Albert EinsteinBiblio.com
Albert EinsteinBiblio.com
Essays in Physics
réf. B9781258003166Hardback. New. hardcover
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réf. 67-01046Philosophical Library. Hardcover. Very Good. Very good condition with dust jacket. Few tears. Philosophical Library hardcover
réf. B9781258003166Hardback. New. hardcover
réf. 225685/5/33. Germany as an island of intellectuals is no longer possible he writes blaming the fall of his country and exile of his colleagues on poor education a vestige of Bismarck ""I am almost collapsing under all my responsibilities."" A glimpse into the tragic end to the scientific flowering of pre-Nazi Germany along with Einstein's explanation for why it all happened A rare letter from a brief but consequential period in Einstein's life: after he left Germany but before he arrived in America Einstein had long been a revered scientist and member of the Prussian Academy of Sciences and was employed by Berlin University. At the beginning of March 1932 he returned to Germany from a visit to the United States where he had discussed heading the soon-to-open Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton New Jersey. He determined to accept and to spend half the year in Berlin and half the year in Princeton. But that year the Nazis were on the rise. It was becoming increasingly obvious to Einstein that his life was in danger. A Nazi organization published a magazine with Einstein’s picture and the caption “Not Yet Hanged” on the cover. There was even a price on his head. In December 1932 Einstein again left Germany to be a visiting professor at CalTech in Pasadena California. When Hitler was appointed German chancellor on January 30 1933 the physicist had just arrived in New York on his way to California to lecture on his theory of relativity. Nazi persecution of Jews in Germany was now open swift and often violent. Prominent Jews were denounced by Nazi officials attacked in the media and subjected to violence and arrest. As a vocal opponent of Nazism and a staunch advocate of pacifism Einstein was a particularly attractive target. Fortunately at the time Hitler came to power Einstein was already in the United States. Nonetheless the Nazis publicly agitated against Einstein as a symbol of “Jewish degeneracy” and accused him of spreading “atrocity propaganda.” In February and March 1933 the Gestapo repeatedly raided his family’s apartment in Berlin. Despite his own March 15 1933 declaration of self-imposed exile from Nazi Germany as well as warnings from friends that it was too dangerous to return Einstein and his wife decided to travel back to Germany intending to visit their summer cottage. At the end of March they arrived in Antwerp on the SS Belgenland owned by the shipping company Red Star Line. There they learned that Nazis had ransacked their cottage in Caputh at which point they decided that re-entering Germany was unwise. In April 1933 Einstein discovered that the new German government had passed laws barring Jews from holding any official positions including teaching at universities. Thousands of Jewish scientists were suddenly forced to give up their university positions and their names were removed from the rolls of institutions where they were employed. Einstein was now without a permanent home unsure where he would live and work and equally worried about the fate of countless other scientists still in Germany. He rented a house in De Haan Belgium where he lived for a few months. In late July 1933 he went to England for about six weeks where he was introduced to Winston Churchill. Einstein asked Churchill to help bring Jewish scientists out of Germany. British historian Martin Gilbert notes that Churchill responded immediately and sent his friend physicist Frederick Lindemann to Germany to seek out Jewish scientists and place them in British universities. In October 1933 Einstein returned to the US and took up his position at the Institute for Advanced Study. He had already revoked his German citizenship in Brussels and handed in his notice at Berlin University. He would never return to Germany. Michele Angelo Besso was a Swiss/Italian engineer. A Sephardic Jew by birth he was a close friend of Einstein during his years at the Federal Polytechnic Institute in Zurich and then at the patent office in Bern where Einstein helped him to get a job. Einstein called Besso ""the best sounding board in Europe"" for scientific ideas. In Einstein's original paper on special relativity he ended the paper stating ""In conclusion let me note that my friend and colleague M. Besso steadfastly stood by me in my work on the problem here discussed and that I am indebted to him for many a valuable suggestion."" After his resignation in 1890 Otto von Bismarck was venerated as unified Germany’s founding father not only during the remaining twenty-eight years of the monarchy but also albeit less emphatically in the Weimar Republic in Nazi Germany and in the Federal Republic. Throughout Germany numerous Bismarck statues are testament to the admiration. Hamburg has three. His memorialisation even went beyond Germany; the capital of the US state of North Dakota for example is named after him. Einstein was evidently not a proponent of the erstwhile unifier of Germany. As Einstein wrote of Bismarck’s influence ""The characteristic feature of this mentality is that people place the importance of what Bertrand Russell so tellingly terms “naked power” far above all other factors which affect the relations between peoples. The Germans misled by Bismarck’s successes in particular underwent just such a transformation of their mentality—in consequence of which they were entirely ruined in less than a hundred years."" In this letter he encourages Besso to let him have his suggestions for saving Hermann Weyl from the regime – through substituting him for Einstein on a proposed trip to Spain would seem disastrously tactless. He sends his regards to Anna Besso with the rueful remark that the German example bodes ill for an intellectual utopia which she had proposed. Weyl would go on work with him at Princeton. These two men were among Einstein's closest friends and colleague - Jewish or closely tied to Jewish relatives. He is rushing to get them out. Typed letter signed in German Le Coq-sur-mer Belgium May 5th 1933 to Besso. ""Dear Michele! I was not affected personally but just about everybody else who is kind of close to me was. Bismarck’s dismal education policy is wreaking havoc again with the German people. ""I would love to follow your suggestion regarding Weyl if I saw any possibility at all especially since I am almost collapsing under all my responsibilities. Even the slightest attempt to replace me with someone else in Spain would without a doubt be perceived as extremely upsetting. Have you not thought of that ""Rushed greetings to you Albert."" He writes a postscript: ""Greetings to Anna from me and tell her she can judge herself based on the current German conditions what her concept of 'island of intellectuals' would look like."" In July 1933 upon Einstein’s request a committee of 51 American artists intellectuals and political leaders came together to form the International Relief Association. Among them were the philosopher John Dewey the writer John Dos Passos and the theologian Reinhold Niebuhr. Other prominent citizens including First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt soon joined the effort. Its mission as The New York Times reported on July 24 1933 was to “assist Germans suffering from the policies of the Hitler regime.” But Einstein did much more. He tried to persuade political leaders in the United States and Europe to take action to help the Jewish populations at risk particularly those of his colleagues in Germany's scientific community which was very hard hit. He worked tirelessly to help Jewish refugees escape the Nazis and to find them places of refuge and employment. Many immigrants to the United States during the mid to late 1930s were Jewish between 1939 and 1940 more than half of all immigrants were Jews most of them refugees fleeing persecution in Europe. <img class=""alignnone wp-image-22732 size-post-window"" src=""https://cdn.raabcollection.com/wp-content/uploads/20231204162353/Folder-site-1600x1327.jpg"" alt="""" width=""1600"" height=""1327"" /> unknown
2001réf. 1-3898211681ibidem-Verlag 2001. Paperback. New. 134 pages. German language. 8.11x5.67x0.39 inches. ibidem-Verlag paperback
1921réf. 5726KBerlin: Verlag der Akademie der Wissenschaften in commission at Walter de Gruyter Reichsdruckerei 3rd February 1921. Near Fine. Imperial 8vo 25 4: 18 2 cm. 8 pages. Letterpress on machine paper in original publisher’s brochure on orange stock with black title printing. First offprint in the original wrappers of Einstein's Celebratory Lecture given at the Prussian Academy on the occasion of the anniversary of King Frederick II it's founder. – Edition: Given in the year when he was awarded the Nobel Prize Einstein in this lecture summarised his views on the geometrization of physics. According to Pais Einstein in present lecture in particular explained why in 1912 he had abandoned Euclidean geometry in favour of Riemannian to proceed successfully with his theory of general relativity. Furthermore Einstein in this lecture presented his view on the place of mathematics in physics. He questioned whether human reasoning even without direct experience could lead to an understanding of the properties of real things merely through thought. Regarding the question of why mathematics should be so well adapted to describing the physical world he concluded 'As far as the laws of mathematics refer to reality they are not certain; and as far as they are certain they do not refer to reality.' – Condition: Mint very probably unread. - Rarity: Very rare. According to Weil early offprints of Einstein’s papers may also be qualified as original and also highly collectable editions however they were printed in a certain but still small print run for commercial use mainly to sell them to fellow natural scientists: „No doubt the first appearance in a periodical is the „original edition“ but I have to leave it open for collectors librarians and others to decide whether these offprints in wrappers mostly with a printed title on them especially in the »Sitzungsberichte der Königlich Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften« are also „original editions“. These offprints are printed from the same setting as the text but often with new pagination.“ p. 4 As of March 2nd 2024 no other copy of this offprint is for sale. – Reference: Reference: Boni N.: A bibliographical checklist and index to the published writings of Albert Einstein 136; The Collected Papers of Albert Einstein. Volume 7 52 also referred to as Einstein 1921b; Shields M. C.: Bibliography der Schriften Einsteins. In: Schilpp P. A.: Albert Einstein als Philosoph und Naturforscher 122; Weil E.: Albert Einstein. A bibliography of his scientific papers 1901-1930 114; Pais A.: Subtle is the Lord. The Science and Life of Albert Einstein 2005 ed. p. 214. Verlag der Akademie der Wissenschaften (in commission at Walter de Gruyter [Reichsdruckerei]) unknown
1921réf. 5725K-2Berlin: Springer Mittler 1921. Near Fine. 8vo 22: 14 3 cm. 20 pages. Letterpress on quality machine paper in original publisher’s brochure on cream stock with black title printing incorporating the publisher's emblem. Expanded version of Einstein's Celebratory Lecture given at the Prussian Academy on the occasion of the anniversary of King Frederick II it's founder. – Edition: Given in the year when he was awarded the Nobel Prize Einstein in this lecture summarised his views on the geometrization of physics. According to Pais Einstein in present lecture in particular explained why in 1912 he had abandoned Euclidean geometry in favour of Riemannian to proceed successfully with his theory of general relativity. The original paper was published as a journal issue of »Sitzungsberichte der Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften« 1921 part 1 p. 123. – Condition: Wrappers with some little creasing and minor staining staples rusty otherwise well preserved copy printed on white quality paper. – Reference: Boni N.: A bibliographical checklist and index to the published writings of Albert Einstein 122; The Collected Papers of Albert Einstein. Volume 7 52 also referred to as Einstein 1921a; Shields M. C.: Bibliography der Schriften Einsteins. In: Schilpp P. A.: Albert Einstein als Philosoph und Naturforscher 122; Weil E.: Albert Einstein. A bibliography of his scientific papers 1901-1930 115; Pais A.: Subtle is the Lord. The Science and Life of Albert Einstein 2005 ed. p. 214. Springer (Mittler) unknown
réf. ria9780826407474_inpPaperback. New. New Book; Fast Shipping from UK; Not signed; Not First Edition; N/A paperback
réf. 64341756Continuum International Publishing Group . Papeback. New. pp. 336 Continuum International Publishing Group unknown
réf. BN303257Grundzüge der Relativitätstheorie Grundzüge der Relativitätstheorie Albert Einstein unknown
réf. BN514308Grundzüge der Relativitätstheorie Grundzüge der Relativitätstheorie Albert Einstein unknown
réf. ria9783540878469_inpPaperback. New. New Book; Fast Shipping from UK; Not signed; Not First Edition; In der vorliegenden Ausarbeitung . wollte ich die Hauptgedanken und mathematischen Methoden der Relativitätstheorie zusammenfassen. Dabei habe ich mich bemüht alles weniger Wesentliche wegzulassen das Grundsätzliche aber doch so paperback
1988réf. 333798New York: Bonanza Books 1988. First Edition Thus; Twenty-Third Printing. Hardcover. Very Good in a Very Good dust jacket. Small closed tear on spine crown. Spine slightly cocked.; 384 pages. Bonanza Books hardcover
1954réf. 096396Crown Publishers 1954. 1st Edition 1st Printing. Hardcover. Very Good/Good. Very good clean tight condition. First American edition first printing. Jacket price $4.00 has tape and edge wear. Jacket in mylar cover. Previous owners name on bookplate and on top of closed pages. Text free of marks. Professional book dealer since 1999. All orders are processed promptly and carefully packaged. Crown Publishers hardcover
1954réf. 215859New York: Crown Publishers 1954. First Edition; First Printing. Hardcover. Very Good in boards. Crown Publishers hardcover
2010réf. 042673London: The Folio Society 2010. 1st Thus. Hardcover. As New/No Dust Jacket. Octavo. pp XVIII 370. 1st printing. An unread book in a fine condition slipcase showing slight use. The Folio Society hardcover
1985réf. Q-0517556014Crown Publishers 1985-12-13. Paperback. New. In shrink wrap. Looks like an interesting title! Crown Publishers paperback
1988réf. 154135New York: Bonanza Books 1988. Hardcover. Near Fine in a Near Fine dust jacket. Light crease on front flap.; 8.1 X 5.6 X 1.3 inches; 384 pages. Bonanza Books hardcover
réf. 146349New York: Bonanza Books 1954. Reprint; Fourteenth Printing. Hardcover. Very Good in a Very Good dust jacket. Foxing on top text block edge. 1/4 inch open tear at top of rear flap fold.; 8.1 X 5.6 X 1.3 inches; 384 pages. Bonanza Books hardcover
1988réf. 146907New York: Wings Books 1988. Forty-Third Printing. Hardcover. Very Good in a Near Fine dust jacket. Owner personalization on FEP.; 8.1 X 5.6 X 1.3 inches; 384 pages. Wings Books hardcover
1988réf. 124910New York: Bonanza Books 1988. Hardcover. Very Good in a Very Good dust jacket.; 8.1 X 5.6 X 1.3 inches; 384 pages. Bonanza Books hardcover
1702réf. 1536217/02/1953. In this letter from Einstein to David Bohm Einstein discusses the importance of connecting a key principle of the relatively new theory of quantum mechanics the “Born interpretation” to physical quantities that can be measured in the real world. To him it is essential that mathematical theories be connected to measurable quantities. In this letter Einstein’s uneasiness with quantum mechanics is apparent saying that validation of the seemingly random quantum mechanics “…can only be done on the basis of classical mechanics.” Without this validation quantum theory has essentially “no controllable meaning.” <img class=""alignnone wp-image-22637 size-post-window"" src=""https://cdn.raabcollection.com/wp-content/uploads/20231204163327/Einstein-born-2-e1639117238988-1600x656.jpg"" alt="""" width=""1600"" height=""656"" /> Max Born was a renowned physicist who was crucial for the development of quantum mechanics and also the Ph.D. supervisor of many important physicists including J. Robert Oppenheimer. Quantum mechanics describes the weird behavior of tiny subatomic particles. It’s also the guiding theory that led to critical technologies like nuclear power MRI machines and transistors in computers and phones. One of Born’s biggest contributions to quantum mechanics was the interpretation of the probability density which is a mathematical operation performed on the “psi-function” in Einstein’s words to predict the most probable physical quantities of a quantum particle. Einstein believed that probabilities only make sense if you can determine the values that they predict independently by measurement. This is easy to do in classical Newtonian mechanics the physics of big things in everyday life. But Einstein said we can’t measure it for something like a “bound electron” i.e. an electron in an atom. In order to interpret Born’s probability density function you need to connect the mathematics to real values. Einstein’s correspondence with Born on this subject is published and famous. To Einstein the universe is observable and measurable. When confronted with one of the principle tenets of Quantum Mechanics Einstein remarked now famously “Quantum mechanics is very imposing. But an inner voice tells me that it is not the real McCoy. The theory delivers a lot but hardly brings us closer to the secret of the Old One God. I for one am convinced that He does not throw dice.” This statement was made in one of those significant letters to Born. What he meant here is that rules of science cannot be random and in the rolling of dice we would have to accept unknown variables and therefore be unable to predict precisely via objective measurements. Therefore in Quantum Mechanics as in gambling an uncertainty of measurement exists. And to Einstein the universe is observable and measurable. He did not object to Quantum Mechanics per se; indeed he made notable contributions. But he eschewed any reliance on what was not observable and knowable. <img class=""alignnone wp-image-22634 size-post-window"" src=""https://cdn.raabcollection.com/wp-content/uploads/20231204163356/Einstein-born-5-e1639117103621-1600x616.jpg"" alt="""" width=""1600"" height=""616"" /> David Joseph Bohm was an American scientist who has been described as one of the most significant theoretical physicists of the 20th century and who contributed unorthodox ideas to quantum theory neuropsychology and the philosophy of mind. His first book Quantum Theory published in 1951 was well received by Einstein among others. But Bohm became dissatisfied with the orthodox interpretation of quantum theory he had written about in that book.Bohm’s aim was not to set out a deterministic mechanical viewpoint but to show that it was possible to attribute properties to an underlying reality in contrast to the conventional approach. He began to develop his own interpretation the De Broglie–Bohm theory also called the Pilot wave theory the predictions of which agreed perfectly with the non-deterministic quantum theory. He initially referred to his approach as a hidden variable theory. Bohm originally hoped that hidden variables could provide a local causal objective description that would resolve or eliminate many of the paradoxes of Quantum Mechanics the measurement problem and the collapse of the wavefunction. However Bell’s theorem complicates this hope as it demonstrates that there can be no local hidden variable theory that is compatible with the predictions of Quantum Mechanics. The Bohmian interpretation is causal but not local. Albert Einstein who had suggested that Bohm search for a realist alternative to the prevailing Copenhagen approach did not consider Bohm’s interpretation to be a satisfactory answer to the quantum question. The Copenhagen interpretation is an expression of the meaning of Quantum Mechanics that was largely devised in the years 1925 to 1927 by Niels Bohr and Werner Heisenberg. It remains one of the most commonly taught interpretations of Quantum Mechanics. According to the Copenhagen interpretation physical systems generally do not have definite properties prior to being measured and Quantum Mechanics can only predict the probabilities that measurements will produce certain results. The act of measurement affects the system causing the set of probabilities to reduce to only one of the possible values immediately after the measurement. In classical mechanics a particle has at every moment an exact position and an exact momentum. These values change deterministically as the particle moves according to Newton’s laws. Under the Copenhagen interpretation of Quantum Mechanics particles do not have exactly determined properties and when they are measured the result is randomly drawn from a probability distribution. The Schrödinger equation predicts what the probability distributions are but fundamentally cannot predict the exact result of each measurement. <img class=""alignnone wp-image-22633 size-post-window"" src=""https://cdn.raabcollection.com/wp-content/uploads/20231204163406/Einstein-born-e1639117155596-1600x360.jpg"" alt="""" width=""1600"" height=""360"" /> Typed letter signed on his blind embossed letterhead February 17 1953 Professor Bohm. “Dear Bohm: I thank you very much for the prompt reaction to my little article. I did of course not expect that you would agree with me. For scarcely anyone is inclined to abandon an enterprise in which le has invested a great deal of work. “I do not want to answer your letter in detail although it deserves it very much. Only a short remark concerning the interpretation of Born’s standpoint: “According to Born the physical meaning of the psi-function follows: it determines probabilities f.i. for the value of impulses. this makes sense only if the impulse is defined independently of the mathematical theory by some feasible measurement. This can only be done on the basis of classical mechanics. F.i. if one has calculated the impulse of a bound electron on the basis of a psi-function then this result has no controllable meaning. For there is no possibility to measure such a thing not even approximately. However if one has to do with a makro-object which is at least temporarily approximately free then one is able to determine experimentally at least approximately its impulsef.i. through two successive snapshots or through radar. If it is at all possible to attribute meaning to Born’s interpretation then the impulse the probability of which appears in the theory has to be put equal to the impulse thus measured. Classical approxi_mate measurement of the impulse is however in my example very well feasible without first removing the walls and then waiting some time. Born’s probability therefore has to be interpreted as relative to the impulse thus measured if this probability is to have any meaning at all. “The vanishing of position-probability for the nodes offers no difficulty though it is true that this fact excludes the interpretation of the process as a motion in the strict sense of the word. For the factual process will only approximately be describable as a motion as f.i. the action of a gas upon a small part of the wall is describable only approximately by the concept of pressure. “With regard to the publication of your remarks in the Born volume I have some scruples the reason for which you will readily understand. I have sent a copy of my article to you but not to de Broglie because this would have seemed to me somewhat pretentious. If therefore your answer would be published together with my remarks without de Broglie having had the possibility to do the same he might feel it as an unkindness from my side. “This would be avoided if you would send De Broglie my remarks together with your reply adding that you do this with my consent. If you have done this and have received his reaction to it – then the editors of the Born volume can be approached in the matter. I would consider it as reasonable and justified to do so.” <img class=""alignnone wp-image-22636 size-post-window"" src=""https://cdn.raabcollection.com/wp-content/uploads/20231204163341/Einstein-born-3-1-e1639117201589-1600x672.jpg"" alt="""" width=""1600"" height=""672"" /> This is a remarkably detailed scientific letter mentioning numerous significant physicists containing a hand-drawn symbol and directly relating to his important theories. It is also in a sense his defense of his own work including relativity. unknown
réf. 61-03237Dover Publications. Paperback. Good. Good condition with wear and marking. Dover Publications paperback
1918réf. 5720KBerlin: Verlag der Königlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften in commission at Georg Reimer Reichsdruckerei 21st March 1918. Near Fine. Imperial 8vo 26 5: 19 cm. 3 pages numbered 269-272. Letterpress on machine paper in original publisher’s brochure on orange-coloured stock with black title printing. First journal issue in the original printed wrappers of Einstein's early paper on the cosmological implications of general relativity. – Contents: Einstein here criticizes De Sitter's equations for gravitational fields and provides the first proper definition of a space-time singularity. „Einstein never said so explicitly but it seems reasonable to assume that he had in mind that the correct equations should have no solutions at all in the absence of matter. However right after his Einstein's paper »Kosmologische Betrachtungen zur allgemeinen Relativitätstheorie“ mid February 2017 note WoP paper appeared de Sitter did find a solution . Einstein must have been disappointed. In 1918 he looked for ways to rule out the de Sitter solution but soon realized that there is nothing wrong with it.“ Paise Despite Einstein's critique the De Sitter model was the dominant cosmological model until the 1930s at which time Einstein and de Sitter together proposed a ""just right"" cosmological model. The great cosmological debate between Einstein and De Sitter marks the beginning of the modern scientific understanding of the origins of the universe. The Academy's publishing list on the rear cover also announces an offprint of this paper for Reichsmark 0 50. – Condition: Wrappers at margins minimally torn sheet with Einstein's contribution opened and thus cut slighly perforated some pages minimally creased otherwise well preserved partly unopened copy. – Rarity: RBH records 3 copies of this paper at auction 2019 2011 2002 none of them the first separate printing. – Reference: Alicke W. Albert Einstein. An Almost Complete Collection of his Publications and Two Original Manuscripts 91; Boni N.: A bibliographical checklist and index to the published writings of Albert Einstein 108; The Collected Papers of Albert Einstein. Volume 7 5; Shields M. C.: Bibliography der Schriften Einsteins. In: Schilpp P. A.: Albert Einstein als Philosoph und Naturforscher 117; Weil E.: Albert Einstein. A bibliography of his scientific papers 1901-1930 98; Pais A.: Subtle is the Lord. The Science and Life of Albert Einstein 2005 ed. p. 288. Verlag der Königlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften (in commission at Georg Reimer [Reichsdruckerei]) unknown
