Ceylon

1880 · ref. 23785 — 1880. Ceylon colonial photo archive depicting tea cultivation estate labor transportation and urban life circa 1880s to 1910s documenting the plantation economy that made the island one of Britain's principal sources of tea as British merchants shifted the enormous domestic tea market away from China and toward production within the Empire. Coffee leaf rust appeared in Ceylon in 1869 and spread rapidly through the island's coffee districts precipitating the collapse of the crop that had dominated the colonial export economy and accelerating planters' conversion of the central highlands to tea. James Taylor had established commercial tea cultivation at Loolecondera Estate near Kandy in 1867 and the new industry expanded rapidly as coffee failed; by 1900 some 380000 acres in Ceylon were planted in tea. By 1879 the results showed that in more than 70 percent of tea sold in London still came from China while by 1900 China supplied only about 10 percent and black teas from British controlled India and Ceylon constituted the bulk of the market. Photo archive of albumen and silver gelatin photographs and photographic postcards ranging from approximately 3½ x 5 to 4 x 6 inches Ceylon circa 1880s to 1910s. Tea production forms the strongest body of imagery. Women and men stand among densely planted tea bushes or work through rows of plants with women carrying the large woven baskets used to collect leaves; individual and group views are captioned "Tea plucker" "Tea picking Ceylon" "Pruning tea Kandy" and in French "Cueillette du thé à Ceylan." One Skeen & Co. Colombo card numbered 84 and captioned "Tea plucker" isolates a woman at work with a large basket strapped behind her while another shows a large group of workers seated with baskets and gathered tea in a plantation clearing. A card captioned "Estate coolies Ceylon" depicts an estate employee in European dress standing with women and a child outside a thatched dwelling preserving in its printed terminology the racial and labor classifications through which plantation workers were presented to contemporary consumers of colonial imagery. Other photographs move from plantation production into the roads vehicles and cities of colonial Ceylon: rickshaw pullers pose with European passengers and beside their vehicles; a street scene records "Native town Kandy Ceylon"; Colombo appears in views of the "Colpetty Road near Galle Face Colombo" a crowded procession captioned in French "Colombo départ des troupes Anglaises" and a civic monument among palms. Another postcard depicts "Royal visitors leaving Ceylon" while a country road scene shows pedestrians carts and roadside activity. Skeen & Co. one of the principal commercial photographic firms operating from Colombo in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries is identified on several cards but no single photographer can be assigned to the archive as a whole. The tea scenes record the labor at the center of one of the fastest agricultural conversions in the nineteenth century British Empire. Coffee rust Hemileia vastatrix was first observed in Ceylon in 1869 and within little more than a decade had destroyed the commercial basis of the coffee plantation system; tea already demonstrated commercially by Taylor replaced it across much of the highlands. Ceylon tea exports to Britain rose from only 282 pounds in 1875 to more than 4.3 million pounds in 1885 while the plantation landscape expanded until almost all former coffee districts had been replanted with tea during the 1890s. That expansion depended on a large year round plantation workforce much of it composed of Tamil laborers brought from southern India and on the colonial infrastructure that connected the highlands with Colombo and overseas markets. Roads and the railway between Kandy and Colombo had initially served the coffee economy and could be redirected toward tea after the blight while Colombo developed as the commercial and shipping center through which the crop entered imperial markets. The archive therefore records several stages and social spaces of the same colonial economy from plucking and pruning in the highlands to estate communities road transport Kandy and the metropolitan port city of Colombo while the postcards themselves show how plantation labor and colonial development were converted into commercial images for circulation beyond the island. Light to moderate surface wear toning occasional fading and creasing with some photographs showing age related discoloration and edge wear. Overall in good condition. A visual record of the plantation labor and colonial infrastructure behind Ceylon's transformation from a failed coffee economy into a major tea producer that helped Britain replace Chinese tea with supplies produced under imperial control. unknown