Einstein

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Zur Quantentheorie der Strahlung. - FOUNDING LASER PHYSICS.

1917réf. 46895Leipzig S. Hirzel 1917. Royal8vo. Bound in contemporary half calf with gilt lettering to spine and 5 raised bands with ornaments in gilt. In "Physikalische Zeitschrift" Bd. 18 1917. Spine and hinges with wear otherwise a fine and clean copy. Pp. 121-128. Entire volume: XI 1 604 pp. 14 plates. The paper was first published in 1916 in Mitteilungen der Physikalischen Gesellschaft in Zürich but here for the first time in Physikalische Zeitschrift. All subsequent research on absorption and emission of radiation and the entire discovery of the maser later the laser was based on the research presented in the present paper. The paper is also notable for introducing the concept but not the name of the photon; Einstein argues that in the interaction of matter and radiation there must be in addition to the processes of absorption and spontaneous emission a third process of stimulated emission. If stimulated emission exists then he can derive the Planck distribution for blackbody radiation and without it the same argument implies the invalid Wien-distribution theory."In this paper he derived Planck's original quantum law from a different starting point he suggested that as well as spontaneous emission and absorption there could also take place the process of stimulated emission. In 1917 this seemed mainly of theoretical interest; forty years later it was utilized to provide the maser and laser of modern technology. In 1916 "Einstein came back once more to blackbody radiation and made further progress. In November 1916 he wrote to Besso: 'A splendid light has fallen on me about the absorption and emission of radiation'. His reasoning is divided into three papers two of which appeared in 1916 and the third one early in 1917 the two papers above - note that these are the two papers of Einstein on radiation theory cited by Weil as "principal works"; a third paper from 1916 is not. In these papers Einstein proposed a statistical theory of the interaction between atoms and photons gave a new demonstration of Planck's radiation theory and introduced the concept of 'stimulated emission' providing the basis for the discovery of masers and lasers " Bertolotti The History of the Laser."When Einstein returned to the radiation problem in 1916 the quantum theory had undergone a major change. Niels Bohr's papers had opened a new and fertile domain for the application of quantum concepts-the explanation of atomic structure and atomic spectra. In addition Bohr's work and its generalizations by Arnold Sommerfeld and others constituted a fresh approach to the foundations of the quantum theory of matter. Einstein's new work showed the influence of these ideas . He had found still another derivation of Planck's black-body radiation law an "astonishingly simple and general" one which he thought mightproperly be called "the derivation" 12 of this important law. It was based on statistical assumptions about the processes of absorption and emission of radiation and on Bohr's basic quantum hypothesis that atomic systems have a discrete set of possible stationary states. The proof turned on the requirement that absorption and emission of radiation both spontaneous and stimulated suffice to keep a gas of atoms in thermodynamic equilibrium. This paper introduced the concept of stimulated emission into the quantum theory and is therefore often described as the basis of laser physics. Einstein himself considered the most important contribution of this work to be not the new derivation of the distribution law but rather the arguments he presented for the directional character of energy quanta. DSB Weil No 91 with an asterix denoting major paper. hardcover

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EINSTEIN, ALBERTBiblio.com

Über einen Satz der Wahrscheinlichkeitsrechnung und seine Anwendung in der Strahlentheorie Together with L. Hopf; Withbound: Statistische Untersuchungen der Bewegung eines Resnators in einem Strahlungsfeld; Withbound: Theorie der Opaleszenz von .

1910réf. 38842Leipzig J.A. Barth 1910. Contemp. hcalf. Spine gilt a fs scratches to spine. VIII1584 pp. and 6 plates. Einstein papers: pp. 1096: pp. 1105-1115; pp. 1275-1298. Fine and clean. The whole volume offered. All three papers first edition. The purpose of "A theorem in probability and its application in the Theory of radiation" is to demonstrate that the failure of statistical mechanics with respect to the radiation law Rayleigh - Jeans law contradicted by experience cannot be removed by the conjecture that perhaps the individual statistical events should not follow the usual law of independence product of probabilities instead of assuming a certain interdependence between them. Lanczos. The second paper "Statistical investigation on of the motion of an oscillator in a radiation field" makes use of the results of the previous investigation. Einstein's aim is to demonstrate that the Rayleigh-jeans law of radiation contracdicted by the physical facts is an unavoidable consequence of statistics even if we avoid any kind of assumption which may be suspected of needing correction. Lanczos. The third paper "Theory of the opalescence of homogenous fluids and fluid mixtures near the critical state" is an importent investigation and one of the most difficult of all his papers to understand. The aim of the paper is to complement the work of Smoluchovski Ann. d. Physik25 1908 who gave a general explanation of the strong density fluctuations - and the opalescence thus generated - of two fluids near the critical state of mixture or a single fluid near the critical state of condensation on the basis of the kinetic theory of heat. he did notgive howeverthe quantitative details concerning the scattered light associated with this phenomenon. Lanczos. - Weil Nos 34 35 and 36 with an asterix denoting major work. unknown

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Albert EINSTEINBiblio.com

Kritisches zu einer von Hrn. De Sitter gegebenen Lösung der Gravitationsgleichungen. Critical Comment on a Solution of the Gravitational Field Equations Given by Mr. De Sitter. Sitzungsberichte der Königlich Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften XII 1918. Sitzung der physikalisch-mathematischen Klasse am 7. März p. 269-272.

1918réf. 5720KBerlin: Verlag der Königlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften in commission at Georg Reimer Reichsdruckerei 21st March 1918. Near Fine. Imperial 8vo 26 5: 19 cm. 3 pages numbered 269-272. Letterpress on machine paper in original publisher’s brochure on orange-coloured stock with black title printing. First journal issue in the original printed wrappers of Einstein's early paper on the cosmological implications of general relativity. – Contents: Einstein here criticizes De Sitter's equations for gravitational fields and provides the first proper definition of a space-time singularity. „Einstein never said so explicitly but it seems reasonable to assume that he had in mind that the correct equations should have no solutions at all in the absence of matter. However right after his Einstein's paper »Kosmologische Betrachtungen zur allgemeinen Relativitätstheorie“ mid February 2017 note WoP paper appeared de Sitter did find a solution . Einstein must have been disappointed. In 1918 he looked for ways to rule out the de Sitter solution but soon realized that there is nothing wrong with it.“ Paise Despite Einstein's critique the De Sitter model was the dominant cosmological model until the 1930s at which time Einstein and de Sitter together proposed a ""just right"" cosmological model. The great cosmological debate between Einstein and De Sitter marks the beginning of the modern scientific understanding of the origins of the universe. The Academy's publishing list on the rear cover also announces an offprint of this paper for Reichsmark 0 50. – Condition: Wrappers at margins minimally torn sheet with Einstein's contribution opened and thus cut slighly perforated some pages minimally creased otherwise well preserved partly unopened copy. – Rarity: RBH records 3 copies of this paper at auction 2019 2011 2002 none of them the first separate printing. – Reference: Alicke W. Albert Einstein. An Almost Complete Collection of his Publications and Two Original Manuscripts 91; Boni N.: A bibliographical checklist and index to the published writings of Albert Einstein 108; The Collected Papers of Albert Einstein. Volume 7 5; Shields M. C.: Bibliography der Schriften Einsteins. In: Schilpp P. A.: Albert Einstein als Philosoph und Naturforscher 117; Weil E.: Albert Einstein. A bibliography of his scientific papers 1901-1930 98; Pais A.: Subtle is the Lord. The Science and Life of Albert Einstein 2005 ed. p. 288. Verlag der Königlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften (in commission at Georg Reimer [Reichsdruckerei]) unknown

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