HÜSEYIN LAPTALI.MareMagnum
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Fine English Paperback. Cr. 8vo. (20 x 14 cm). In Turkish. 346, [3] sayfa, no date. Erenköy sürgünleri, özgürlügün bedeli. CYPRUS Cypriot question International relations British - Greek - Turkish relations Civil war Memoir.
1983Fine English Paperback. Cr. 8vo. (20 x 14 cm). In Turkish. 114 p., b/w ills. First Edition. Kibris'ta tütün ziraati: tütün ticareti ve tütün sanayii. A study on tobacco industry in Cyprus. CYPRUS Cypriot tobacco Industry International relations.
1985Fine English Paperback. Cr. 8vo. (20 x 14 cm). In Turkish. 78 p., b/w ills. First and Only Edition. Victorya Islam Inas Sanayi Mektebi ve Kibrisli Türk kadinlarin haklari, (1902-1985). CORPORATE HISTORY Cyprus Cypriot culture Women Fiminism Internaitonal relations.
1973Fine English Paperback. Cr. 8vo. (20 x 14 cm). In Turkish. 15 p. Asik Ali Izzet'ten yavru vatan siirleri. TURKISH LITERATURE Folk music Cyprus Folk literature Poems.
1987Fine English Paperback. 4to. In Turkish. 125 p. Bibliyografya: Kibrisli Türkler tarafindan veya Kibrisli Türkler hakkinda Türkçe veya yabanci dillerde yazilip yayinlanmis kitablar. REFERENCE Cyprus Cypriot Turks Bibliography Cypriot question Turkish culture.
1981Fine English Paperback. Roy. 8vo. (24 x 17 cm). In English. 14 p., b/w plts. Historical and archaeological places of Girne (Kyrenia) area. ARCHEOLOGY Cyprus Cypriot civilizations North Cyprus Reference GUide Travel Ruined city Excavations Mediterranean.
1997Fine English Paperback. Pbo. Cr. 8vo. (19 x 13 cm). In English. 142 p., b/w ills. To catch the rainbow. 1: The Cypriot story. "He paints pictures with words".; "A gifted writer a natural story teller".; "An excellent and truthful story about the author's boyhood and family life in Paphos. The reader lives the emotion page by page". "This is an autobiography, cleverly written in the third person, and what I have read so far covers the birth of young Gökalp at Paphos in 1940, and the ensuing 16 years - after which he was to be spirited away from the island to avoid death at the hands of the EOKA terrorists. There is no trace of hysteria in this writing, which is fluently economical with its prose, and an absolute delight to read. In fact, I am quite impatient to read the rest of this captivating first novel.
2000Fine English Paperback. Pbo. 12mo. (16 x 12 cm). In English. 158 p., b/w ills. The death of friendship. A Cyprus memoir by Chief Matron Türkan Aziz, MBE. "This is the life story of one of the most respected personalities to emerge from the recent brutal history of Cyprus. From a gentle upbringing in a country with pronounced religious and racial views, she worked her way up to the top of her chosen profession, nursing, to become the Chief Matron of Cyprus. The the reign of the terrorist gunmen began and her world, along with her friendships, died. Here she tells how she has found a new peace that has emerged from the ashes of war.".
Very Good English Paperback. Roy. 8vo. (23 x 16 cm). In English. 15 p., b/w ills. Historical places of Lefkosa. CYPRUS Architecture Historical buildings Turkish culture Cypriot art Lefkose Mosque Turkish and Islamic arts.
1998Very Good English Paperback. Roy. 8vo. (24 x 17 cm). In Turkish. 8, 439 p. 150 soruda Kibris sorunu. Cyprioy question in 150 questions.
2000Fine English Paperback. Pbo. Large 8vo. (25 x 23 cm). In Turkish. 296 p., fully b/w caricatures. Kibris Türk karikatür sanati'nin duayeni: Ramiz Gökçe. Iki çizgi karikatür albümü. Karikatürler - yazilar - söylesiler - fotograflar. Prep. by Hüseyin Çakmak. 2 albums of caricature by master of Cypriot-Turkish art of satiric caricature.
2000Fine English Paperback. Pbo. Roy. 8vo. (24 x 17 cm). In Turkish. [xLv], 407 p. Kibris eyâleti. Yönetim, kilise, ayan ve halk, (1750-1800). Bir degisim döneminin anatomisi. Cyprus state of the Ottoman Empire in the 18th century. Rule, church, governor and people. A study on Turks and Greeks in the Ottoman rule in the 18th century.
2015New English Paperback. Pbo. 4to. (30 x 21 cm). In English. 421 p. Kouklia in nineteenth century Cyprus. On the ruins of a once Glorious Paphos. Kouklia (Kukla) is a village in the Paphos District, about 16 kilometres (9.9 mi) from the city of Paphos on the Mediterranean island of Cyprus. The village is built in the area of "Palaepaphos" (Old Paphos), mythical birthplace of Aphrodite, Greek goddess of love and beauty. The foundation myth is interwoven with Aphrodite at every level, such that Old Paphos became the centre for her worship in the ancient world. Contents: List of Tables List of Abbreviations Note on Usage Foreword PART ONE Settlements and population of Kouklia. Introduction 1. Nahiye of Kouklia (16th-17th centuries) 2. The kaza of Kouklia in the 19th-century censuses 2a. 1825 2b. 1831-1832 2c. 1833 2d. 1843-1844 3. The census of Kouklia on the eve of British rule 3a. The sources 3b. Settlments and Population (1876-1877).; Inhabitants names Professions The disabled Military service Relocations and migrations Criminality Protégés.; PART TWO: The Sources Note on Orthography and Transliteration - Sigla Tasra Tasnifi Kibris Mutasarrifligi Defteri no 41 Varidat Muhasebesi Defterleri, Temettuat Defteri no. 16155 3. ?üfus Defteri no 3751 4. ?üfus Defteri no 3752 5. Register 35 6. Register 49 7. Register 45 8. Register 52 Glossary Bibliography Index. CYPRUS Ottoman culture 19th Century Social history Greeks Mediterranean Ottoman rule Cypriot culture.
2016New English Original bdg. HC. 4to. (31 x 24 cm). In English. 496 p., ills. Northern face of Cyprus. New studies in Cypriot archaeology and art history. Contents: Mustafa Akinci / Foreword.; Latife Summerer / Introduction.; Archaeology - Synthetic Studies., Tuncel, Riza / Cyprus in the Chalcolithic Period.; Bartelheim, Martin / Prehistoric Metallurgy on Cyprus.; Kozal, Ekin / Cypro-Anatolian Connections in the 2nd Millennium BC.; Durugönül, Serra / Archaic Cypriot Statuary., Musso, Luisa / The Northern Face of Cyprus: The Mosaics in their Relation to Eastern Mediterranean Production.; Bekker-Nielsen, Tønnes / The Ancient Roads of Northern Cyprus.; Karaca, Elif / Medieval Cypriot Pottery Sites and Monuments.; Kienlin, Alexander von / The Palace of Vouni: Research Set in Concrete and Outstanding Questions.; Zavagno, Luca / Framing the Cypriot Urbanism in the Early Middle Ages: The Case of Salamis-Constantia.; Plattner, Georg / The Amazon Sarcophagus from Soloi in Vienna.; Sivri, Emine H. - Lâtife Summerer / A New Artemis Ephesia Statuette from Salamis.; New Excavation Results.; Kizilduman, Bülent - Uwe Müller / Bronze Age Cyprus: New Evidence from Kral Tepesi/Vasili.; Kaba, Hazar / Rich in Life and Death. Gold and Silver Finds from a 4th Century Tomb in Soloi.; Öznergiz, Aliye / A Hellenistic / Roman Tomb at Paleokastro(Agia Irini/Akdeniz).; Söföroglu, Mehmet - Lâtife Summerer / Light for the Death. Lamps as Grave Offerings in Light of a New Hellenistic/Roman Tomb in Kormakiti/Koruçam.; Zeischka-Kenzler, Annette / Of Death and Life. Funerary and Other Features of the Multi-Functional City Wall of Lambusa.; Research History.; Winbladh, Marie-Louise / Adventuring with Cyprus. The Past and Present of the Swedish Cyprus Expedition (1927¿1931).; Kahraman, Deniz / Fate and Perspectives of Salamis Art History.; Wollesen, Jens / Aspects of Medieval Architecture on Cyprus under the Lusignans: Reality and Myth.; Langdale, Allan / History and Hybridity in the Trapeza Church Near Famagusta/Gazimagusa.; Walsh / Michael / ¿The Age of Ruins¿: Whatever Happened to Venetian Famagusta? Samani, Hasan / Social, Cultural and Religious Aspects of Ottoman Cyprus: The Nicosia Mevlevi Tekke.; Conservation, Restoration And Appreciation.; Fehlmann, Marc / Conservation and Restoration Measures in Northern Cyprus.; Tuncay, Ali / The Technical Committee on Cultural Heritage in Cyprus: From Conflict to Cooperation.; Doratli, Naciye / Revitalization of the Northern Walled City of Nicosia: Merits and Pitfalls.; Harmansah, Rabia / Appropriating Common Ground? On Apostolos Andreas Monastery in Karpas Peninsula.
2005New English Paperback. Pbo. Roy. 8vo. In English. 312 p. Contents: Preface / Introduction Part I: Comparative Imagological Approaches. 1. Enrique Banús: Between Atlantic and Mediterranean: Spain's Imagological Antagonisms 2. Katica Kulavkova: The Mediterranean 'Chronotopos' and its 'Differentia Specifica'. Part II: Historical Perspectives. 3. Mladen Ancvicv & Stipe Grgas: Medieval Bosnia and Trans-Adriatic Traffic in Images and Good 4. Lily Hamourtziadou: The People's Myths: The Case of the Bosnian Nations 5. Mustafa Soykut: A Practical Application of 'Otherness' in Political History: The Italian Case and The Ottoman Empire (15th-18th Centuries) 6. Alexander Kitroeff: Greek Images of the Ottomans and Turks 7. Hercules Millas: The Other and Nationbuilding. The Testimony of Greek and Turkish Novels 8. Avi Rubin: East, West, Ottomans and Zionists: Internalized Orientalism at the Turn of the 20th Century Part III: Current Perceptions. 9. George Terzis: The Other/ Turk in the Greek National Media: The Construction of Oppositional Metaphors? 10. Gül Inanç Barkay: Representations of 'Other/s' in the Virtual World: 11. Nida Bikmen/ Diane Sunar: Representing the Ethnic 'Other': Stereotypes of Ethnic Groups in Turkey.
2012New English Paperback. Pbo. Roy. 8vo. (24 x 17 cm). In English. 240 p. Preface M. Akif Erdogru, The Nahiye of Tuzla at the end of the XVIth Century Vera Costantini, From Greek Village to Levantine City : The Transformation of Larnaca under Ottoman Rule ??????? ??????????, ??????????? ???????? ??? ???????? ??? ????????????? (1571-1878) Anna Pouradier Duteil - Loizidou, La communauté française de Larnaca au cours de la première décennie du XVIIIème siècl ?????? ???????????, ? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????????????? ???????? ??? ??????? (1733) Georges Koutzakiotis, Franc-maçonnerie, sociabilité et politique à Larnaca au début du XIXe siècle Theoharis Stavrides, The Port of Larnaca in the Napoleonic Wars: An Eastern Mediterranean Maritime Hub in the Age of Sail (1810-1814) ????????? ? ?????, ?? ??????????? ?????????????? ??? ??????? ??? ??????????? ????????? ??? ???????? ???????? ???????????? (1817-1839) Evangelia Balta - Filiz Yasar - Elif Bayraktar, Gayr-i Muslims in Tuzla (Larnaca): The Census Register of 1831 Evangelia Balta - Mesut Ayar, Ottoman Larnaca in the Age of Reforms: A Study of the Temettuat Register (1833) Mehmet Demiryürek, Merchants and Artisans in Tuzla in the First Half of the Nineteenth Century Haydar Çoruh, Yüzyilin ikinci Yarisinda Kibris'ta Bir Kent: Tuzla (Larnaka) Mesut Ayar, XIX. Yüzyilin Ikinci Yarisinda Tuzla (Larnaka): Ticaret, Ticaret Mahkemesi ve Konsolosluklar Michalis N. Michael, The Archive of the United States' Consulate in Ottoman Larnaca: A Preliminary Report Raif Ivecan, Tanzimat'in ilanindan Kibris'ta Ingiliz Idaresinin Tesisine Kadar Tuzla Memlehasi Tom Sinclair, The Muslim Monuments of Larnaca Harid Fedai, Larnaka Bir Ta'mir Bir Târih.
2012New English Paperback. Pbo. Roy. 8vo. (24 x 17 cm). In English. 242 p. Preface Administration and Society (18th - 19th century) 1. Cyprus 1750-1830: Administration and Society (in eds. Michalis N. Michael, Matthias Kappler and Eftihios Gavriel, Ottoman Cyprus. A Collection of Studies on History and Culture, Wiesbaden: Harrasowitz Verlag, 2009, pp. 89-106. Reproduced by kind permission) 2. The "Double-Edged Sword": The Patriarchate of Constantinople and the Church of Cyprus (1571-1878) (adapted from Chapter I of ??????????? ??????????? ??? K????? ?? ??????????? ??????? ??? ???? 1600-1878, Nicosia: Kykkos Monastery Research Centre, 2001, pp. 21-78) 3. Dearth in 19th century Cyprus: the Correspondence of the Metochia of the Holy Sepulchre (adapted from part II.8 of ??????????? ??????????? ??? ?????? ????????? (1731-1884), Nicosia: Kykkos Monastery Research Centre, 2007, pp. 60-93) 4. Mutasarrif Mehmed Said Pasha (1868-1871) and the Administration of Cyprus in the Last Years of Ottoman Rule («? ????????????? Mehmed Said Pasha (1868-1871) ??? ? ???????? ??? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ??? ?????????? ????????», ????????? ??? ????????? ????????? ????????? ???????, vol. 8, 2008, pp. 157-183) 5. Between the Ottomans and the British: The Nature of the Administration of Cyprus in the 19th Century through the Correspondence of the Monks of the Holy Sepulchre (adapted from part IV.3.b of ??????????? ??????????? ??? ?????? ????????? (1731-1884), Nicosia: Kykkos Monastery Research Centre, 2007, pp. 251-261) Consulates, Consuls and Foreign Subjects (18th century) 1. The Ottoman Documents of the Archives of the Consulate of Venice in Cyprus (18th century) («T? ????????? ??????? ??? ????????? ?????????? ??? ???????? (18?? ??????)», ??????? ???????? A???????? A????? ??? ?????????? ??? ??? ???????? K?????, 4-6 M???? 2000, Athens 2001, pp. 87-99) 2. The Settlement of Heptanesian Venetian subjects in Cyprus in the middle of the 18th century and Local Reactions: An Ottoman Document of 1757 («? ??????????? ?????????? ???? ????? ??? ???? ??? 18?? ????? ??? ??????? ???????????», ????????? ??????? ????????????? ???????, vol. 35, 2009-2010, pp. 93-122) 3. The Beginnings of the Formation of a Greek-Orthodox Bourgeoisie in Cyprus: The Case of the Heptanesian Merchant Evangelis Peristianis (1757-1781) («O E???????? ??????????? ??? ????? ???????? (1757-1781)», E???????? K?????? E???????????? E??????, vol. 25, 1999, pp. 183-218) Revolts and Rebellions 1. The Rise and Fall of Mehmed Boyacioglu (1683-1690) («? ????????? ??? ?????? ????????????? (1683-1690)», ????????? ??????? ????????????? ???????, vol. 29, 2003, pp. 115-143) 2. Altiparmak and the "Greek Yoke": The Events of 1804-1806 in Cyprus (adapted from part II.4 of ??????????? ??????????? ??? ?????? ????????? (1731-1884), Nicosia: Kykkos Monastery Research Centre, 2007, pp. 35-50). OTTOMANIA Cypriot history Cyprus International relations The Ottoman Empire Suleiman the Magnificent.
1999New English Paperback. Pbo. Roy. 8vo. (24 x 17 cm). In English. 729 p. Studies on Ottoman social history in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth centuries: Women, Zimmis and Sharia courts in Kayseri, Cyprus and Trabzon.
2018New English Paperback. Demy 8vo. (21 x 14 cm). In English. 201 p. Knowledge based economy and intellectual capital: The impact of national intellectual capital on economic growth in North Cyprus. The development of the modern economy depends directly on the formation of basic knowledge variables. The term 'knowledge-based economy' is used to define an economy which knowledge and knowledge creation plays a crucial role for growth. It is not possible to survive in the new world with the old economic thought and mentality. According to Chavula(2010), knowledge is at the heart of economic growth, as it increaases the ability to take advantage of existing technologies and innovations, enhanced competitiveness and productivity. Many economies are now seeking to shift their economies towards a technology-based economy. To do this, a country's knowledge and information abilities have to be able to produce technology. Knowledge-based economic activities allow countries to create value by increasing the productive capacities of the factors of production. Steward (1997) emphasized the significance of knowledge and intellectual capital with the increasing use of technology. The importance of knolwedge is now leading to an increase in the importance of measuring this knowledge. Some of common findings of Kaplan, Norton and Edvinsson were based on the theory that 'you cannot manage intellectual capital if you cannot measure it'. This book also explains how intellectual capital can be included in the growth function and how it can be measured with the World Bank Knowledge Assesment Method. You should read this book to understand the changing economic systems, to keep up with it and to adapt it to your own system.
2012New English Paperback. Roy. 8vo. (24 x 17 cm). In Turkish. 271 p. Besinci Uluslararasi Orta Dogu Semineri: Islamiyet'in dogusundan Osmanli idaresine kadar Orta Dogu. (Sam 2-4 Kasim 2010.) Bildiriler.
1986Very Good Turkish Paperback. Roy. 8vo. (24 x 17 cm). In Turkish. 2 volumes set: ([v], [6], 671 p.; [vi], 672-1354, [2] pp.), b/w ills. and plates of documents. Belgelerle Kibris Türk vakiflar tarihi, (1571-1974). 2 volumes set. History of Turkish foundations in Cyrus. Scarce.
2019New English Paperback. Roy. 8vo. (24 x 17 cm). In English. 416 p. Studies on Ottoman Nicosia: From the Ottoman conquest to the early British period. Preface Contributors Vera CostantInI, An Old Location's New Life: Early-Ottoman Lefkosa Recep Dündar, Nicosia according to the Population and Taxation Survey of 1572 Mehmet AkIf Erdogru, The New Status Quo of the Monasteries of Cyprus after the Ottoman Conquest Mehmet DemIryürek, The Price of the Faith: Mukataa-i Patrikiyye-i Cezire-i Kibris and Mukataa-i Sem'hâne (1572-1612) Styliani N. LepIda, Nicosia: The Capital City of an Ottoman Province in the Seventeenth Century Mustafa Öztürk, Cypriot Houses and Life at Home in the 17th Century Kemal ÇIçek, A Quest for Justice in a Mixed Society: The Muslims and the Orthodox Cypriots Before the Sharia Court of Nicosia AlI Efdal ÖzkUl, Inter-communal Relations in Cyprus under Ottoman Rule in the 18th Century IoannIs P. TheoharIdes, The Revenues of the Vali of Nicosia accorging to a firman of 1706 TheoharIs StavrIdes, Ottoman Nicosia Besieged: Sieges and Blockades of Nicosia in the Long Eighteenth Century Elnur Agayev, Ottoman Nicosia from the Perspective of the Russian Monk and Traveller Vasili Grigorovich Barsky Euphrosyne Rizopoulou-EgoumenIdou, An Alternative Ethnology: Lifestyle and Behavior of the Orthodox Elite in Ottoman Nicosia, 1775-1821 MIchalIs N. MIchael, Dependency/Autonomy, Power and Ideologies in Ottoman Nicosia at the Beginning of the Nineteenth Century Mehmet DemIryürek and Hakan Yazar, Nicosia according to the Census of 1831 IoannIs MoutsIs, Education in Ottoman Nicosia: In Quest for Modernity Stephen Boys Smith, Thomas Sandwith: A Consul's View of Mid-Nineteenth-Century Cyprus Gökhan Kaya, Some Characteristics of the Population of NicosiaDuring the Early Period of British Rule.
2019New French Paperback. Roy. 8vo. (24 x 17 cm). In French. 236 p. Les villes et les maisons Ottomanes (Les Cahiers du Bosphore CII). NOTICE 1. LES VILLES OTTOMANES 2. LES MAISONS "OTTOMANES" CLASSIQUES 3. L'étude de la maison et la ville ottomane en turquie et dans les Balkans (historiographie) 4. Connaissance de la maison ottomane 5. Les études su rla maison ottomane en Turquie 6. Les études dans les Balkans 7. LES Origines de la maison ottomane 8. Formes de la maison ottomane 9. Les maisons d'Anatolie occidentale et centrale (Istanbul, Edirne, Bursa, Afyon, Kütahya, Kula, Ankara, Sivas, Tokat, Kastamonu, Safranbolu) 10. Les maisons de la côte Egéenne (Ayvalik, Mugla,Tire, Birgi, Isparta, Karaman, Mersin) 11. Les maisons de Macédoine et de Thessalie (Kavala, Verria, Kastoria) (Pelion, Ambélakia) 12. Les maisons de Bulgarie (Plovdiv,Koprivshtitza, Melnik) 13. Lesmaisonsd'Albanie et de Bosnie (Berat, Gjirokaster) (Sarajevo) 14. LESMAISONS PONTIQUES (de la mer Noire) 15. Les maisonscaucasiennes (Divrigi, Bitlis, Erzurum) 16. LES MAISONS A COUR "SYROMESOPOTAMIENNES" EN ANATOLIE d'époque ottomane 17. Les maisons de Cappadoce (Kayseri, Agirnas, Germir, Ürgüp, Avanos et Nigde) bibliographie.
2014New English Paperback. 4to. (30 x 21 cm). Articles in English, German, and Turkish. 299 p., ills. Armizzi: Studies in honor of Engin Özgen.= Engin Özgen'e armagan. Edited by Barbara Helwing, Bora Uysal, Atilla Engin. Preface. Nostalgia Photos. Curriculum Vitae and Publications of Prof. Dr. Engin Ozgen A bull Head-Shaped Drinking Cup From Edirne Museum - A Figurine of the Kilia Type in the Vehbi Koç Foundation Sadberk Hanim Museum - A Esat on Concerning Relationship Between the Decoration and Culture in the Ceramic Art - Pattern Burnishing Technique in Western Anatolian Chalcolithic Age Ceramics - Selected EB II Pottery Recovered in the Two Burnt Rooms at Kulluoba near Eskisehir - A Localisation Proposal for Oylum Hoyuk:Ulisum/Ullss/illis - Early Bronze Age Stone Vessels and Idols of Cine-Tepecik - Ein Depotfund Lamaamaischer Klingen vom Oylum Hoyuk - The Gates of the Cavustepe Upper and Lower Fortresses:Unusual Applications in the Urartian Architecture.
1818Very Good Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928) Original manuscript paper. Double elephant folio. (79 x 58 cm). In Ottoman script. Hegira: [1]233-[1]234 = Gregorian: 1818. Burdurlu Dervish Mehmed Pasha, who was grand vizier held office under Mahmud II between the years of 1818-1820. Dervis Mehmed Pasa had gained a reputation among the 'vüzerâ' (Grand-viziers) would be the grand vizier as previously planned by Sultan Mahmud II according the 19th-century historian of Sânîzâde. He dealt with like cases the Aleppo revolution, confusions in Diyarbekir and Çildir, conquest of the Castle of Dir'iye, the center of the Wahhabis by Ibrahim Pasha, the son of Kavalali Mehmed Ali Pasha, the governor of Egypt and confusions in Sivas city. (Türkiye Diyanet Vakfi Islâm Ansiklopedisi). Buyuruldu (or Buyrultu, Buyurildi, Buyurdu etc.) is the order of an Ottoman grand vizier, vizier, beglerbegi , defterdâr , or other high official to a subordinate. The term is derived from the word 'buyuruldi', it has been ordered, in which the order usually ends and which gradually developed into a conventional sign. Buyuruldus are of two main types: a) decisions written in the margin (der kenâr) of an incoming petition or report, often ordering that a fermân (firman) (or berât , etc.) be issued to a certain effect... (Brill, Encyclopedia of Islam). "Menzils" were early post organization in the Ottoman Empire before Reform period. In the Ottoman Empire, every 35 kilometers - the distance one could travel in a day - on the main roads, there were buildings called "menzil" or "menzilhane" (destination, post station). Surrounded by walls, these yards had a hostelry, barn, market, bath and restaurant. Hosted at the complex for free, travelers shopped, took baths and fed their animals and continued their journeys the following day. At the complex, officials - registered and paid by the state - served the guests. Within time, menzils turned into bazaars where locals sold their products. Then, villages and towns started pop up around them. Commodities needed by the army for expeditions were preserved at menzils and soldiers were accommodated at these facilities if needed during expeditions. Mailmen operating between two faraway destinations changed their horses with those waiting at menzils and went on their route without losing time. (Source: Ekrem Bugra Ekinci). This huge sized budget paper (defter) written on paper with 'ahar'. Used black and red inks. It's written from Harmancik qaza (district) in Bursa vilayet (city) and sent to court of Istanbul for grand vizier confirmation. It's a budget defter of Harmancik 'menzil'. Apprx. 250-300 articles (registers) in notes as expenses like Tatar postmans, horses, Kütahya beglerbegi (beylerbeyi), qadis (judges) and other ones. At the end of registers, there is qadi signature (seal), qadi's name is Mehmed es-Seyyid Samed (?). He was probably Turkish judge in its period in that menzil of Bursa, Harmancik. Budget registers start as '[1]233 senesi Saban-i Muazzama'nin gurresinden [1]234 senesinin Saban-i Serif'inin menzil kuyudu'. Registers had been sent to the Ottoman court for approval from Bursa to Istanbul. Grand vizier's hand writing is in 'diwanî' script. An extremely rare autograph manuscript about the earliest postal history as well.