments and developed a complete theory to explain how this happens by creating a color triangle which was originally suggested by James David Forbes and illustrated that any color can be generated with a mixture of any three primary colors and that a normal eye has three sorts of receptors as illustrated in his 1861 paper On the Theory of Three Primary Colours. He chose the three primary colors as red, green, and blue."" (Sarkar, Pp. 4-5). From 1855 to 1872, Maxwell published at intervals a series of valuable investigations concerning the perception of colour, colour-blindness and colour theory, for the earlier of which the Royal Society awarded him the Rumford Medal. The instruments which he devised for these investigations were simple and convenient to use. For example, Maxwell's discs were used to compare a variable mixture of three primary colours with a sample colour by observing the spinning ""colour top."".‎

Ссылка продавца : 47992

‎"MAXWELL, JAMES CLARK.‎

‎On Faraday's Lines of Force. - [MAXWELL'S VERY FIRST PAPER ON ELECTROMAGNETISM]‎

‎London, Taylor and Francis, 1864. 4to. In plain white paper-wrappers with title-page of journal volume pasted on to front wrapper. In ""Transactions of the Cambridge Philosophical Society"", Volume 10. Fine and clean. Pp. (27)-83, (1) + the pasted on title-page.‎

‎First appearance of Maxwell's landmark - and his very first published on electromagnetism - paper in which he anticipates many of the fundamental ideas presented in his famous four-part paper ""On Physical Lines of Force"" (1861-2) in which he derived the equations of electromagnetism. The present paper ushered in a new era of classical electrodynamics and catalyzed further progress in the mathematical field of vector calculus. Because of this, it is considered one of the most historically significant publications in the field of physics and of science in general.Maxwell began his researches on electromagnetism following the completion of his studies at Cambridge in 1854. They were aimed at constructing, at a theoretical level, a unified mathematical theory of electric and magnetic phenomena that would express the methods and ideas of Faraday as an alternative to the theory of Weber."" This programme was announced in his first article, 'On Faraday's lines of force', in 1856, and continued in two other major texts, 'On physical lines of force' in 1861-1862 and 'A dynamical theory of the electromagnetic field' in 1865. According to a famous passage in its preface, the Treatise (1873) represented the outcome of this programme"" (Landmark Writings, p. 569). ""Maxwell's first paper, ""On Faraday's Line of Force"" (1855-1856), was divided into two parts, with supplementary) examples. Its origin may he traced in a long correspondence with Thomson, edited by Larmor in 1936. Part 1 was an exposition of the analogy between lines of force and streamlines in an incompressible fluid. It contained one notable extension to Thomson's treatment of the subject and also an illuminating opening discourse on the philosophical significance of analogies between different branches of physics. This was a theme to which Maxwell returned more than once. His biographers print in full an essay entitled ""Analogies in Nature,"" which he read a few months later (February 1856) to the famous Apostles Club at Cambridge" this puts the subject in a wider setting and deserves careful reading despite its involved and cryptic style. Here, as elsewhere, Maxwell's metaphysical speculation discloses the influence of Sir William Hamilton, specifically of Hamilton's Kantian view that all human knowledge is of relations rather than of things. The use Maxwell saw in the method of analogy was twofold. It crossfertilized technique between different fields, and it served as a golden mean between analytic abstraction and the method of hypothesis. The essence of analogy (in contrast with identity) being partial resemblance, its limits must be recognized as clearly as its existence" yet analogies may help in guarding against too facile commitment to a hypothesis. The analogy of an electric current to two phenomena as different as conduction of heat and the motion of a fluid should, Maxwell later observed, prevent physicists from hastily assuming that ""electricity is either a substance like water, or a state of agitation like heat. ""The analogy is geometrical: ""a similarity between relations, not a similarity between the things related."""" (DSB)The 1856 paper has been eclipsed by Maxwell's later work, but its originality and importance are greater than is usually thought. Besides interpreting Faraday's work and giving the electrotonic function, it contained the germ of a number of ideas which Maxwell was to revive or modify in 1868 and later an integral representation of the field equations (1868),the treatment of electrical action as analogous to the motion of an incompressible fluid (1869, 1873), the classification of vector functions into forces and fluxes (1870), and an interesting formal symmetry in the equations connecting A, B, E, and H, different from the symmetry commonly recognized in the completed field equations. The paper ended with solutions to a series of problems, including an application of the electrotonic function to calculate the action of a magnetic field on a spinning conducting sphere.‎

Ссылка продавца : 54755

‎"MACH, ERNST & SALCHER, P.‎

‎Photographische Fixierung der durch Projectile in der luft eingeleiteten Vorgänge. [In: Sitzungsberichte der kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften. Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Classe, 95. Band, IV und V. Heft. Jahrgang 1887 April und Mai. Z... - [THE MACH NUMBER]‎

‎Wien, 1887. 8vo. The entire volume. Uncut and unopened in the orig. printed yellow wrappers, some soiling. Lacks upper part of spine, otherwise no tears, creases or lacks. Pp. 764-780 + one plate. [Entire volume: VIII, (2) pp., pp. 761-1120 + 3 plates, two of which are folded].‎

‎First edition of the seminal paper, in which Mach laid the basis for the principles of supersonics, determined the ""sonic boom"", demonstrated an object's speed relative to the speed of sound, now called the ""Mach number"" of an object, and presented the first photograph of a shock wave in front of an object moving at supersonic speed.""Between 1873 and 1893 Mach and various collaborators, including his son Ludwig, devised and perfected optical and photographic techniques to study sound waves and the wave propulsion and gas dynamics of projectiles, meteorites, explosions, and gas jets. Stimulated by the remarks of the Belgian artillerist Henri Melsens, in 1881 Mach undertook to study the flight of projectiles by means of photographic techniques that he had already devised for other experiments in his Prague laboratory. His celebrated 1887 paper on supersonics was published jointly with P. Salcher of the Marine Academy of Fiume (now Rijeka, Yougoslavia) in the ""Sitzungsberichte"" of the Academy of Sciences of Vienna. The experiments described in this classic paper were carried out in Fiume with the support of the Austrian Royal Navy."" (D.S.B., VIII: 597). In this highly influential paper, Mach demonstrates, with the aid of his photograph of a bullet in flight and the shock wave produced by the gas around the tip of it (the first such picture in history), that the angle which the shock wave makes with the direction of its motion is related to the speed of sound and to the speed of the projectile. This angle is called the Mach angle (coined by Ludwig Prandtl in 1907). This discovery turned out to be of ground-breaking character, and in 1929 J. Ackeret suggested to use the term ""Mach number"" for the value of the ratio of the speed of an object to the speed of sound, recognizing the profound effect that this discovery had on aerodynamics for high-speed projectile studies. ""The Mach number was introduced into the literature in English by the late 1930's and since the end of World War II has taken on considerable importance in theoretical and fluid dynamics."" (D.S.B., VIII: 597). Unlike most other units of measure, the number in this case comes after the name of the unit, making the second Mach number not ""2 Mach"", but ""Mach 2"". The ""Mach 2"" thus indicates a velocity of twice the speed of sound. Mach here also determines the effect of an object that travels past the speed of sound, namely the ""sonic boom"". ""By 1885 Mach had worked out the details of supersonic motion, along the way developing high-speed photographic techniques. Most importantly for engineers, Mach Number is the ratio of the speed of sound in the given medium to the speed of the projectile"" his work is essential to modern aerodynamics, and through it the word 'Mach' has bizarrely entered into popular culture as an icon for razors, sound systems, fighter pilots, and high speed fuels."" (Stanford Encyclopaedia of Philosophy).The Austrian physicist and philosopher Ernst Mach was highly influential among his contemporaries and is famous for the impact he had on the Vienna Circle. Though his main contribution to physics lies in his seminal description and photographs of the shock waves and his descriptions of how passing the speed of sound compressed air in front of projectiles, his more general contributions to philosophy and science were also immense. He was an early devotee of an extreme form of positivism, and his passionate ways of expounding his theories and his success as a polemicist and popularizer influenced an entire generation of scientists towards a profound skepticism that even extended into the use of abstract mathematics as an element of physical theories. He was highly critical of physical science and tried to free it from all elements that were not verifiable by sensory experience. ""Ernst Mach (18 Februrary, 1838 - 19 February, 1916), made major contributions to, physics, philosophy, and physiological psychology. In physics, the speed of sound bears his name, as he was the first to systematically study super-sonic motion. He also made important contributions to understanding the Doppler effect. His critique of Newtonian ideas of absolute space and time were an inspiration to the young Einstein, who credited Mach as being the philosophical forerunner of relativity theory. His systematic skepticism of the old physics was similarly important to a generation of young German physicists."" (Stanford Encyclopaedia of Philosophy).‎

Ссылка продавца : 37984