<p>Ethographic Study Series Minority Groups in Thailand PRINT Washington 1970 WL CODE R6141 SIZE 1142 pp. 44 pp. illus. 18 maps 150 x 225 mm BOOK WEIGHT 1.800 Kg PACKING WEIGHT 0.200 Kg</p> paperback
Washington DC: Department of the Army 1973. First Edition thus later 1975 printing. Wraps. Good. Format is approximately 8.25 inches by 11 inches. Three-hole punched and staplebound. 80 pages. Illustrations graphs nomograms diagrams formulae. References. Cover has some wear and soiling. A few pencil marks noted inside. This manual supersedes TM 3-210 3 December 1967 including all changes. Its contents address Introduction to Fallout Prediction Detailed Fallout Prediction Simplified Fallout Predictions Fallout Prediction for Atomic Demolition Munitions Friendly Nuclear Strike Warning Message and References. This manual provides guidance in the preparation of detailed and simplified fallout predictions to commanders of all echelons within the Army and provides procedural guidance for those persons operating the Chemical Biological and Radiological Element CBRE. The material in this manual is applicable to nuclear warfare conditions. This manual is in consonance with the international standardization agreements STANAG referenced within this manual. The need for a fallout prediction system stems form the large-area radiological contamination hazard that can develop from fallout-producing nuclear detonations. This large-area hazard is capable of producing mass casualties is its presence is not detected or if commanders at all echelons do not understand its effects and take action to minimize these effects. Thus fallout has a considerable impact on military planning and operations. Nuclear fallout or fallout is the residual radioactive material propelled into the upper atmosphere following a nuclear blast so called because it "falls out" of the sky after the explosion and the shock wave have passed. It commonly refers to the radioactive dust and ash created when a nuclear weapon explodes. The amount and spread of fallout is a product of the size of the weapon and the altitude at which it is detonated. Fallout may get entrained with the products of a pyrocumulus cloud and fall as black rain rain darkened by soot and other particulates which fell within 30-40 minutes of the Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. This radioactive dust usually consisting of fission products mixed with bystanding atoms that are neutron-activated by exposure is a form of radioactive contamination. Now the International Nuclear and Radiological Event Scale INES is the primary form of categorizing the potential health and environmental effects of a nuclear or radiological event and communicating it to the public. The need for a fallout prediction system stems from the large-area radiological hazard that develops from fallout-producing nuclear bursts. Contamination has a large impact on military planning and operations. This hazard produces mass casualties if its presence is not detected and actions taken to minimize the radiological hazards. Commanders at all echelons must understand its effects and take action to minimize those effects. There are many occasions when a commander will require a fallout prediction. Three examples follow: When the commander plans to use a nuclear weapon that lacks 99-percent probability of being fallout safe or whenever a contact backup fuze is used a prestrike fallout prediction is prepared as part of the target analysis. Information may indicate that fallout is occurring or that fallout probably will occur from a nuclear burst friendly or enemy. In this case a fallout prediction is required to enable the commander to warn higher adjacent and subordinate units. When a fallout-producing burst occurs an evaluating procedure is begun that will answer the commander's questions about the hazard. However a time lag of several hours to a day or more may occur between the time of burst and the availability of measured data from radiological monitoring and/or survey. This delays evaluation of the actual hazard. During this time lag the fallout prediction area of expected hazard or at best the fallout prediction supplemented by measured radiation data may be the only available information for estimating the effects of the radiation hazard on tactical operations or plans. This information is significant in that it will enable the commander to avoid the contamination if possible In both simplified and detailed prediction a zone of primary hazard Zone I and one of secondary hazard Zone II are predicted. These zones are defined as areas where exposed unprotected personnel may receive militarily significant total doses of nuclear radiation within four hours after arrival of fallout. These doses may result in a reduction in combat effectiveness. Department of the Army paperback
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