‎Thé‎

‎"CLAUSIUS, R. (RUDOLF). - RADIANT HEAT AND THE SECOND THERMODYNAMIC LAW.‎

‎Ueber die Concentration von Wärme- und Lichtstrahlen und die gränzen ihrer Wirkung. (Vorgetragen in der Züricher naturforschenden Gesellschaft am 22. Juni 1863).‎

‎Leipzig, Johann Ambrosius Barth, 1864. Without wrappers. In ""Annalen der Physik und Chemie. Hrsg. von J.C. Poggendorff"", Bd. 121, No 1. Pp. 1-192 a. 2 plates. (Entire issue offered). Clausius' paper: pp. 1-44. With titlepage to volume 121.‎

‎First apperance of an importent paper in which Clausius shows that radiant heat is not an exception to the Second Law of Thermodynamics"" - it is and answer to some suggested counter-entropic processes.""In 1864 he answered it in a long and detailled paper in which he made use of Kirchhoff's recent work on heat or blackbody radiation. Clausius' conclusion was unambiguous: radiant heat was no exception to the second law and it could not provide a means for escaping the heat death.""(Helge Kragh ""Matter and Spirit in the universe.."", p. 48.‎

书商的参考编号 : 45076

‎"CLAUSIUS, R. (RUDOLF) - HELMHOLTZ, HERMANN von. - THE ""CENTRAL FORCE"" CONTROVERSY.‎

‎Ueber einige Stellen der Schrift von Helmholtz ""über die Erhaltung der Kraft""" (and Helmholtz:) Erwiederung auf die Bemerkungen von Hrn. Clausius" (and Clausius:) Ueber einige Stellen der Schrift von Helmholtz ""über die Erhaltung der Kraft"", zweite No...‎

‎Leipzig, Johann Ambrosius Barth, 1853-54. No wrappers. ""Annalen der Physik und Chemie. Hrsg. von J.C. Poggendorff"", Vol. 89, No 8 and vol. 91 No 2 a. 4. Pp. 497-628, pp. 161-320 a. pp. 497-628 a. 1 folded plate. (3 entire issues offered). Clausius's papers pp. 568-579 (vol. 89, ""Heft"" 8) a. pp. 601-604 (vol. 91,""Heft"" 4). Helmholtz paper: pp. 241-260 (vol. 91, ""Heft"" 4). With titlepages to both volumes 89 a. 91. All three issues clean and fine.‎

‎First printing of the 3 main papers in the famous Helmholtz-Clausius controversy about the principle of the ""Conservation of Energy"". His reply to Clausius contains very importent additons to his conservation law, as it clarifies his use of the concepts of ""energy"", ""vis viva"", ""electrical tension"" , ""potentials"" etc.Helmholtz famous work Über die Erhaltung der Kraft"" from 1847 gave the first comprehensive statement of the first law of thermodynamics: All modes of energy, heat, light, electricity, and all chemical phenomena, are capable of transformation from one to the other but are indestructible and cannot be created. Clausius (in the papers offere) critized helmholtz on his theory of heat over the consistency of the physical interpretation and of the use mathematics. He argued that Helmholtz's demonstration of his conservation law was valid only for Helmholtz's particulat model of matter, and that he had not understood the notion of the potential. This criticism lead Helmholtz expand and clarify the central concepts of physics, importent steps in the history of theoretical physics.‎

书商的参考编号 : 43449

‎"CLAUSIUS, R. (RUDOLF). - THE HEATH-DEATH OF THE UNIVERSE - ESTABLISHING THE SECOND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS.‎

‎Ueber eine veränderte Form des zweiten Hauptgesatzes der mechanichen Wärmetheorie.‎

‎Leipzig, Johann Ambrosius Barth, 1854. No wrappers as extracted from: ""Annalen der Physik und Chemie. Hrsg. von J.C. Poggendorff"", Vierte Reihe Bd. 3, (= Poggendorff Bd. 93, No. 12). Pp. 481-506. Clean and fine.‎

‎First printing of this milestone paper in thermodynamics, which together with his paper from 1850, established the second law of thermodynamics. In the offered paper Clausius introduces the symbol T for the universal function of temperature (a + 1) and he introduces the concept of ""entropy"" (the greek word for 'transformation'), but without using the word (Clausius introduced the word later in 1865), he calls this new theorem ""the principle of the equivalence of transformations"". This principle paints a dramatic picture of the end of the world, the so-called ""heath-death of the universe"".""Entropy, on the other hand, of the complementary experience of water seeking its own level, of hot bodies cooling, of springs untensing, of magnetism wearing off and electrical charges leaking away, of a destiny suchThat no life lives forever" - That dead men rise up never" that even the weariest river Winds somewhere safe to sea: a world getting old and running down.""(Gillespie in ""The edge of Objectivity"" p. 400-01.).""Clausius discovered that if he took the ratio of the heat content of a system and its absolute temperature, this ration would always increase in any process taken place in a closed system. (A closed system is one that loses no energy to the outside world and gains no energy from it.) With perfect efficiency, which is never realized in the real world, of course, the ratio would remain constant, but i would never, under any circumstances, decrease.""(Asimov). - Parkinson: Breakthroughs 1854 C.‎

书商的参考编号 : 43057

‎"CLAUSIUS, RUDOLF. - INTRODUCING THE SECOND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS.‎

‎Ueber die bewegende Kraft der Wärme und die Gesetze, welche sich daraus für die Wärmelehre selbst ableiten lassen.‎

‎Leipzig, Johann Ambrosius Barth, 1850. Contemp. marbled boards. Gilt spine, titlelabel with gilt lettering. Light wear to spineends, corners and edges. Stamps on title-page (Gusstahlfabrik Fried. Krupp). In ""Annalen der Physik und Chemie"", Dritte Reihe, 19. Band (79. Band der ganzen Reihe). IX,(1),580 pp. and 3 folded engraved plates. (Entire volume offered). Endpapers and the first and last few leaves with brownspots. Clausius's paper: pp. 368-397 a. pp. 500-524. Internally clean.‎

‎First edition of this monumental, famous paper in thermodynamics in which Clausius for the first time states the Second Law of Thermodynamics, one of the most importent laws of Nature having a huge impact on the development of physical theory, cosmology, communications and information theory. The law states that a) the energy of the Universe is constant, and b) the Entropy of the Universe tends to a maximum.""Clausius' contribution to thermostatics is comparable to those of Newton and Maxwell to mechanics and electromagnetism, respectively. In the obituary J.W. Gibbs remarked that Clausiu's first memoir ""marks an epoch in the history of physics....."""" (Chowdhury and Stauffer in ""Principles of Equilibrium Statistical Mechanics"").In ""The Nature of the Physical World"" Eddington writes: ""The Law that entropy increases - the Second Law of Thermodynamics - holds, I think, the supreme position among the laws of Nature. If someone points out to you that your pet theory of the Universe is in disagreement with Maxwell's equations - then so much the worse for Maxwell's equations. If it is found to be contradicted by observation - well, these experimentalists do bungle things sometimes. But if your theory is found to be against the Second Law of Thermodynamics I can give You no hope"" there is nothing for it but to collapse in deepest humiliation."".Parkinson ""Breakthroughs"", 1850 P.‎

书商的参考编号 : 53436

‎"COMENIUS, JOHANN AMOS. - THE FATHER OF MODERN EDUCATION.‎

‎Orbis Sensualium Picti Pars I-II. Der sichtbaren Welt. Erster - (Anderer) Theil. Das ist: Aller vornehmsten Welt=Dinge, und Lebens=Verrichtungen, Vorbildung und Benahmung. Aus neue ausgelegt, an unzählichen Orten, nebst einem Titel= und Wörter=Registe...‎

‎Nürnberg, Joh. Andr. Endt., 1769. 8vo. Contemp. full calf. Gilt spine. Titlelabel with gilt lettering. Gilding weak. Large engraved oval vignette on first titlepage. (22),315 pp. + Latin & German Indexes - (2),449 pp. + Latin & German Indexes. Profusely illustrated with more than 300 wood-engraved illustrations in the text, showing different trades, industries, occupations, geography, astronomy etc. etc.. A few minor brownspots. old name on title-page J.D. Tode.‎

‎With German and Latin text by the ""father of modern education"". Comenius was the innovator who first introduced pictorial, educational textbooks (as here) and written in native language.‎

书商的参考编号 : 54520

‎"CONDON, EDWARD UHLER. - EXPLAINING THE COVALENT BOND.‎

‎Wave Mechanics and the Normal State of the Hydrogen Molecule.‎

‎Easton, PA., Mack printing Compagny, 1927. Royal8vo. Contemp. full cloth. Spine gilt and with gilt lettering. In: ""Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America"", Vol. 13. IX,865 pp. (Entire volume offered). Condon's paper: pp. 466-470.‎

‎First printing of pioneering paper uniting chemistry with Quantum mechanics. Condon explains the chemical bond by means of the new wave mechanics. A wave function is formulated that involves the introduction of a pair of electrons (the hydrogen molecule) in an electron orbital that extends about two ore more atomic nuclei. Together with a paper by Heitler and London from the same year, this paper marks the beginning of a new era in chemistry as it explains the chemical bond in terms of the new physics.Henry M. Leicester ""Source Book in Chemistry 1900-1950"", pp. 151-156.The volume contains also Condon's paper. ""Coupling of electronic and nuclear Motions in Diatomic Molecules"", pp. 462-466.‎

书商的参考编号 : 48883

‎"CORONELLI, P.M. (VINCENZO MARIA). - THE RECONQUEST OF PELOPONNESE (MOREA).‎

‎Memorie istorio grafiche de Regni della Morea Negroponte e Littorali fin á Salonichi. Aceresciute in guesta Seconda edizione. - [THE RECONQUEST OF PELOPONNESE (MOREA).]‎

‎Venezia, (1686). 8vo. (16,5x11 cm.). Contemp. full vellum. Halftitle-page. Engraved Title-page (the Lion of St. Mark). (8),237,1 blank,(2- Indice) pp. and 41 (of 42 ?) double-page folded engraved maps and plans (bird's-eye views or plans of fortified towns and places etc.). Internally fine and clean. Printed on good paper. A fine copy.‎

‎Second edition (the first 8vo-edition), issued the same year as the first (in folio), describing the Venetian campaign for the reconquest of the Peloponnese or Morea, from which Venice had been almost completely excluded since the Turkish conquest of the Greek island in 1458.""As is often the case with Coronelli's work, the contents may vary with each example as plates were added, subtracted or changed as the editor saw fit"" (Rodney Shirley ""Maps in the Atlases of the british Library"", T.Coro-1a, - listing only 39 maps and views for this copy).Coronelli Vincenzo Maria, an Italian geographer and draughtsman, was born at Venice about 1650. From 1681-1683 he worked in Paris on a pair of 3.85 meter diameter globes for Louis XIV, which are now in the National Library in Paris. On his return to Venice he was made cosmographer of the Republic, and founded the Academy of Argonauts (the first Geographical Society). In 1702 he became general of his order.‎

书商的参考编号 : 49367

‎"COULOMB, (CHARLES AUGUSTIN) - THE PRIZE-WINNING PAPER ON MAGNETIC COMPASSES INTRODUCING THE TORSION BALANCE‎

‎Recherches sur la meilleure Manière de fabriquer les Aiguilles Aimantées, de les suspendre, de s'assurer quelles sont dans le véritable Méridian magnétique: enfin de rendre raison de leurs Variations diurnes régulières: Pièce qui a partae le Prix p... - [THE PRIZE-WINNING PAPER ON MAGNETIC COMPASSES INTRODUCING THE TORSION BALANCE]‎

‎Paris, Moutard, Panckoucke, 1780. 4to. Extract from ""Mémoires fe Mathematique et de Physique, Présentés à l'Academie des Sciences par divers Savans"", Tome IX. With titlepage to vol. IX. Pp. (2), (167-) 264 and 4 folded engraved plates. The memoir has also its own titlepage. Fine and clean. Wide-margined.‎

‎First printing of this monumental memoir (the invention of the TORSION BALANCE) dealing with the best way to construct a magnetic compass. The paper contains the design of a torsion suspension declination compass and the demonstration that the forces of torsion is proportional to the angle of twist. Coulomb received the prize awarded by the Academy for this paper drafted by the Academy in 1777 (he shared the prize with Van Swinden). - ""The importance of this memoir for Coulomb's career is that it CONTAINED ELEMENTS OF ALL HIS MAJOR PHYSICAL STUDIES: the quantitative study of magnetism, torsion and the torsion balance, friction and fluid resistance, and the germ of his theories of elasticity and magnetism.""(DSB).""Coulomb’s first writings on torsion were presented in his Academy prize-winning memoir of 1777, ""Recherches sur la meilleure maniere de fabriquer les aiguilles aimantées.""......... his simple, elegant solution to the problem of torsion in cylinders and his use of the torsion balance in physical applications were important to numerous physicists in succeeding years. In chapter 3, Coulomb developed the theory of torsion in thin silk and hair threads. Here he was the first to show how the torsion suspension could provide physicists with a method of accurately measuring extremely small forces. He showed that within certain angular limits, torsional oscillation consisted of simple harmonic motion. He examined the parameters relating the angle of twist to the length, diameter, and elastic properties of the torsion thread. In the range of simple harmonic oscillation Coulomb demonstrated that the force of torsion was proportional to the angle of twist. He used this principle in measuring small magnetic forces and also called attention to its use in measuring other forces, notably those of fluids in motion. Eventually he was able to measure forces of less than 9 x 10-4 dynes.""""Coulomb’s major memoirs in electricity and magnetism are his 1777 memoir on magnetic compasses, the famous series of seven electricity and magnetism memoirs read at the Academy from 1785 to 1791, and several magnetism memoirs prepared after the French Revolution. In his electrical studies Coulomb determined the quantitative force law, gave the notion of electrical mass, and studied charge leakage and the surface distribution of charge on conducting bodies. In magnetism he determined the quantitative force law, created a theory of magnetism based on molecular polarization, and introduced the idea of demagnetization (basically, that combinations of magnetic poles can ""cancel"" each other).""(DSB).Parkinson ""Breakthroughs"": 1777:P‎

书商的参考编号 : 44921

‎"CROOKES, WILLIAM. - CROOKES ON RADIOACTIVITY AND THE PRINCIPLE OF THE CONSERVATION OF ENERGY.‎

‎Sur la source de l'energie dans les corps radio-actifs.‎

‎(Paris, Gauthier-Villars), 1899. 4to. No wrappers. In: ""Comptes Rendus Hebdomadaires des Séances de L'Academie des Sciences"", Tome 128, No 3. Pp. (137-) 192. Entire issue offered). Crooke's paper: pp. 176-178.‎

‎First appearance of Crooke's statement that radioactivity seems to violate the principle of the conservation of energy.""Despite his speculative powers, Crookes at first took a conservative view of this new science, for he could not believe that radioactive elements decayed spontaneously, since this seemed to imply a violation of the conservation of energy. It was his view, expressed between 1898 and 1900, that the source of activity was external to the radioactive element. He imagined that radium, say, had the ability to act as a Maxwellian demon and select from the atmosphere those air particles which were moving more swiftly than the average, absorb some of their energy, and eject them at a lower speed. This theory, which never received full publication, contravened the second law of thermodynamics"" and although Crookes thought that he might have experimental support for it, his evidence did not measure up to the critical scrutiny of Stokes."" (DSB).The issue contains another notable paper HENRI BECQUEREL ""Sur la dispersion anomale de la vapeur de sodium incandescante, et sur quelques conséquenceas de ce phénomene"", pp. 145-151.This theory, which never received full publication, Page 480 | Top of Articlecontravened the second law of thermodynamics" and although Crookes thought that he might have experimental support for it, his evidence did not measure up to the critical scrutiny of Stokes.‎

书商的参考编号 : 47428

‎"CROS, CHARLES. - INVENTING THE PHONOGRAPH.‎

‎""Procédé d'enregistrement et de reproduction des phénomènes perçus par l'ouïe"". (Seance du Lundi 3 decembre 1877).‎

‎(Paris, Mallet-Bachelier), 1877 4to. In: ""Comptes Rendus Hebdomadaires des Séances de L'Academie des Sciences"", Tome 85, No 23. Pp. (1029-) 1084. (Entire issue offered). Cros' letter: pp. 1082-1083.‎

‎First printing of this paper which describes the invention of the Phono-autograph (Phonograph) a few month before Edison introduced his invention. It was on this letter to the Academy that the French made claim to the invention.""He (Charles Cros) is perhaps most famous as the man who almost, but not quite, invented the phonograph. No one before M. Charles Cros had thought of reproducing sound by making an apparatus capable of registering and reproducing sounds which had been engraved with a diaphragm. The inventor gave the name of Paleophone (voix du passé) to his invention. On April 30, 1877 he submitted a sealed envelope containing a letter to the Academy of Sciences in Paris explaining his proposed method. The letter stated in French, ""Alors qu'il séjourne à Sablé au début de 1877, Charles Cros rédige une courte note, « Procédé d'enregistrement et de reproduction des phénomènes perçus par l'ouïe », dans laquelle il expose le principe de ce qu'il nomme « Paléophone » (« voix du passé ») : « Un index léger est solidaire du centre de figure d'une membrane vibrante "" il se termine par une pointe [...] qui repose sur une surface noircie à la flamme."" The English translation is one close to this: ""A lightweight index is fixed to the center of figure of a vibrating membrane, it ends with a tip [...] based on a blackened surface flame. This surface is integral with a disc driven by a double movement of rotation and linear progression. The system is reversible: when the tip makes ironing in the furrow membrane restores the original acoustic signal."" The letter was read in public on 3 December following. In his letter, after having shown that his method consisted of detecting an oscillation of a membrane and using the tracing to reproduce the oscillation with respect to its duration and intensity. Cros added that a cylindrical form for the receiving apparatus seemed to him to be the most practical, as it allowed for the graphic inscription of the vibrations by means of a very fine-threaded screw.""(Wikipedia)‎

书商的参考编号 : 49293

‎"CURIE, (MARIE) SKLODOWSKA. - THE DISCOVERY OF THE RADIOACTIVITY OF THORIUM - COINING THE TERM 'RADIOACTIVITY'‎

‎Rayons émis par les composés de l'uranium et de thorium. Presentée par M. Lippmann. Séance du Mardi 12 Avril 1898).‎

‎Paris, Gauthier-Villars, 1898. 4to. No wrappers. In: ""Comptes Rendus Hebdomadaires des Séances de L'Academie des Sciences"", Tome 126, No 15). Entire issue offered. With htitle and titlepage to vol. 126. Pp. 1059-1110. Curie's paper: pp. 1101-1103.‎

‎First printing of this milestone paper, being the first ""Note"" from Marie Curie about ""radioactivity"". This same ""Note"" contains a the fundamental observation: ""Two uranium ores... are much more active than uranium itself. This fact... leads one to believe that these ores may contain an element much more active than uranium."" This paper gives the first proof of the fact that radiation is an atomic property.""Henri Becquerel, discovered (1896) that uranium salts shielded from light for several months spontaneously emit rays related in their effects to Roentgen rays. Mme. Curie became enthusiastic about this subject filled with the unknown and, as she later acknowledged, involving no bibliographic research.The first step in the research was to determine whether there existed other elements capable, like uranium, of emitting radiation. Abandoning the idea of hyperfluorescence, couldn’t one calculate by electrical measurement the effects on the conductivity of air that were revealed by the gold-leaf electroscope? Pierre Curie and his brother Jacques had constructed an extremely sensitive apparatus to measure weak currents"" Mme. Curie employed it in testing both pure substances and various ores. In her first ""Note"" in the Comptes rendus""de l Académie des sciences (12 April 1898) she described the method that she followed throughout her life, the method that enabled her to make comparisons through time and crosschecks with other techniques:""I employed... a plate condenser, one of the plates being covered with a uniform layer of uranium or of another finely pulverized substance [(diameter of the plates, eight centimeters"" distance between them, three centimeters). A potential difference of 100 volts was established between the plates.]. The current that traversed the condenser was measured in absolute value by means of an electrometer and a piezoelectric quartz. In general she preferred the zero method, in which the operator compensates for the current created by the active material by manipulating the quartz. All of her students followed this procedure.""(DSB).The first results came in 1898: the measurements varied between 83 × 10-12 amperes for pitch blende to less than 0.3 × 10-12 for almost inactive salts, passing through 53 × 10-12 for thorium oxide and for chalcolite (double phosphate of uranium and copper). Thorium would thus be ""radioactive"" (the term is Mme. Curie’s" its radioactive properties were discovered at the same time, independently, by Schmidt in Germany.‎

书商的参考编号 : 46852

‎"CURIE, IRÈNE et M.F. JOLIOT. - ANNOUNCING THE DISCOVERY OF ARTIFICIAL RADIOACTIVITY - NOBEL PRIZE PAPER OF 1935.‎

‎Un nouveau type de radioactivité. (Séance du 15 Janvier 1934).‎

‎Paris, Gauthier-Villars, 1934. 4to. No wrappers. In: ""Comptes Rendus Hebdomadaires des Séances de L'Academie des Sciences"", Tome 198 No 3. Titlepage to vol. 198. Pp. (213-) 292. (Entire issue offered). The joint paper: pp. 254-256 a. 1 photographic illustration in the text. Titlepage with a stamp on verso, 2 small tears and a tiny bit of upper right corner gone. Titlepage a bit browned.‎

‎First appearance of this seminal paper in which artificial radioactivity was announced for the first time. Curie and Joliot were awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1935 ""in recognition of their synthesis of new radioactive elements"".""Until this date (1934), atomic nuclei emitting radiation were found in nature: it was called the natural radioactivity. It had been known since Rutherford that this natural radioactivity changed a nucleus into an other one: for instance radium becomes finally lead after many radioactive decays. We could say that lead does not become gold but gold becomes lead! But... this change of matter was not under control. It was not possible to construct the desired chemical element as the alchemist dreamed... But Irene and Frederic Joliot-Curie, made the dream become almost reality.""""Another very important development in the early 1934 by the Joliot-Curies in connection with irradiation of aluminum by alpha particles. The two French scientists detected the production of the recently discovered positrons. [...] However, they soon realized that the positron activity continued after the alpha source was removed and that they had, in fact, discovered positive beta radioactivity. The importance of the discovery of artificial radioactivity was immediately recognized and resulted in a Nobel Prize in chemistry to the Joliot-Curies in 1935. The new phenomenon immediately became widely employed in nuclear physics, chemistry, biology, and medicine."" (Kragh, Quantum Generations, p. 187)""These elegant experiments, which provided the first chemical proof of induced transmutations and showed the possibility of artificially creating radioisotopes of known stable elements, were repeated and extended in the major nuclear physics laboratories of various countries "" (DSB).Born on 12 September 1897 in Paris, Irène Curie was the daughter of Pierre and Marie Curie. ""During World War I, she worked as a nurse, helping her mother operate radiography equipment, and then studied physics and mathematics at the Sorbonne, gaining a doctorate for studying the range of alpha particles. She then went to work for her mother at the Radium Institute. There she met Frédéric Joliot whom she married in 1926. Frédéric Joliot was born on 19 March 1900 in Paris - He joined the Radium Institute in 1925 and obtained his PhD in 1930. Together the Joliot-Curies worked on radioactivity and the transmutation of the elements. Twice they just missed major discoveries: in 1932 when Chadwick beat them to the neutron, and in 1933 when Anderson discovered the positron. However, in 1934, whilst bombarding light elements with alpha particles, the Joliot-Curies noticed that, although proton production stopped when the alpha particle bombardment stopped, another form of radiation continued. The alpha particles had produced an isotope of phosphorus not found in nature. This isotope was radioactive and was decaying through beta-decay"" (DSB).‎

书商的参考编号 : 47071

‎"CURIE, P. (PIERRE) et A. DEBIERNE. - MEASURING ABSOLUTE TIME FOR THE FIRST TIME‎

‎Sur la radio-activité des sels de radium. (+) Sur la radio-activité provoquée par des sels de radium. (These 2 with Debierne). (+) Sur la constante de temps caractéristique de la disparition de la radioactivité induite par leradium dansune enceinte fe...‎

‎(Paris, Gauthier-Villars), 1901. 4to. No wrappers. In: ""Comptes Rendus Hebdomadaires des Séances de L'Academie des Sciences"", Tome 133, No 5 and No 23. Pp. (969-) 1044 and pp. (909-) 966. The papers: pp. 276-279 + pp. 931-934 (both from vol. 133, and entire issues offered) + Tome 135, No 20. Pp. (821-) 880. (Entire issue offered). The paper: pp. 857-59. + Tome 136, No 4. Pp. (181-) 262. (Entire issue offered). The paper: pp. 223-226.‎

‎First printing of these four papers, constituting a revolution in time measuring, as Pierre Curie here defined a STANDARD FOR THE ABSOLUTE MEASURING OF TIME ON THE BASIS OF RADIOACTIVITY, and hereby departing from the relative measurements in geology and archaeology.After the discovery of Polonium and Actinium (1898 a. 1899 ) further discoveries followed. ""First came the announcement in 1899 by Marie Curie of induced radioactivity, brought about by the action of polonium or radium on inactive substances. The induced radioactivity persisted over a considerable period of time, a phenomenon of great concern to Pierre Curie. He took up the question with Debierne, with whom he published two papers in 1901(the first two papers offered)"" their experiments could be explained by Rutherford’s theory of emanation (radon), a radioactive gas emitted by radium. With J. Danne, Curie measured the diffusion coefficient of radium emanation in the air and proved, as Rutherford had done, that it liquefies at - 150°C. In order to clarify the nature of the emanation he studied the law of diminution of the activity of a solid after having removed it from a chamber in which a radium salt was present. In two notes presented to the Academy on 17 November 1902 and 26 January 1903 (the third and fourth papers offered), Curie showed that this activity diminishes according to an exponential law characterized by a time constant that, for the emanation, is equal to 5,752 days, regardless of the conditions of the experiment. The importance of this discovery, which marks the point of departure for all modern measurements of archaeological and geological dating, did not escape his, for at a meeting of the Société Française de Physidque in 1902 he defined a standard for the absolute measurement of time on the basis of radioactivity. Almost immediately Rutherford and Soddy showed that the exponential diminution was caused by the transmutation of radioactive elements."" (DSB. Pierre Curie).‎

书商的参考编号 : 47431

‎"D'ALEMBERT, JEAN LE ROND. - D'ALEMBERT'S THEOREM - THE FUNDAMENTAL THEOREM OF ALGEBRA.‎

‎Recherches sur le Calcul Intégral. Premier - (Seconde) Partie. (+) Suite des Recherches sur le Calcul Intégral. (= Troisieme Partie). (+) Additons aux Recherches sur le Calcul Integral. (+) Errata pour les Mémoires, imprimés dans les Volumes de 1746, ...‎

‎Berlin, Haude et Spener, 1848-52. 4to. No wrappers as extracted from ""Mémoires de l'Academie Royale des Sciences et Belles-Lettres"", tome II (1846), tome IV, tome VI a. tome VI. Pp. 182-224, pp. 249-291, pp. (361-) 378, pp. 413-416 and 1 folded engraved plate.‎

‎First apperance of d'Alembert's 3 importent papers on the Calculus of Integration, a branch of mathematical science which is greatly indepted to him. He here gives the proof of THE FUNDAMENTAL THEOREM OF ALGEBRA, called d'Alembert's theorem, and later corrected by Gauss (1799).The theorem is based on these three assumptions:Every polynomial with real coefficients which is of odd order has a real root. (This is a corollary of the intermediate value theorem. Every second order polynomial with complex coefficients has two complex roots. For every polynomial p with real coefficients, there exists a field E in which the polynomial may be factored into linear terms.Also with an importent paper by Leonhard Euler ""Mémoire sur l'Effet de la Propagation successive de la Lumiere dans l'Apparition tant des Planetes que des Cometes"" (Memoir on the effect of the successive propogation of light in the appeareance of both comets and planets). Pp. 141-181 and 2 folded engraved plates. - The paper is founded on Euler's theory of light as waves and not as particles. It is from the same year as his fundamental work on light as waves: ""Nova Theoria"" - Enestroem E 104.‎

书商的参考编号 : 46603

‎"DAGUERRE, LOUIS J.M. - (ARAGO, FRANCOIS). - THE FIRST DESCRIPTION OF THE PRODUCTION OF DAGUERREOTYPES.‎

‎Le Daguerréotype.(Analyse de la communication faite à l'Academie par M. Arago).‎

‎Paris, Crochard et Comp., 1839. Contemp. hcloth. Gilt lettering to spine. In 'Annales de Chimie et de Physique', 2e series, Volume 71. (4),445,(3) pp. (Entire volume offered). Arago's paper: pp. 313-340. The first and last leaves with some browning. A few scattered brownspots.‎

‎First printing of probably the first (in the Juillet issue of Annales) official announcement of Daguerre's invention of the photographic process. The paper offered here preceeded the official report in Comptes Rendues which was published at the end of 1839 (in the July-December issue). The first report of on the discovery was presented to the Royal Academy on January 7, 1839 and delivered in full on August 19, 1839 (and printed in the July-Dec. issue of Comptes Rendues). The paper also preceeded Daguerre's own publication of 1839 ""Historique et description du daguerréotypie...""In 1839 Arago took a personal interest in announcing and popularizing the inventions of Niepce and Daguerre, who were awarded government pensions as a result of Arago’s recognition of their inventions’ potential significance.""In 1829 Daguerre went into partnership with Niepce, who had managed to produce images by the action of light some three years earlier but had failed to make the process really practical. Daguerre carried on and began to use copper plates on which silver salts were deposited. ight was made to focus upon that and an image was formed. The light portions of the image darkened the salts, while the shadowy portions left them unaffected. The unchanged salt was dissolved away by sodium thiosulfate (a process that had been suggested by John Herschel and a permanent image of sorts was left behind.""(Asimov).‎

书商的参考编号 : 49078

‎"DALTON, JOHN. - PAWING THE WAY FOR THE ATOMIC THEORY.‎

‎Bemerkungen für und wider Dalton's neue Theorie über die beschaffenheit gemischter Gasarten, über seine Vorstellung, wie Gas im Wasser vorhanden ist, und über die Frage: ob gasarten unter einander und zum Wasser chemisch verwandt sind, oder nicht. b...‎

‎Halle, Rengerschen Buchhandlung, 1805. Contemp. hcalf. Spine gilt, raised bands, a few scratches to spine. In: ""Annalen der Physik. Herausgegeben von Ludwig Wilhelm Gilbert"", Bd. 21. (8),496 pp. and 5 engraved plates. (Entire volume offered). Stamp to verso of titlepage and verso of plates. Internally clean and fine. The papers by Dalton, Gough, Henry: pp. 377-436. And pp. 458-461.‎

‎First German editions of these importent papers on Dalton's theory of gases. The year ""1804 was notable chiefly for controversy over the mixed gases theory and particularly over its denial of weak chemical affinity forces. Continuing criticism of the theory - and the failure of particle weight studies to provide the hoped-for clinching evidence - caused Dalton to revise his ideas on mixed gases during the course of 1805."" (DSB)Smyth ""John Dalton. A Bibliography"", Nos 33, 34, 35 a. 42.‎

书商的参考编号 : 49134

‎"DALTON, JOHN. - THE LAW OF PARTIAL PRESSURE, FRENCH VERSION.‎

‎Experiences et Observations sur les fluides considérés comme conducteurs. Traduites de l'anglais, par le cit. Hachette. (+) Suite des Experiences et Observations sur la faculté qu'out les fluides de conduire la chaleur. Traduction d l'Anglais, par ...‎

‎(Paris, Chez Fuchs, An Xe, 1803). In: ""Annales de Chimie, ou Recueil de Mémoires concernant la Chemie"" Tome 45, Cahier 2 a. Tome 46, Cahier 3. Pp. 113-212 (entire issue offered) and pp. 225-336 (entire issue offered). Dalton's papers: pp. 177-181 a. pp. 250-272.‎

‎First appearance in French of these importent papers. publication of which at once gave him European reputation. The first paper combated Rumford's view that the circulation of heat in fluids is by convection only. Second paper is the French translation of the first of the 5 seminal papers which appeared under the general title ""Experimental Essays on the constitution of mixed Gases"" on the Force of steam or vapor etc...""(published 1801-3). The paper expresses the generalisation that the maximum density of a vapour in contact with its liquid remains the same whether other gases be present or not and the view that the particles of every kind of elastic fluid are elastic only with regard to those of their own kind, the LAW OF PARTIAL PRESSURES. Smyth No 27 and No 29:1. - Parkinson ""Breakthroughs"" 1801 M/C.‎

书商的参考编号 : 45109

‎"DALTON, JOHN. - THE REBIRTH OF THE ATOMIC THEORY.‎

‎Weitere Erörterung einer neuen Theorie über die Beschaffenheit gemischer Gasarten.‎

‎(Halle, Rengerschen Buchhandlung, 1803). Without wrappers as published in ""Annalen der Physik. Herausgegeben von Ludwig Wilhelm Gilbert"", Bd. 13, Viertes Stück. Pp. 385-504 a. 1 engraved plate. (The entire issue offered). Dalton's paper: pp. 438-445.‎

‎First German version of one of the founding papers in which he formulated his famous gas laws and raised the foundation of the atomic theory in chemistry.Smyth ""John Dalton... A Bibliography"", No 29.‎

书商的参考编号 : 49442

‎"DANIELL, J. FREDERIC. - THE INVENTION OF THE DANIELL-CELL.‎

‎On Voltaic Combinations. In a Letter addressed to Michael Faraday. Received January 26, - Read February 11, 1836. (+) Additional Observations on Voltaic Combinations. In a Letter to Michael Faraday. Received April 14, - Read April 21, 1836. (2 Papers).‎

‎London, Richard Taylor, 1836. 4to. No wrappers as extracted from ""Philosophical Transactions"" 1836 - Part I. Pp.107-124 and 1 engraved plate. + Pp. 125-129 and 1 engraved plate. Both plates with a dampstain in upper part, not reaching the image. With titlepage to Part I of theTransacti‎

‎First appearance of Daniell's first paper on the construction of the famous ""Daniell-Cell"", in which he announced his invention of the battery, THE FIRST RELIABLE SOURCE OF AN ELECTRIC CURRENT. In the new invention by Charles Wheatstone of the electric telegraph in 1837, the Daniell cell was used as the electric source.In 1831 Daniell was appointed profesor of Chemistry at King's College London. He invented several scientific instruments, including a hygrometer for measuring humidity he is best known for his work in electrochemistry, his interests having been aroused by the work of his good friend Faraday. Volta's battery had the defect of rapid diminution in current. What was needed, however, was a battery yielding a constant current over a considerable lenght of time. In 1836 Daniell succeeded, producing the Daniell cell, of copper and zinc. his was the first reliable source of electric current.Parkinson ""Breakthroughs"" 1836 P.‎

书商的参考编号 : 43372

‎"DARWIN, CHARLES. - FIRST DANISH EDITION OF ""THE ORIGIN OF SPECIES"".‎

‎Om Arternes Oprindelse ved Kvalitetsvalg eller ved de heldigst stillede Formers Sejr i Kampen for Tilværelsen. Efter Originalens femte Udgave oversat af J.P. Jacobsen.‎

‎Kjøbenhavn, Gyldendalske Boghandel (F. Hegel), 1872. Contemp. hcalf. Spine gilt and with gilt lettering. Spine slightly rubbed. Corners a bit bumped. (10),XIII,605,(1) pp. and 1 folded plate. A few faint brownspots to the first leaves.‎

‎Scarce first Danish edition of ""On the Origin of Species"" (1859).Freeman: 643.‎

书商的参考编号 : 47264

‎"DARWIN, G.H. - ANNOUNCING THE ""RESONANCE THEORY"" OF THE ORIGIN OF THE MOON.‎

‎On the Procession of a Viscous Spheroid, and on the remote History of the Earth. Received July 22, - Read December 19, 1878.‎

‎(London, Harrison and Sons, 1880). 4to. No wrappers as extracted from ""Philosophical Transactions"", 1879, Vol. 170 - Part II. Pp. 447-538 and. 1 plate. Clean and fine.‎

‎First appearance of an importent paper, announcing Darwin's so-called ""Resonance Theory"" of the origin of the moon, according to which the moon might have originated from the fission of a parent earth as the result of an instability produced by resonant solar tides.""Darwin's most significant contribution to the history of science lies in his pioneering work in the application of detailled dynamical analysis to cosmological and geological problems. That many of his conclusions are now out of date should in no way diminish the historical interest in his experiments, nor the importent service thet he rendered cosmogony by the example he gave of putting various hypotheses to the test of actual calculations. Darwin's method remains a milestone in the development of cosmogony, and subsequent investigators have favored it over the merely qualitative arguments prevalent until that time.""(DSB).‎

书商的参考编号 : 42425

‎"DAVY, HUMPHREY. - THE DETONATING EXPERIMENT THAT DAMAGED DAVY'S EYE.‎

‎On a new detonating Compound, in a Letter from ....., to the Right Honourable Sir Joseph Banks. Read November 5, 1812.‎

‎(London, W. Bulmer and Co., 1813). 4to. No wrappers as extracted from ""Philosophical Transactions"" 1813 - Part I. Pp. 1-7.‎

‎First appearance of this importent historical paper in which Davy describes how he produced Nitrogen Chloride.""In September 1812 Davy heard from Paris of a compound of 'gaz zote et de chlore...."", The discoverer and method of preparation were not stated, and Davy found no notice of it in the French literature. n a paper read on 5 November ....(the paper offered) he described its preparation by the action of chlorine on cooled solutions of ammonia, nitrate of ammonia, and oxalate of ammonia, and some of its explosive properties. He was seriously injured in the eye by an explosion.""(Partington IV, p. 57-58).This explosion induced Davy to hire Faraday as a co-worker.Together with J.F.W.HERSCHEL ""On a remarkable Application of Cote's Theorem. Communcated by by W. Herschel. Read November 12, 1812."" Pp. 8-26 and 1 engraved plate.‎

书商的参考编号 : 45710

‎"DAVY, HUMPHREY. - UNROLLING THE PAPYRI OF HERCULANEUM‎

‎Some Observations and Experiments on the Papyri found in the ruins of Herculaneum. Read March 15, 1821.‎

‎(London, W. Bulmer and W. Nicol, 1821). 4to. No wrappers as extracted from ""Philosophical Transactions"" 1821 - Part II. Pp. 191-208 a. 8 engraved plates. Some offsetting to p. 208 from plate. Clean and fine.‎

‎Firts appearance of the paper which describes Davy's attempt to unroll the papyri scrolls of Herculaneum by using chlorine to decompose the gummy matter holding them together. His attempts were not very successfull.‎

书商的参考编号 : 43165

‎"DAVY, HUMPHRY - THE DISCOVERY OF HYDROGEN TELLURIDE.‎

‎The Bakerian Lecture for 1809. On some new Electrochemical Researches, on various Objects, particularly the metallic Bodies, from the Alkalies, and Earth, and on some Combinations of Hydrogene. Read November 16, 1809.‎

‎(London, W. Bulmer and Co., 1810). 4to. No wrappers as extracted from ""Philosophical Transactions"" 1810 - Part I. Pp. 16-74 and 2 engraved plates showing Davy's electrochemical apparatus for decomposing substances. The plates dampstained. Text fine and clean.‎

‎First appearence of this historical chemical paper, Davy' fifth Bakerian Lecture, in which he announced his discovery of hydrogen telluride.""Mr. Davy having from the commencement of his electro-chemical researches, communicated the several steps of his progress to the Society (The Royal Society), takes the present opportunity of reporting the results of his further inquiries under four principal heads. First, on the nature of the metals of the fixed alkalis. Second, on the nature of Hydrogen and composition of ammonia. Thirdly, on the metals of the earth"" and Fourthly he makes a comparison between the antiphlogistic doctrine, and a modified phlogistic hypothesis.""(Abstract). He further gives arguments for considering potassium and sodium, which he discovered in 1808, as a element.""Humphry Davy was one of the most brilliant chemists of the early nineteenth century. His early study of nitrous oxide brought him his first reputation, but his later and most importent investigations were devoted to electrochemistry. Following Galvani's experiments and the discovery of the voltaic pile, interest in galvanic electricity had become widespread. The first electrolysis by means of the pile was carried out in 1800 by Nicholson and Carisle, who obtained oxygen and hydrogen from water. Davy began to examine the chemical effects of electricity in 1800, and his numerous discoveries were presented in his Bakerian lectures."" - Wheeler Gift: 2518.‎

书商的参考编号 : 42219

‎"DAVY, HUMPHRY - THE DISCOVERY OF POTASSIUM AND SODIUM (FRENCH VERSION).‎

‎Recherches ëlectrochimiques sur la décomposition des terres, avec des observations sur les métaux obtenus des terres alcalines, et sur un amalgame produit avec l'ammoniaque. Tireeis des Transactions philosophiques, et traduites par M. C.A. Prieur. (+)...‎

‎Paris, Mad. Ve Barnard, 1809. Contemp. hcalf. Spine gilt. Wear to top of spine. A few scratches to binding. Small stamps on verso of titlepage.In: ""Annales de Chimie, ou Recueil de Mémoires concernant la Chemie"" Tome 70. 336 pp. (Entire volume offered). Davy's paper: pp. 189-254.‎

‎First edition in French (the first English 1808) of this importent historical paper in chemistry, in which Davy shows that electricity is capable of decomposing some alkalies, isolating two new substances and discovering potassium and sodium. Neville in his Historical Chemical Library vol. I, p.340, writes about this paper ""ONE OF THE GREAT CLASSIC RESEARCHES IN CHEMISTRY, in which Davy announced in this, his second Bakterian lecture, the isloation of metallic potassium and sodium by the electrolytic decomposition of their fused oxides.""""He (Davy) began his own electrical experiments...The results were spectacular. On October 6, 1807, the current passing through molten potash liberated a metal, which Davy called potassium. The little globules of shining metal tore the water molecule apart as it eagerly recombined with oxygen and the liberated hydrogen burst into lavender flame. Davy danced about in a delirium of joy. A week later he isolated sodium from soda.""(Asimow). The paper offered here describes these discoveries.""Humphry Davy was one of the most brilliant chemists of the early nineteenth century. His early study of nitrous oxide brought him his first reputation, but his later and most importent investigations were devoted to electrochemistry. Following Galvani's experiments and the discovery of the voltaic pile, interest in galvanic electricity had become widespread. The first electrolysis by means of the pile was carried out in 1800 by Nicholson and Carisle, who obtained oxygen and hydrogen from water. Davy began to examine the chemical effects of electricity in 1800, and his numerous discoveries were presented in his Bakerian lecture to the Royal Society on November 20, 1806. (A Source Book in Chemistry p. 243).‎

书商的参考编号 : 50198