‎Administration‎

‎National Aeronautics and Administration‎

‎Astronautics and Aeronautics 1978: A Chronology‎

‎Paperback / softback. New. paperback‎

书商的参考编号 : B9781495485817 ???????? : 1495485811 9781495485817

‎Occupational Safety and Administration‎

‎Firefighting Precautions at Facilities with Combustible Dust‎

‎Paperback / softback. New. paperback‎

书商的参考编号 : B9781496082374 ???????? : 1496082370 9781496082374

‎National Aeronautics and Administration‎

‎Aeronautics and Astronautics: An American Chronology of Science and Technology in the Exploration of Space 1915-1960‎

‎Paperback / softback. New. paperback‎

书商的参考编号 : B9781495455988 ???????? : 149545598x 9781495455988

‎Occupational Safety and Administration‎

‎Small Business Handbook‎

‎Paperback / softback. New. paperback‎

书商的参考编号 : B9781497388048 ???????? : 149738804x 9781497388048

‎National Aeronautics and Administration‎

‎Design Development Test and Evaluation DDT&E Considerations for Safe and Reliable Human Rated Spacecraft Systems: Volume II‎

‎Paperback / softback. New. paperback‎

书商的参考编号 : B9781503259423 ???????? : 1503259420 9781503259423

‎National Aeronautics and Administration‎

‎An Overview of Climatic Elements‎

‎Paperback / softback. New. paperback‎

书商的参考编号 : B9781503259607 ???????? : 1503259609 9781503259607

‎National Aeronautics and Administration‎

‎Emerging Communication Technologies ECT Phase 2 Report: Volume 3 - Ultra Wideband UWB Technology‎

‎Paperback / softback. New. paperback‎

书商的参考编号 : B9781503290297 ???????? : 1503290298 9781503290297

‎National Aeronautics and Administration‎

‎Aeronautics and Astronautics: A Chronology: 2010‎

‎Paperback / softback. New. paperback‎

书商的参考编号 : B9781501082009 ???????? : 1501082000 9781501082009

‎National Aeronautics and Administration‎

‎Emerging Communication Technologies ECT Phase 2 Report: Volume 2 - Appendices‎

‎Paperback / softback. New. paperback‎

书商的参考编号 : B9781503290167 ???????? : 1503290166 9781503290167

‎Federal Aviation Administration‎

‎Helicopter Instructor's Handbook‎

‎Paperback / softback. New. paperback‎

书商的参考编号 : B9781500869700 ???????? : 1500869708 9781500869700

‎National Aeronautics and Administration‎

‎Survey of Technologies Relevant to Defense From Near-Earth Objects‎

‎Paperback / softback. New. paperback‎

书商的参考编号 : B9781503337985 ???????? : 1503337987 9781503337985

‎U. S. Office of Price Administration‎

‎Application for War Ration Book No. 3; Form No. B-129 Budget Bureau No. 08-R417. 170471 BJ‎

‎Washington DC: U.S. Government Printing Office 1943. Presumed First Edition Presumed original issuance to this recipient. Single sheet printed on both sides. Good. The format is approximately 5 inches by 4 inches. This application was sent to OPA Mailing Center in Chicago IL and has a cancelled 3 cent stamp and a cancelation date of in June 1943. This apparently was returned to the applicant who was Arthur S. Galvin of Assumption IL. We believe that this belonged to Arthur Steven Galvin who was born 8 June 1915 - Assumption Christian County Illinois USA and who died 30 August 1989 - Assumption Christian County Illinois USA This RARE surviving ephemera would be appropriate for a museum exhibit or as an important artifact in a prized collection. Rationing is the controlled distribution of scarce resources goods or services or an artificial restriction of demand. Rationing controls the size of the ration which is one person's allotted portion of the resources being distributed on a particular day or at a particular time. Rationing in the United States was introduced in stages during World War II with the last of the restrictions ending in June 1947. The Office of Price Administration OPA was established within the Office for Emergency Management of the United States government by Executive Order 8875 on August 28 1941. The OPA had the power to place ceilings on all prices except agricultural commodities and to ration supplies of other items including tires automobiles shoes nylon sugar gasoline fuel oil coffee meats and processed foods. In the summer of 1941 rationing in the United Kingdom increased because of military needs and German attacks on shipping in the Battle of the Atlantic. The British government appealed to Americans to conserve food to help the UK. The Office of Price Administration OPA warned Americans of potential gasoline steel aluminum and electricity shortages. It believed that with factories converting to military production and consuming many critical supplies rationing would become necessary if the country entered the war. The OPA established a rationing system after the attack on Pearl Harbor on 7 December. The work of issuing ration books and exchanging used stamps for certificates was handled by some 5500 local ration boards of mostly volunteer workers selected by local officials. Many levels of rationing went into effect. Some items such as sugar were distributed evenly based on the number of people in a household. Other items like gasoline or fuel oil were rationed only to those who could justify a need. Restaurant owners and other merchants were accorded more availability but had to collect ration stamps to restock their supplies. In exchange for used ration stamps ration boards delivered certificates to restaurants and merchants to authorize procurement of more products. The work of issuing ration books and exchanging used stamps for certificates was handled by some 5500 local ration boards of mostly volunteer workers selected by local officials. Many levels of rationing went into effect. Some items such as sugar were distributed evenly based on the number of people in a household. Other items like gasoline or fuel oil were rationed only to those who could justify a need. Restaurant owners and other merchants were accorded more availability but had to collect ration stamps to restock their supplies. In exchange for used ration stamps ration boards delivered certificates to restaurants and merchants to authorize procurement of more products. Each ration stamp had a generic drawing of an airplane gun tank aircraft carrier ear of wheat fruit etc. and a serial number. Some stamps also had alphabetic lettering. The kind and amount of rationed commodities were not specified on most of the stamps and were not defined until later when local newspapers published for example that beginning on a specified date one airplane stamp was required in addition to cash to buy one pair of shoes and one stamp number 30 from ration book four was required to buy five pounds of sugar. The commodity amounts changed from time to time depending on availability. Red stamps were used to ration meat and butter and blue stamps were used to ration processed foods. To enable making change for ration stamps the government issued "red point" tokens to be given in change for red stamps and "blue point" tokens in change for blue stamps. The red and blue tokens were about the size of dimes 0.63 inches and were made of thin compressed wood fiber material because metals were in short supply. There was a black market in stamps. To prevent this the OPA ordered vendors not to accept stamps that they themselves did not tear out of books. Buyers however circumvented this by saying sometimes accurately as the books were not well-made that the stamps had "fallen out". In actuality they may have acquired stamps from other family members or friends or the black market. U.S. Government Printing Office unknown‎

书商的参考编号 : 89881

‎U. S. Office of Price Administration‎

‎Why Canned Fruits Vegetables and Soups Are Rationed; Consumer Instruction Sheet‎

‎Washington DC: U.S. Government Printing Office 1943. Presumed First Edition First printing. Single sheet printed on both sides. Good. The format is approximately 8 inches by 10.5 inches. Folded in half and again in half. Illustrations. Page 1 is titled Why Canned Fruits Vegetables and Soups Are Rationed and Page 2 it title How to Use Your New Ration Book To Buy Canned or Bottled Fruits Vegetables Souls and Juices; Frozen Fruits and Vegetables; Dried Fruits. Use Your OLD Ration Book for Sugar and Coffee. This discusses how items are rationed. This is specific to War Ration Book Two. It discusses BLUE stamps POINT stamps. NUMBER on the POINT stamps. Letters show when to use the stamps. It was noted that citizens "may use ALL the books of the household to buy processed foods for the household. Anyone you wish can take the ration books to the store to do the buying for you or ours household. Rationing is the controlled distribution of scarce resources goods or services or an artificial restriction of demand. Rationing controls the size of the ration which is one person's allotted portion of the resources being distributed on a particular day or at a particular time.<br /> Rationing in the United States was introduced in stages during World War II with the last of the restrictions ending in June 1947. The Office of Price Administration OPA was established within the Office for Emergency Management of the United States government by Executive Order 8875 on August 28 1941. The OPA had the power to place ceilings on all prices except agricultural commodities and to ration supplies of other items including tires automobiles shoes nylon sugar gasoline fuel oil coffee meats and processed foods. In the summer of 1941 rationing in the United Kingdom increased because of military needs and German attacks on shipping in the Battle of the Atlantic. The British government appealed to Americans to conserve food to help the UK. The Office of Price Administration OPA warned Americans of potential gasoline steel aluminum and electricity shortages. It believed that with factories converting to military production and consuming many critical supplies rationing would become necessary if the country entered the war. The OPA established a rationing system after the attack on Pearl Harbor on 7 December. The work of issuing ration books and exchanging used stamps for certificates was handled by some 5500 local ration boards of mostly volunteer workers selected by local officials. Many levels of rationing went into effect. Some items such as sugar were distributed evenly based on the number of people in a household. Other items like gasoline or fuel oil were rationed only to those who could justify a need. Restaurant owners and other merchants were accorded more availability but had to collect ration stamps to restock their supplies. In exchange for used ration stamps ration boards delivered certificates to restaurants and merchants to authorize procurement of more products. The work of issuing ration books and exchanging used stamps for certificates was handled by some 5500 local ration boards of mostly volunteer workers selected by local officials. Many levels of rationing went into effect. Some items such as sugar were distributed evenly based on the number of people in a household. Other items like gasoline or fuel oil were rationed only to those who could justify a need. Restaurant owners and other merchants were accorded more availability but had to collect ration stamps to restock their supplies. In exchange for used ration stamps ration boards delivered certificates to restaurants and merchants to authorize procurement of more products. Each ration stamp had a generic drawing of an airplane gun tank aircraft carrier ear of wheat fruit etc. and a serial number. Some stamps also had alphabetic lettering. The kind and amount of rationed commodities were not specified on most of the stamps and were not defined until later when local newspapers published for example that beginning on a specified date one airplane stamp was required in addition to cash to buy one pair of shoes and one stamp number 30 from ration book four was required to buy five pounds of sugar. The commodity amounts changed from time to time depending on availability. Red stamps were used to ration meat and butter and blue stamps were used to ration processed foods. To enable making change for ration stamps the government issued "red point" tokens to be given in change for red stamps and "blue point" tokens in change for blue stamps. The red and blue tokens were about the size of dimes 0.63 inches and were made of thin compressed wood fiber material because metals were in short supply. There was a black market in stamps. To prevent this the OPA ordered vendors not to accept stamps that they themselves did not tear out of books. Buyers however circumvented this by saying sometimes accurately as the books were not well-made that the stamps had "fallen out". In actuality they may have acquired stamps from other family members or friends or the black market. U.S. Government Printing Office unknown‎

书商的参考编号 : 89874

‎Office of Price Administration‎

‎War Ration Book Two; No. 144930 EL OPA Form No. R-121‎

‎Washington DC: Office of Price Administration U.S. Government Printing Office 1942. Presumed First Edition First issuance to this individual. Single sheet printed on one side. Fair. The format is approximately 11.25 inches by 4.25 inches folded in half with removable stamps originally within. No War Ration stamps remain. Issued by Local Board 551 of Macon Illinois. This was issued by Robert R. Snell. This was issued undated. Signed by the issuing official and Amy Josephine Dwyer. War ration books varied in design and content throughout the war years. Some were simple booklets with basic information while others included more elaborate instructions and patriotic messages. The stamps inside were often brightly colored and featured images of everyday items like shoes and cooking oil serving as a constant reminder of the sacrifices being made for the war effort. War Ration Book Two - January 1943 was the property of the United States Government. It is unlawful to sell or give it to any other person or to use it or permit anyone else to use it except to obtain rationed goods for the person to whom it was issued. Persons who violate Rationing Regulations are subject to $10000 fine or imprisonment or both. By 1944 whisky had disappeared from liquor store shelves as distilleries converted to the production of industrial alcohol. New car production was banned beginning January 1 1942 as former auto plants switched to the production of military vehicles. Thirty percent of all cigarettes produced were allocated for service men making cigarettes a scarce commodity on the home front by 1944. By the end of the war rationing limited consumption of almost every product with the exception of eggs and dairy. The 1943 war ration book is a unique and valuable collectible item that offers a glimpse into the United States’ war effort during World War II. The 1943 war ration book was issued to the American public in 1943 as part of the United States’ war effort. It was used to allocate food fuel and other essential resources to ensure fair distribution and minimize waste. The book contained a series of coupons which could be redeemed for specific goods and services such as gasoline tires sugar and coffee. Civilians first received ration books—War Ration Book Number One or the "Sugar Book"—on 4 May 1942 through more than 100000 schoolteachers PTA groups and other volunteers. Sugar was the first consumer commodity rationed with all sales ended on 27 April 1942 and resumed on 5 May with a ration of 1 2 pound 8 oz per person per week half of normal consumption. Bakeries ice cream makers and other commercial users received rations of about 70% of normal usage. Coffee was rationed nationally on 29 November 1942 to 1 pound every five weeks about half of normal consumption in part because of German attacks on shipping from Brazil. As of 1 March 1942 dog food could no longer be sold in tin cans and manufacturers switched to dehydrated versions. As of 1 April 1942 anyone wishing to purchase a new toothpaste tube then made from metal had to turn in an empty one. By June 1942 companies also stopped manufacturing metal office furniture radios television sets phonographs refrigerators vacuum cleaners washing machines and sewing machines for civilians. By the end of 1942 ration coupons were used for nine other items: typewriters gasoline bicycles shoes rubber footwear silk nylon fuel oil and stoves. Meat lard shortening and food oils cheese butter margarine processed foods canned bottled and frozen dried fruits canned milk firewood and coal jams jellies and fruit butter were rationed by November 1943. Many retailers welcomed rationing because they were already experiencing shortages of many items due to rumors and panics such as flashlights and batteries after Pearl Harbor. Ration Book Number Five is a very rare ration book only issued to very few people. By the end of 1942 ration coupons were used for nine other items: typewriters gasoline bicycles shoes rubber footwear silk nylon fuel oil and stoves. Meat lard shortening and food oils cheese butter margarine processed foods canned bottled and frozen dried fruits canned milk firewood and coal jams jellies and fruit butter were rationed by November 1943. Many retailers welcomed rationing because they were already experiencing shortages of many items due to rumors and panics such as flashlights and batteries after Pearl Harbor. Ration Book Number Five is a very rare ration book only issued to very few people. Office of Price Administration, U.S. Government Printing Office unknown‎

书商的参考编号 : 89907

‎Office of Price Administration‎

‎War Ration Book No. 3 Book 4 written in ink at lower right front corner.; No. 853877 CS OPA Form No. R-130‎

‎Washington DC: Office of Price Administration U.S. Government Printing Office 1943. Presumed First Edition First issuance to this individual. Front and back covers printed on one side with stamp sheets inside. Fair. The format is approximately 11.5 inches by 4.25 inches This has sheets of removable stamps originally within. MANY War Ration stamps remain some with numbers and letter some with numbers and illustrations. Office of Price Administration stamp present on front with number 144930EL different from number on the booklet! This was issued undated. Signed by Arcelia C. Ditzler. War ration books varied in design and content throughout the war years. Some were simple booklets with basic information while others included more elaborate instructions and patriotic messages. The stamps inside were often brightly colored and featured images of everyday items like shoes and cooking oil serving as a constant reminder of the sacrifices being made for the war effort. War Ration Book Two - January 1943 was the property of the United States Government. It is unlawful to sell or give it to any other person or to use it or permit anyone else to use it except to obtain rationed goods for the person to whom it was issued. Persons who violate Rationing Regulations are subject to $10000 fine or imprisonment or both. By 1944 whisky had disappeared from liquor store shelves as distilleries converted to the production of industrial alcohol. New car production was banned beginning January 1 1942 as former auto plants switched to the production of military vehicles. This is believed to belong to Arcelia Ceora “Celia†Chapman Ditzler Born 8 Sep 1854 in Ohio who died Aug 1952 Shelby County Illinois. This War Ration Books listed Shelbyville Illinois as Mrs. Ditzler's city and state. The 1943 war ration book is a unique and valuable collectible item that offers a glimpse into the United States’ war effort during World War II. The 1943 war ration book was issued to the American public in 1943 as part of the United States’ war effort. It was used to allocate food fuel and other essential resources to ensure fair distribution and minimize waste. The book contained a series of coupons which could be redeemed for specific goods and services such as gasoline tires sugar and coffee. Civilians first received ration books—War Ration Book Number One or the "Sugar Book"—on 4 May 1942 through more than 100000 schoolteachers PTA groups and other volunteers. Sugar was the first consumer commodity rationed with all sales ended on 27 April 1942 and resumed on 5 May with a ration of 1 2 pound 8 oz per person per week half of normal consumption. Bakeries ice cream makers and other commercial users received rations of about 70% of normal usage. Coffee was rationed nationally on 29 November 1942 to 1 pound every five weeks about half of normal consumption in part because of German attacks on shipping from Brazil. As of 1 March 1942 dog food could no longer be sold in tin cans and manufacturers switched to dehydrated versions. As of 1 April 1942 anyone wishing to purchase a new toothpaste tube then made from metal had to turn in an empty one. By June 1942 companies also stopped manufacturing metal office furniture radios television sets phonographs refrigerators vacuum cleaners washing machines and sewing machines for civilians. By the end of 1942 ration coupons were used for nine other items: typewriters gasoline bicycles shoes rubber footwear silk nylon fuel oil and stoves. Meat lard shortening and food oils cheese butter margarine processed foods canned bottled and frozen dried fruits canned milk firewood and coal jams jellies and fruit butter were rationed by November 1943. Many retailers welcomed rationing because they were already experiencing shortages of many items due to rumors and panics such as flashlights and batteries after Pearl Harbor. Ration Book Number Five is a very rare ration book only issued to very few people. By the end of 1942 ration coupons were used for nine other items: typewriters gasoline bicycles shoes rubber footwear silk nylon fuel oil and stoves. Meat lard shortening and food oils cheese butter margarine processed foods canned bottled and frozen dried fruits canned milk firewood and coal jams jellies and fruit butter were rationed by November 1943. Many retailers welcomed rationing because they were already experiencing shortages of many items due to rumors and panics such as flashlights and batteries after Pearl Harbor. Ration Book Number Five is a very rare ration book only issued to very few people. Office of Price Administration, U.S. Government Printing Office unknown‎

书商的参考编号 : 89911

‎Office of Price Administration‎

‎War Ration Book Three Ink notation at bottom front as Book 4; No. 284919 CN OPA Form No. R-130‎

‎Washington DC: Office of Price Administration U.S. Government Printing Office 1943. Presumed First Edition First issuance to this individual. Single sheet printed on one side with stamps inside. Fair. The format is approximately 11.25 inches by 4.25 inches folded in half with removable stamps originally within. Many War Ration stamps remain. First sheet has ration stamps 1-48 intact with an artillery piece illustration . Sheet 2 is 1-48 with a tank illustration. Sheet 3 is 1-48 with a ship illustration. Sheet 4 has 2-48 illustrated with an airplane. This was issued undated. Signed Elmer Schurtze. Not otherwise filled out. Ink notation at bottom front as Book 4. War ration books varied in design and content throughout the war years. Some were simple booklets with basic information while others included more elaborate instructions and patriotic messages. The stamps inside were often brightly colored and featured images of everyday items like shoes and cooking oil serving as a constant reminder of the sacrifices being made for the war effort. War Ration Book Two - January 1943 was the property of the United States Government. It is unlawful to sell or give it to any other person or to use it or permit anyone else to use it except to obtain rationed goods for the person to whom it was issued. Persons who violate Rationing Regulations are subject to $10000 fine imprisonment or both. By 1944 whisky had disappeared from stores as distilleries converted to the production of industrial alcohol. New car production was banned as of January 1 1942 as former auto plants switched to the production of military vehicles. The official War Ration book four was released in late 1943. Form No. R-145 Civilians first received ration books—War Ration Book Number One or the "Sugar Book"—on 4 May 1942 through more than 100000 schoolteachers PTA groups and other volunteers. Sugar was the first consumer commodity rationed with all sales ended on 27 April 1942 and resumed on 5 May with a ration of 1 2 pound 8 oz per person per week half of normal consumption. Bakeries ice cream makers and other commercial users received rations of about 70% of normal usage. Coffee was rationed nationally on 29 November 1942 to 1 pound every five weeks about half of normal consumption in part because of German attacks on shipping from Brazil. As of 1 March 1942 dog food could no longer be sold in tin cans and manufacturers switched to dehydrated versions. As of 1 April 1942 anyone wishing to purchase a new toothpaste tube then made from metal had to turn in an empty one. By June 1942 companies also stopped manufacturing metal office furniture radios television sets phonographs refrigerators vacuum cleaners washing machines and sewing machines for civilians. By the end of 1942 ration coupons were used for nine other items: typewriters gasoline bicycles shoes rubber footwear silk nylon fuel oil and stoves. Meat lard shortening and food oils cheese butter margarine processed foods canned bottled and frozen dried fruits canned milk firewood and coal jams jellies and fruit butter were rationed by November 1943. Many retailers welcomed rationing because they were already experiencing shortages of many items due to rumors and panics such as flashlights and batteries after Pearl Harbor. Ration Book Number Five is a very rare ration book only issued to very few people. By the end of 1942 ration coupons were used for nine other items: typewriters gasoline bicycles shoes rubber footwear silk nylon fuel oil and stoves. Meat lard shortening and food oils cheese butter margarine processed foods canned bottled and frozen dried fruits canned milk firewood and coal jams jellies and fruit butter were rationed by November 1943. Many retailers welcomed rationing because they were already experiencing shortages of many items due to rumors and panics such as flashlights and batteries after Pearl Harbor. Ration Book Number Five is a very rare ration book only issued to very few people. Office of Price Administration, U.S. Government Printing Office unknown‎

书商的参考编号 : 89910

‎Office of Price Administration‎

‎War Ration Book One; No. 117334 - 114 OPA Form No. R-302‎

‎Washington DC: Office of Price Administration U.S. Government Printing Office 1942. Presumed First Edition First issuance to this individual. Single sheet printed on one side. Fair. The format is approximately 5.25 inches by 6.5 inches folded--with War Ration stamps 19 20 and 22 still attached. Issued by Local Board 82-82 of Wayne County Michigan. This includes the Certificate of Registrar made out to Alena Alta Smith of the city of Detroit. She is reported to be 5 foot 6 inches 190 pounds with black eyes brown hair and 36 years old. She has signed the Certificate of Book Holder that is part of this sheet. This was issued on May 4 1942 by Oscar G. Christensen of Local Board No. 82-82 This was issued on the FIRST day of distribution! Detroit and the industrial region surrounding it was plunged into semi-darkness as all except street lights and in war factories went out for fifteen minutes during a blackout drill on May 4 1942. Civilians first received ration books—War Ration Book Number One or the "Sugar Book"—on 4 May 1942 through more than 100000 schoolteachers PTA groups and other volunteers. Sugar was the first consumer commodity rationed with all sales ended on 27 April 1942 and resumed on 5 May with a ration of 1 2 pound 8 oz per person per week half of normal consumption. Bakeries ice cream makers and other commercial users received rations of about 70% of normal usage. Coffee was rationed nationally on 29 November 1942 to 1 pound every five weeks about half of normal consumption in part because of German attacks on shipping from Brazil. As of 1 March 1942 dog food could no longer be sold in tin cans and manufacturers switched to dehydrated versions. As of 1 April 1942 anyone wishing to purchase a new toothpaste tube then made from metal had to turn in an empty one. By June 1942 companies also stopped manufacturing metal office furniture radios television sets phonographs refrigerators vacuum cleaners washing machines and sewing machines for civilians. By the end of 1942 ration coupons were used for nine other items: typewriters gasoline bicycles shoes rubber footwear silk nylon fuel oil and stoves. Meat lard shortening and food oils cheese butter margarine processed foods canned bottled and frozen dried fruits canned milk firewood and coal jams jellies and fruit butter were rationed by November 1943. Many retailers welcomed rationing because they were already experiencing shortages of many items due to rumors and panics such as flashlights and batteries after Pearl Harbor. Ration Book Number Five is a very rare ration book only issued to very few people. By the end of 1942 ration coupons were used for nine other items: typewriters gasoline bicycles shoes rubber footwear silk nylon fuel oil and stoves. Meat lard shortening and food oils cheese butter margarine processed foods canned bottled and frozen dried fruits canned milk firewood and coal jams jellies and fruit butter were rationed by November 1943. Many retailers welcomed rationing because they were already experiencing shortages of many items due to rumors and panics such as flashlights and batteries after Pearl Harbor. Ration Book Number Five is a very rare ration book only issued to very few people. Office of Price Administration, U.S. Government Printing Office unknown‎

书商的参考编号 : 89889

‎Office of Price Administration‎

‎War Ration Book No. 3 Identification Stub; 437015 BH‎

‎Washington DC: Office of Price Administation 1942. Presumed First Edition First printing thus. Single sheet printed on both sides. Good. The format is approximately 5 inches by 1.375 inches. Rare surviving item of War Rationing ephemera. This was originally attached to an application to obtain War Ration Book No. 3. The Office of Price Administration OPA was established within the Office for Emergency Management of the United States government by Executive Order 8875 on August 28 1941. The functions of the OPA were originally to control money price controls and rents after the outbreak of World War II. President Franklin D. Roosevelt inaugurated the Council of National Defense Advisory Commission on May 29 19404 to include Price Stabilization and Consumer Protection Divisions. Both divisions merged to become the Office of Price Administration and Civilian Supply OPACS within the Office for Emergency Management by Executive Order 8734 on April 11 1941. Civil supply functions were transferred to the Office of Production Management. It became an independent agency under the Emergency Price Control Act January 30 1942. The OPA had the power to place ceilings on all prices except agricultural commodities and to ration scarce supplies of other items including tires automobiles shoes nylon sugar gasoline fuel oil coffee meats and processed foods. At the peak almost 90% of retail food prices were frozen. It could also authorize subsidies for production of some of those commodities. Rationing is the controlled distribution of scarce resources goods or services or an artificial restriction of demand. Rationing controls the size of the ration which is one person's allotted portion of the resources being distributed on a particular day or at a particular time.<br /> Rationing in the United States was introduced in stages during World War II with the last of the restrictions ending in June 1947. In the summer of 1941 rationing in the United Kingdom increased because of military needs and German attacks on shipping in the Battle of the Atlantic. The British government appealed to Americans to conserve food to help the UK. The Office of Price Administration OPA warned Americans of potential gasoline steel aluminum and electricity shortages. It believed that with factories converting to military production and consuming many critical supplies rationing would become necessary if the country entered the war. The OPA established a rationing system after the attack on Pearl Harbor on 7 December. The work of issuing ration books and exchanging used stamps for certificates was handled by some 5500 local ration boards of mostly volunteer workers selected by local officials. Many levels of rationing went into effect. Some items such as sugar were distributed evenly based on the number of people in a household. Other items like gasoline or fuel oil were rationed only to those who could justify a need. Restaurant owners and other merchants were accorded more availability but had to collect ration stamps to restock their supplies. In exchange for used ration stamps ration boards delivered certificates to restaurants and merchants to authorize procurement of more products. Each ration stamp had a generic drawing of an airplane gun tank aircraft carrier ear of wheat fruit etc. and a serial number. Some stamps also had alphabetic lettering. The kind and amount of rationed commodities were not specified on most of the stamps and were not defined until later when local newspapers published for example that beginning on a specified date one airplane stamp was required in addition to cash to buy one pair of shoes and one stamp number 30 from ration book four was required to buy five pounds of sugar. The commodity amounts changed from time to time depending on availability. Red stamps were used to ration meat and butter and blue stamps were used to ration processed foods. <br /> To enable making change for ration stamps the government issued "red point" tokens to be given in change for red stamps and "blue point" tokens in change for blue stamps. The red and blue tokens were about the size of dimes 0.63 in and were made of thin compressed wood fiber material because metals were in short supply. There was a black market in stamps. To prevent this the OPA ordered vendors not to accept stamps that they themselves did not tear out of books. Buyers however circumvented this by saying sometimes accurately as the books were not well-made that the stamps had "fallen out". In actuality they may have acquired stamps from other family members or friends or the black market. Most rationing restrictions ended in August 1945 except for sugar rationing which lasted until 1947 in some parts of the country. Office of Price Administation unknown‎

书商的参考编号 : 89902

‎National Aeronautics and Space Administration‎

‎STS-51-D Space Shuttle patch‎

‎Washington DC: National Aeronautics and Space Administration c1985. Presumed one of initial production. Patches. Very good. The format is approximately 5 inches at its longest long and is approximately 4 inches at its maximum width. STS-51-D was the 16th flight of NASA's Space Shuttle program and the fourth flight of Space Shuttle Discovery. The launch of STS-51-D from Kennedy Space Center on April 12 1985 was delayed by 55 minutes after a boat strayed into the restricted Solid Rocket Booster recovery zone. STS-51-D was the third shuttle mission to be extended. On April 19 1985 after a week-long flight Discovery conducted the fifth shuttle landing at KSC. The shuttle suffered extensive brake damage and a ruptured tire during landing. This forced shuttle landings to be done at Edwards Air Force Base California for the next five years until the development and implementation of nose wheel steering made landings at KSC more feasible. The Space Shuttle is a retired partially reusable low Earth orbital spacecraft system operated from 1981 to 2011 by NASA as part of the Space Shuttle program. Its official name was the Space Transportation System STS taken from the 1969 plan led by U.S. vice president Spiro Agnew for a system of reusable spacecraft where it was the only item funded for development. The first STS-1 test flight occurred in 1981 leading to operational flights beginning in 1982. Five complete Space Shuttle orbiter vehicles were built and flown on a total of 135 missions from 1981 to 2011. Operational missions launched satellites probes the Hubble Space Telescope conducted science experiments in orbit and participated in the construction and servicing of the International Space Station ISS. A mission patch is a cloth reproduction of a spaceflight mission emblem worn by astronauts and other personnel affiliated with that mission. It is usually executed as an embroidered patch. The term space patch is mostly applied to an emblem designed for a crewed space mission. Traditionally the patch is worn on the space suit that astronauts and cosmonauts wear when launched into space. Mission patches have been adopted by the crew and personnel of many other space ventures public and private. The first space patch was flown by Soviet cosmonaut Valentina Tereshkova on the Vostok 6 mission in 1963; however that was hidden from public view by the bright orange coverall that was part of the space suit at the time. At the start of the human spaceflight space age as a rule astronauts were pilots from a military background. These pilots took the tradition of military shoulder patches with them; most US space missions have had dedicated designs and since the mid-1980s most Soviet/Russian flights also featured space patches. Mission patches were first sported by NASA astronauts in 1965. The idea was first introduced to NASA by Air Force pilot and astronaut Gordon Cooper. Following the loss of the Apollo 1 crew in a devastating fire embroidered patches were restricted from crew clothing. Instead astronauts in flight wore mission patches of fire-resistant Beta cloth onto which designs were silkscreened. Embroidered patches were still produced for ground side wear non-flight personnel sale to collectors and to be flown in space as souvenirs. Early crewed NASA missions lacked patches; instead the astronauts gave their spacecraft names. Alan Shepard's capsule for Mercury 3 was named Freedom 7 for instance. When Gus Grissom proposed to name his Gemini 3 capsule Molly Brown—a reference to The Unsinkable Molly Brown referring in turn to Grissom's Mercury 4 capsule which sank in the ocean shortly after splashdown – NASA officials were nonplussed and they abolished the practice of naming capsules. This prompted astronaut Gordon Cooper to propose and develop a mission patch for his and Pete Conrad's 1965 Gemini 5 flight: an embroidered cloth patch sporting the names of the two crew members a covered wagon and the slogan "8 Days or Bust" which referred to the expected mission duration. NASA administrator James E. Webb approved the design but insisted on the removal of the slogan from the official version of the patch. The so-called Cooper patch was worn on the right breast of the astronauts' uniforms below their nameplates and opposite the NASA emblems worn on the left. Since Gemini 5 patches have been created for all NASA crewed missions and many uncrewed expeditions. Patches are now created by professional graphic designers but the design is still directed by each astronaut crew. They are designed and manufactured by A-B Emblem in North Carolina. Since Gemini 5 every NASA crewed space mission had its own patch; 8 designs for Gemini 12 for Apollo 3 for Skylab 1 for the Apollo-Soyuz Test Project ASTP 135 for the Space Shuttle program and 1 for SpaceX NASA Commercial Crew Program. National Aeronautics and Space Administration unknown‎

书商的参考编号 : 89648

‎National Aeronautics and Space Administration‎

‎Ares I -X Development Flight Test Logo Sticker‎

‎Washington DC: National Aeronautics and Space Administration c2008. Presumed First Edition First printing this. Single sticker sheet printed on both sides peal line is about at the diameter line. Very good. The format is a circle with a 4 inch diameter. Sticker seam at the back is at the mid-point. Rare surviving copy. One side is a version of the ARES logo originally designed by Star Trek artist Michael Okuda with 10 stars and a rocket ascending but no image of Earth in the background. The other side has the following text: NASA's Ares I-X Flight Test Vehicle NASA's first flight test of the full rocket for the agency's next-generation spacecraft and launch vehicle systems is launching in 2009. The flight test called Ares I-X will bring NASA one step closer to its exploration goals--to return to the moon for more ambitious exploration of the lunar surface ad to travel to Mars and destinations beyond." Then two links to on-line resources. Ares I-X was the first-stage prototype and design concept demonstrator of Ares I a launch system for human spaceflight developed by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration NASA. Ares I-X was successfully launched on October 28 2009. The Ares I-X vehicle used in the test flight was similar in shape mass and size to the planned configuration of later Ares I vehicles but had largely dissimilar internal hardware consisting of only one powered stage. By flying the vehicle through first-stage separation the test flight also verified the performance and dynamics of the Ares I solid rocket booster in a "single stick" arrangement which is different from the solid rocket booster's then-current “double-booster†configuration alongside the external tank on the space shuttle. Ares I was the crew launch vehicle that was being developed by NASA as part of the Constellation program. The name "Ares" refers to the Greek deity Ares who is identified with the Roman god Mars. Ares I was originally known as the "Crew Launch Vehicle" CLV. NASA planned to use Ares I to launch Orion the spacecraft intended for NASA human spaceflight missions after the Space Shuttle was retired in 2011. Ares I was to complement the larger uncrewed Ares V which was the cargo launch vehicle for Constellation. NASA selected the Ares designs for their anticipated overall safety reliability and cost-effectiveness. However the Constellation program including Ares I was canceled by U.S. president Barack Obama in October 2010 with the passage of his 2010 NASA authorization bill. In September 2011 NASA detailed the Space Launch System as its new vehicle for human exploration beyond Earth's orbit. Unlike the Space Shuttle where both crew and cargo were launched simultaneously on the same rocket the plans for Project Constellation outlined having two separate launch vehicles the Ares I and the Ares V for crew and cargo respectively. Having two separate launch vehicles allows for more specialized designs for the crew and heavy cargo launch rockets. The Ares I rocket was specifically being designed to launch the Orion Multi-Purpose Crew Vehicle. Orion was intended as a crew capsule similar in design to the Apollo program capsule to transport astronauts to the International Space Station the Moon and eventually Mars. Ares I might have also delivered some limited resources to orbit including supplies for the International Space Station or subsequent delivery to the planned lunar base. NASA selected Alliant Techsystems the builder of the Space Shuttle Solid Rocket Boosters as the prime contractor for the Ares I first stage. NASA announced that Rocketdyne would be the main subcontractor for the J-2X rocket engine on July 16 2007. NASA selected Boeing to provide and install the avionics for the Ares I rocket on December 12 2007. On August 28 2007 NASA awarded the Ares I Upper Stage manufacturing contract to Boeing. The upper stage of Ares I was to have been built at Michoud Aerospace Factory which was used for the Space Shuttle's External Tank and the Saturn V's S-IC first stage. The Ares V formerly known as the Cargo Launch Vehicle or CaLV was the planned cargo launch component of the canceled NASA Constellation program which was to have replaced the Space Shuttle after its retirement in 2011. Ares V was also planned to carry supplies for a human presence on Mars. The Ares V was to launch the Earth Departure Stage and Altair lunar lander for NASA's return to the Moon which was planned for 2019. It would also have served as the principal launcher for missions beyond the Earth-Moon system including the program's ultimate goal a crewed mission to Mars. The uncrewed Ares V would complement the smaller and human-rated Ares I rocket for the launching of the 4–6 person Orion spacecraft. Both rockets deemed safer than the then-current Space Shuttle would have employed technologies developed for the Apollo program the Shuttle program and the Delta IV EELV program. National Aeronautics and Space Administration unknown‎

书商的参考编号 : 88971

‎National Aeronautics and Space Administration‎

‎The Ares Projects Logo Sticker‎

‎Washington DC: National Aeronautics and Space Administration c2007. Presumed First Edition First printing this. Single sticker sheet printed on both sides peal line is about one third up from the trangle's base. Very good. Michael Okuda. The format is an equilateral triangle with each side measuring approximately 5 inches. Rare surviving copy. One side is the ARES logo designed by Star Trek artist Michael Okuda. The other side has the following text: The Ares Projects The United States is leading the next phase of human Space exploration. The journey begins with two new launch vehicles--the Ares I crew launch vehicle and the Area V cargo launch vehicle--being developed by the Ares Projects managed out of NASA'a Marshall Space Flight Center in Huntsville Alabama. These launch vehicles were for missions to the International Space Station the Moon and beyond. The rockets are part of NASA's Constellation fleet which includes the Orion crew exploration vehicles a lunar lander habitats rovers and scientific equipment. Space exploration propelled by the area rockets promotes leading-edge science leads to innovative technologies and products expands economic opportunities and inspires the next generation of scientists and explorers. Star Trek artist Michael Okuda designed the Ares logo which will adorn both Ares I and Ares V. The Logo's 10 stars represent 10 NASA centers that ware working on the new vehicles. A bright star representing the Ares rocket ascends above Earth's outline depicted in the background. Michael Okuda is an American graphic designer known for his work on Star Trek including designing computer user interfaces known as "okudagrams". His work for NASA's Project Constellation subsequently canceled included logos for the Ares booster the Altair lunar lander and the Orion spacecraft. Ares I was the crew launch vehicle that was being developed by NASA as part of the Constellation program. The name "Ares" refers to the Greek deity Ares who is identified with the Roman god Mars. Ares I was originally known as the "Crew Launch Vehicle" CLV. NASA planned to use Ares I to launch Orion the spacecraft intended for NASA human spaceflight missions after the Space Shuttle was retired in 2011. Ares I was to complement the larger uncrewed Ares V which was the cargo launch vehicle for Constellation. NASA selected the Ares designs for their anticipated overall safety reliability and cost-effectiveness. However the Constellation program including Ares I was canceled by U.S. president Barack Obama in October 2010 with the passage of his 2010 NASA authorization bill. In September 2011 NASA detailed the Space Launch System as its new vehicle for human exploration beyond Earth's orbit. Unlike the Space Shuttle where both crew and cargo were launched simultaneously on the same rocket the plans for Project Constellation outlined having two separate launch vehicles the Ares I and the Ares V for crew and cargo respectively. Having two separate launch vehicles allows for more specialized designs for the crew and heavy cargo launch rockets. The Ares I rocket was specifically being designed to launch the Orion Multi-Purpose Crew Vehicle. Orion was intended as a crew capsule similar in design to the Apollo program capsule to transport astronauts to the International Space Station the Moon and eventually Mars. Ares I might have also delivered some limited resources to orbit including supplies for the International Space Station or subsequent delivery to the planned lunar base. NASA selected Alliant Techsystems the builder of the Space Shuttle Solid Rocket Boosters as the prime contractor for the Ares I first stage. NASA announced that Rocketdyne would be the main subcontractor for the J-2X rocket engine on July 16 2007. NASA selected Boeing to provide and install the avionics for the Ares I rocket on December 12 2007. On August 28 2007 NASA awarded the Ares I Upper Stage manufacturing contract to Boeing. The upper stage of Ares I was to have been built at Michoud Aerospace Factory which was used for the Space Shuttle's External Tank and the Saturn V's S-IC first stage. The Ares V formerly known as the Cargo Launch Vehicle or CaLV was the planned cargo launch component of the canceled NASA Constellation program which was to have replaced the Space Shuttle after its retirement in 2011. Ares V was also planned to carry supplies for a human presence on Mars. The Ares V was to launch the Earth Departure Stage and Altair lunar lander for NASA's return to the Moon which was planned for 2019. It would also have served as the principal launcher for missions beyond the Earth-Moon system including the program's ultimate goal a crewed mission to Mars. The uncrewed Ares V would complement the smaller and human-rated Ares I rocket for the launching of the 4–6 person Orion spacecraft. Both rockets deemed safer than the then-current Space Shuttle would have employed technologies developed for the Apollo program the Shuttle program and the Delta IV EELV program. National Aeronautics and Space Administration unknown‎

书商的参考编号 : 86172

‎National Aeronautics and Space Administration‎

‎Expedition 20 Patch Description Title from verso side; XX text on logo side‎

‎Washington DC: National Aeronautics and Space Administration c2008. Presumed First Edition First printing thus. Single sheet sticker of mission logo patch printed on both sides. Very good. Format is a circle with a diameter of approximately 3.75 inches. Front is a colorful image of a spacecraft with a launch trajectory to a star and a large XX at the base. The top of the image has a red gray and blue arc. The text on the back reads: Expedition 20 Patch Description The Expedition 20 patch symbolized a new era in space exploration with the first six-person crew living and working onboard the International Space Station ISS and represents the significance of the ISS to the exploration goals of NASA and its international partners. The six gold start signify the men and women of the crew. The astronaut symbol extends from the base of the patch to the stat as the top to represent the international team both on the ground and on orbit that are working together to further our knowledge of living and working in space. The space station in the foreground represents where we are now and the important role it is playing toward meeting our exploration goals. The knowledge and expertise developed from these advancements will enable us to once again leave low-Earth orbit for the new challenges of establishing a permanent presence on the Moon and then on to Mars. The blue gray and red arcs represent our exploration goals as symbols of the Earth Moon and Mars. Logos of NASA ad Space Flight Awareness are present as is information on an on-line resource. Expedition 20 was the 20th long-duration flight to the International Space Station. The expedition marked the first time a six-member crew inhabited the station. Because each Soyuz-TMA spacecraft could hold only three people two separate launches were necessary: Soyuz TMA-14 launched on 26 March 2009 and Soyuz TMA-15 followed on 27 May 2009. Soyuz TMA-15 launched from Baikonur Cosmodrome at 10:34 UTC on 27 May 2009. The vehicle docked with the station on 29 May 2009 officially changing the Soyuz TMA-14 crew from Expedition 19 to Expedition 20. Gennady Padalka was the first commander of a six-member station crew and the first commander of two consecutive expeditions Expedition 19 and 20. Nicole Stott was the final expedition astronaut to be launched on the shuttle. <br /> During the expedition Koichi Wakata performed a special experiment wherein he did not change his underpants for one month in order to test a specially-designed underwear without washing or changing; he reportedly did not develop body odor due to the effects of the special garment. The station would not be permanently occupied by six crew members all year. For example when the Expedition 20 crew Roman Romanenko Frank De Winne and Bob Thirsk returned to Earth in November 2009 for a period of about two weeks only two crew members Jeff Williams and Max Surayev were aboard. This increased to five in early December when Oleg Kotov Timothy Creamer and Soichi Noguchi arrived on Soyuz TMA-17. It decreased to three when Williams and Surayev departed in March 2010 and finally returned to six in April 2010 with the arrival of Soyuz TMA-18 carrying Aleksandr Skvortsov Mikhail Korniyenko and Tracy Caldwell Dyson. National Aeronautics and Space Administration unknown‎

书商的参考编号 : 86169

‎National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Goddard Space Flight Center‎

‎M82: A Starburst Galaxy; STSci L-07-01 LG-2007-3-111-GSFC‎

‎Goddard Space Flight Center Greenbelt MD: National Aeronautics and Space Administration Goddard Space Flight Center 2007. Presumed First Edition First printing. Single sheet printed on both sides. Very good. The format is approximately 10 inches by 8 inches. The front side is a color photograph of M82: A Starburst Galaxy. The other side has three columns. The first is a text discussion of M82 which goes into the second column. At the top of the second and third columns is a color depiction of a possible scenario of an M82 near collusion scenario. The second and third columns also contain text information on Fast Facts Vocabulary and NASA contact information. Messier 82 also known as NGC 3034 Cigar Galaxy or M82 is a starburst galaxy approximately 12 million light-years away in the constellation Ursa Major. It is the second-largest member of the M81 Group with the D25 isophotal diameter of 12.52 kiloparsecs 40800 light-years. It is about five times more luminous than the Milky Way and its central region is about one hundred times more luminous. The starburst activity is thought to have been triggered by interaction with neighboring galaxy M81. As one of the closest starburst galaxies to Earth M82 is the prototypical example of this galaxy type. SN 2014J a type Ia supernova was discovered in the galaxy on 21 January 2014. In 2014 in studying M82 scientists discovered the brightest pulsar yet known designated M82 X-2. In November 2023 a gamma-ray burst was observed in M82 which was determined to have come from a magnetar the first such event detected outside the Milky Way and only the fourth such event ever detected. In 2005 the Hubble Space Telescope revealed 197 young massive clusters in the starburst core. The average mass of these clusters is around 200000 solar masses hence the starburst core is a very energetic and high-density environment. Throughout the galaxy's center young stars are being born 10 times faster than they are inside the entire Milky Way Galaxy. In the core of M82 the active starburst region spans a diameter of 500 pc. Four high surface brightness regions or clumps designated A C D and E are detectable in this region at visible wavelengths. These clumps correspond to known sources at X-ray infrared and radio frequencies. Consequently they are thought to be the least obscured starburst clusters from our vantage point. M82's unique bipolar outflow or 'superwind' appears to be concentrated on clumps A and C and is fueled by energy released by supernovae within the clumps which occur at a rate of about one every ten years. The Chandra X-ray Observatory detected fluctuating X-ray emissions about 600 light-years from the center of M82. Astronomers have postulated that this comes from the first known intermediate-mass black hole of roughly 200 to 5000 solar masses. M82 like most galaxies hosts a supermassive black hole at its center. This one has mass of approximately 3 × 107 solar masses as measured from stellar dynamics. National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Goddard Space Flight Center unknown‎

书商的参考编号 : 86141

‎National Aeronautics and Space Administration Goddard Space Flight Center‎

‎Pillar in the Carina Nebula; LG-2009-09-127-GSFC‎

‎Goddard Space Flight Center Greenbelt MD: National Aeronautics and Space Administration Goddard Space Flight Center 2009. Presumed First Edition First printing. Single sheet printed on both sides. Very good. The format is approximately 10 inches by 8 inches. This can be used either as a poster or a fact sheet. The front side has a photograph of Pillar in the Carina Nebula. The other side has two columns. The first is text related to Pillar and associated vocabulary. The other has a nice Hubble image with text in a box and NASA contact information underneath. The Space Telescope Institute and the European Space Agency logos are present next to the NASA logo at the bottom right. The Carina Nebula lies within our own galaxy approximately 7500 light-years away. Near the heart of the nebula lies Eta Carinae – a system of at least two stars the largest of which Eta Car A is around 100 times as massive as the Sun and 5 million times as luminous. Stars of this size are extremely rare; our galaxy is home to hundreds of billions of stars but only tens of them are in the mass range of Eta Car A. The image above is a mosaic assembled from 48 frames taken with Hubble’s Advanced Camera for Surveys. The Hubble exposures were taken in the light of ionized hydrogen. Color information was added using data taken through three filters at the Cerro Tololo Inter-American Observatory in Chile. Red corresponds to sulfur green to hydrogen and blue to oxygen emission. This view of the Carina Nebula provided astronomers the opportunity to explore the process of star birth at a new level of detail. The hurricane-strength blast of stellar winds and blistering ultraviolet radiation within the nebula is compressing the surrounding walls of cold hydrogen. This is triggering a second stage of star formation. The Carina Nebula or Eta Carinae Nebula catalogued as NGC 3372; also known as the Great Carina Nebula is a large complex area of bright and dark nebulosity in the constellation Carina located in the Carina–Sagittarius Arm of the Milky Way galaxy. The nebula is approximately 8500 light-years 2600 pc from Earth. The nebula has within its boundaries the large Carina OB1 association and several related open clusters including numerous O-type stars and several Wolf–Rayet stars. Carina OB1 encompasses the star clusters Trumpler 14 and Trumpler 16. Trumpler 14 is one of the youngest known star clusters at half a million years old and contains stars like the O2 supergiant HD 93129A. Trumpler 16 is the home of many extremely luminous stars such as WR 25 and the Eta Carinae star system. Trumpler 15 Collinder 228 Collinder 232 NGC 3324 and NGC 3293 are also considered members of the association. NGC 3293 is the oldest and furthest from Trumpler 14 indicating sequential and ongoing star formation. The nebula is one of the largest diffuse nebulae in our skies. Although it is four times as large as and even brighter than the famous Orion Nebula the Carina Nebula is much less well known due to its location in the southern sky. It was discovered by Nicolas-Louis de Lacaille in 1752 from the Cape of Good Hope.<br /> The Carina Nebula was selected as one of five cosmic objects observed by the James Webb Space Telescope as part of the release of its first official science images. A detailed image was made of an early star-forming region of NGC 3324 known as the Cosmic Cliffs. National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Goddard Space Flight Center unknown‎

书商的参考编号 : 86162

‎National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Goddard Space Flight Center‎

‎Globular Cluster M80; STSci L-05-04 LG-2005-9-094-GSFC‎

‎Washington DC: National Aeronautics and Space Administration Goddard Space Flight Center 2005. Presumed First Edition First printing. Single sheet printed on both sides. Very good. The format is approximately 10 inches by 8 inches. This can be considered as a small poster or fact sheet. The front side is a color photograph of Globular Cluster M80. The other side has two columns. The left column is a text discussion of M80 and globular clusters in general. The right side as a color photograph of The Pleiades Star Cluster and short texts on Vocabulary and Fast Facts along with some NASA related contact information. Messier 80 also known as M80 is a globular cluster in the constellation Scorpius. It was discovered by Charles Messier in 1781. With low levels of light pollution it can be viewed below the 67th parallel north with modest amateur telescopes. It has an apparent angular diameter of about 10 arcminutes. Since it is 32600 light-years 10000 pc away this translates into a true spatial diameter of about 95 light-years. It contains several hundred thousand stars and ranks among the densest globular clusters in the Milky Way. It hosts relatively many blue stragglers stars that appear to be much younger than the cluster. It is thought these have lost part of their outer layers due to close encounters with other cluster members or perhaps from collisions between stars in the dense cluster. On May 21 1860 a nova was found in M80 that delivered a magnitude of 7.0 to telescopes binoculars and astute eyes. This variable star given designation T Scorpii reached an absolute magnitude of 8.5 briefly outshining the cluster. A globular cluster is a spheroidal conglomeration of stars that is bound together by gravity with a higher concentration of stars towards its center. It can contain anywhere from tens of thousands to many millions of member stars all orbiting in a stable compact formation. Globular clusters are similar in form to dwarf spheroidal galaxies and the distinction between the two is not always clear. Their name is derived from Latin globulus small sphere. Globular clusters are occasionally known simply as "globulars". Although one globular cluster Omega Centauri was observed in antiquity and long thought to be a star recognition of the clusters' true nature came with the advent of telescopes in the 17th century. In early telescopic observations globular clusters appeared as fuzzy blobs leading French astronomer Charles Messier to include many of them in his catalog of astronomical objects that he thought could be mistaken for comets. Using larger telescopes 18th-century astronomers recognized that globular clusters are groups of many individual stars. Early in the 20th century the distribution of globular clusters in the sky was some of the first evidence that the Sun is far from the center of the Milky Way. Globular clusters are found in nearly all galaxies. In spiral galaxies like the Milky Way they are mostly found in the outer spheroidal part of the galaxy – the galactic halo. They are the largest and most massive type of star cluster tending to be older denser and composed of lower abundances of heavy elements than open clusters which are generally found in the disks of spiral galaxies. The Milky Way has more than 150 known globulars and there may be many more. Both the origin of globular clusters and their role in galactic evolution are unclear. Some are among the oldest objects in their galaxies and even the universe constraining estimates of the universe's age. Star clusters were formerly thought to consist of stars that all formed at the same time from one star-forming nebula but nearly all globular clusters contain stars that formed at different times or that have differing compositions. Some clusters may have had multiple episodes of star formation and some may be remnants of smaller galaxies captured by larger galaxies. National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Goddard Space Flight Center unknown‎

书商的参考编号 : 86143