Einstein

Einstein — marelibri

Über die vom Relativitätsprincip geforderte Trägheit der Energie. - THE FIRST EXPLICIT STATEMENT OF THE ENERGY-MASS EQUATION

1907rif. 50595Leibzig Johann Ambrosius Barth 1907. 8vo. In contemporary full cloth with gilt lettering to spine. In "Annalen der Physik" Vierte Folge Band 23. Entire volume offered. Ex-libris pasted on to top right corner of pasted down front free end-paper. Light rubbing to extremities a very fine and clean copy not an ex-library copy. Pp.371-384. Entire volume: VIII 1000 pp. 4 plates. First edition of the first explicit statement of Einstein's landmark energy-mass equation E=mc2.Nearly all descriptions of Einstein's scientific work state that the mass-energy equivalence E=mc2 was first formulated in Einstein's 1907 review paper 'Über das Relativitätsprinzip und die aus demselben gezogenen.' published in 'Jahrbuch der Radioaktivität und Elektronik' see Weil no. 21 and Dictionary of Scientific Biography vol. 4 pp.323 for examples. However in his paper 'Über die von Relativitätsprincip geforderte Trägheit der Energie' the offered paper which predates the former mentioned by six months Einstein gave a clear statement of the mass-energy equivalence E=mc2. See Lanczos: The Einstein Decade pp.149-150 and 153 as well as Volume 2 of 'The Collected Papers of Albert Einstein' pp. 428.Einstein's first paper regarding the relation E=mc2 is his fourth 1905 paper 'Ist die Trägheit eines Körpers von seinem Energieinhalt abhängig'. In this short paper Einstein showed that a body releasing the energy E in the form of radiation will have its mass decreased by E/c2 and concluded that the mass of a body is a measure of its energy content e.g. that all energy has mass. The next time Einstein returns to the subject is in his 1906 paper 'Das Prinzip von der Erhaltung der Schwerpunkts Bewegung und die Trägheit der Energie.'. Here Einstein concluded that one must either ascribe the inertial mass E/c2 to any form of energy E or else give up the fundamental law mechanics regarding conservation of the motion of the center of gravity. Then finally in the 1907 paper 'Über die von Relativitätsprincip geforderte Trägheit der Energie.' the offered paper Einstein makes the decisive step of assuming that all mass has energy. On page 382 Einstein considers the total energy of a moving mass point as the sum of its kinetic energy and its rest energy. In classical mechanics it is most convenient to set the second term to zero but in relativistic mechanics one obtains the simplest expression by setting the rest energy equal to mc2. Einstein then continues to show that this stipulation cannot lead to a contradiction in any relativistic argument. In a footnote on page 382 Einstein states for the first time the equation E=mc2 and mentions that this equation is the expression of the principle of the equivalence of mass and energy - see Volume 2 of 'The Collected Papers of Albert Einstein' pp. 428.The volume contains another paper by Einstein "Bemerkungen zu der Notiz von Hrn. Paul Ehrenfest: "Die Translation deformierbarer Elektronen und der Flächensatz"" pp.206-208. - Weil No. 18.Collected Works Doc. 45. Weil 19. Boni 19. hardcover

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EINSTEIN, A, L INFELD, and B HOFFMANN - THE ROUND OFF OF GENERAL RELATIVITY - ASSOCIATION COPYBiblio.com

The gravitational Equations and the Problem of Motion. Part I. Received June 16 1937. II. Received May 29 1939. 2 Papers Paper II only Einstein and Infeld.

1938rif. 46475Princeton NJ. Annals of Mathematics 1938 a. 1940. Both papers in orig. printed wrappers. Offprints from "Annals of Mathematics" Vol. 39 No. 1 january 1938 and Vol. 41 No. 2 April 1940. Pp. 65-100 and pp. 455-464. Both clean and fine. This copy has belonged to Abraham Pais 1918-2000 - the famous Einstein scholar theoretical physicist and Einsteins collegue at Princeton - and having his name on top of both frontwrappers "A Pais". First editions in the scarce offprint versions of Einstein's last and highly important contributions to General relativity and in which is shown that the equation of motion follows directly from the field equation that defined the geometry."Einstein's last importent contribution to general relativity deals again with the problem of motion. It is the work done with Leopold Infeld and Banash Hoffmann on the N-body problem of motion. In these papers the gravitational field is no longer treated as external. Instead it and the motion of its singular sources are treated simultaneously. Anew approximationscheme is introduced in which the fields are no longer necessarily weak but in which the source velocities are small compared with the light velocity . The equations obtained have found use in situations where Newtonian interaction must be included. 'These equations are widely used in analyses of planetary orbits in the solarsystem. For example the Cal Tech Jet Propulsion Laboratory uses them in modified form to calculate ephmerides for high-precision tracking of planets and spacecraft."Pais "Subtle is the Lord" p. 290-91."The problem of the equation of motion of bodies is the following. The 1916 theory had a classical structure in the sense that there were both field equations the curvature of space-time is determined by the mass and motion of bodies in space-time and equations of motion of bodies the world line of small mass is a geodesic. Are these two statements really separate If the field equations were linear they indeed would be. They are not linear however and Einstein showed in the papers offered that if matter is represented by a point singularity of the metric field these singularities are located on world lines that are geodesics of space-time provided its metric satisfies the equation of general relativity."DSB.Weil: 202 a. 295 both with an asterix denoting a major paper. - Boni: 236 a. 236.1. unknown

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EINSTEIN, ALBERT - THE PHOTOELECTRIC EQUATIONBiblio.com

Zur Theorie der Lichterzeugung und Lichtsabsorption; withbound: Das princip von der Erhaltung der Schwerpunktsbewegung und die Trägheit der Energie; 2 papers.

1906rif. 38794Leipzig Johann Ambrosius Barth 1906. Bound together in one contemp. hcloth. Small tears to spine ends. = "Annalen der Physik. Vierte Folge. Band 20. Herausgegeben von Paul Drude." Portrait Paul Drude VIII1048 pp. and 6 plates. Einstein papers: pp. 199-206 and 627-33. Internally fine and clean. The whole volume offered. Both papers first edition. It was for the papers "Ueber einen die Erzeugung und Verwandlung des Lichtes betreffenden heuristischen Gesichtspunkt" of 1905 and "Zur Theorie der Lichterzeugung. Theory of light emission and absorption the offered item that Einstein was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1921."The quantum theory has affected virtually every branch of physics. Its earliest and one of its most significant developments was Einstein's application of the theory to what is known as the 'photo-electrical effect'.Einstein explained this effext by suggesting that the classical view that light is emitted in the form of continous waves must be abandoned. The photo-electrical effect could be explained only as an example of quantum action where the waves of light or X-rays are emitted in minute particles or bullets. It is he size of the bullet the wave-lenght of the radiation which determines the number of electrons ejected. It was for this and not for the theory of relativity that Einstein was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1921. Einstein's two fundamental papers on this subject are "Ueber einem Erzeugung." 1905 and Zur Theorie der Lichterzeugung the paper offered here" PMM the note to 391. In the second paper Principle of the conservation of the centre of mass motion and the inertia of energy he shows that the conservation of mass is a special application of his energy principle E= Mc2 - Weil: 12 & 13.Among the many papers in this volume we have Max von Laue: Zur Thermodynamik der Inteferenzerscheinungen. pp. 365-378. hardcover

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