Nuclear

Nuclear — marelibri

American Nuclear Society and United States Atomic Energy CommissionBiblio.com

Symposium on Engineering with Nuclear Explosives January 14-16 1970 Las Vegas Nevada; Summaries CONF-700101

1970ref. 83909Washington DC: American Nuclear Society and United States Atomic Energy Commission 1970. Presumed First Edition First printing. Wraps. Fair. 4 106 pages. Front cover missing. Contents include: Plenary Session Nuclear Excavation Nuclear Excavation Effects Underground Nuclear Effects Radioactivity Oil and Gas Mineral Recovery Nuclear Operations Seismic Effects Water Resources Development Scientific Applications Underground Engineering Applications Closing Plenary Session and Index to Authors. This symposium on 'Engineering with Nuclear Explosives' reports to the Plowshare community both national and international the progress achieved since April 1964 the date of the Third Plowshare Symposium. In structuring the technical presentations contributions of broadest interest were placed at the beginning thus forming a common base of current information and applied science understanding developed in support of Plowshare technology. Sessions of specialty or pertaining to specific areas of application and engineering follow logically in the program. The Plenary Session reviewed the current status of the Plowshare Program from the technical government and industrial points of view. The 112 papers presented at 15 technical sessions covered all technical aspects of the Plowshare Program. The conference summary reviewed principal themes areas of significant advance and subjects requiring further attention that emerged during the technical conference. The full proceedings were issued in two volumes the fuller volume was reportedly approximately 850 pages. This volume consists of presentation summaries. Peaceful nuclear explosions PNEs are nuclear explosions conducted for non-military purposes. Proposed uses include excavation for the building of canals and harbors electrical generation the use of nuclear explosions to drive spacecraft and as a form of wide-area fracking. PNEs were an area of some research from the late 1950s into the 1980s primarily in the United States and Soviet Union. In the U.S. a series of tests were carried out under Project Plowshare. Some of the ideas considered included blasting a new Panama Canal constructing the proposed Nicaragua Canal the use of underground explosions to create electricity project PACER and a variety of mining geological and radionuclide studies. The largest of the excavation tests was carried out in the Sedan nuclear test in 1962 which released large amounts of radioactive gas into the air. By the late 1960s public opposition to Plowshare was increasing and a 1970s study of the economics of the concepts suggested they had no practical use. Plowshare saw decreasing interest from the 1960s and was officially canceled in 1977. The Soviet program started a few years after the U.S. efforts and explored many of the same concepts under their Nuclear Explosions for the National Economy program. The program was more extensive eventually conducting 239 nuclear explosions. Some of these tests also released radioactivity including a significant release of plutonium into the groundwater and the polluting of an area near the Volga River. A major part of the program in the 1970s and 80s was the use of very small bombs to produce shock waves as a seismic measuring tool and as part of these experiments two bombs were successfully used to seal blown-out oil wells. The program officially ended in 1988. As part of ongoing arms control efforts both programs came to be controlled by a variety of agreements. Most notable among these is the 1976 Treaty on Underground Nuclear Explosions for Peaceful Purposes PNE Treaty. The Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty of 1996 prohibits all nuclear explosions regardless of whether they are for peaceful purposes or not. Since that time the topic has been raised several times often as a method of asteroid impact avoidance. American Nuclear Society, and United States Atomic Energy Commission paperback

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Blue Ribbon Commission on America's Nuclear FutureBiblio.com

Report to the Secretary of Energy

2012ref. 73678Washington DC: Blue Ribbon Commission on America's Nuclear Future 2012. Presumed First Edition First printing. Wraps. Good. xxi1 158 pages. Illustrations color. Maps. Endnotes. Cover creased and has slight wear and soiling. Members of the commission included: Lee Hamilton Brent Scowcroft Albert Carnesdale Pete Domenici Susan Eisenhower Chuck Hagel and Ernest Moniz. A Blue Ribbon Commission on America's Nuclear Future was appointed by President Obama to look into future options for existing and future nuclear waste following the ending of work on the incomplete Yucca Mountain Repository. At present there are 70 nuclear power plant sites where 65000 tons of spent fuel is stored in the USA. Each year more than 2000 tons are added to this total. Nine states have "explicit moratoria on new nuclear power until a storage solution emerges". A deep geological repository seems to be the favored approach to storing nuclear waste. On January 26 2012 the Commission submitted its final report to Energy Secretary Steven Chu. The Commission put forth seven recommendations for developing a comprehensive strategy to pursue. A major recommendation was that "the United States should undertake an integrated nuclear waste management program that leads to the timely development of one or more permanent deep geological facilities for the safe disposal of spent fuel and high-level nuclear waste". On January 26 2012 the Commission submitted its final report to Energy Secretary Steven Chu. In their final report the Commission put forth several recommendations for developing a comprehensive strategy to pursue. A major recommendation was that "the United States should undertake an integrated nuclear waste management program that leads to the timely development of one or more permanent deep geological facilities for the safe disposal of spent fuel and high-level nuclear waste". There is an "international consensus on the advisability of storing nuclear waste in deep underground repositories" but no country in the world has yet opened such a site. In their final report the Commission put forth seven recommendations for developing a comprehensive strategy to pursue: Recommendation #1--The United States should undertake an integrated nuclear waste management program that leads to the timely development of one or more permanent deep geological facilities for the safe disposal of spent fuel and high-level nuclear waste. Recommendation #2--A new single-purpose organization is needed to develop and implement a focused integrated program for the transportation storage and disposal of nuclear waste in the United States. Recommendation #3--Assured access to the balance in the Nuclear Waste Fund NWF and to the revenues generated by nuclear waste fee payments from utility ratepayers is absolutely essential and must be provided to the new nuclear waste management organization. Recommendation #4--A new approach is needed to site and develop nuclear waste facilities in the United States in the future. We believe that these processes are most likely to succeed if they are: · Adaptive-in the sense that process itself is flexible and produces decisions that are responsive to new information and new technical social or political developments. · Staged-in the sense that key decisions are revisited and modified as necessary along the way rather than being pre-determined in advance. · Consent-based-in the sense that affected communities have an opportunity to decide whether to accept facility siting decisions and retain significant local control. · Transparent-in the sense that all stakeholders have an opportunity to understand key decisions and engage in the process in a meaningful way. · Standards- and science-based-in the sense that the public can have confidence that all facilities meet rigorous objective and consistently-applied standards of safety and environmental protection. · Governed by partnership arrangements or legally-enforceable agreements with host states tribes and local communities. Recommendation #5--The current division of regulatory responsibilities for long-term repository performance between the NRC and the EPA is appropriate and should continue. The two agencies should develop new site-independent safety standards in a formally coordinated joint process that actively engages and solicits input from all the relevant constituencies. Recommendation #6--The roles responsibilities and authorities of local state and tribal governments with respect to facility siting and other aspects of nuclear waste disposal must be an element of the negotiation between the federal government and the other affected units of government in establishing a disposal facility. In addition to legally-binding agreements as discussed in Recommendation #4 all affected levels of government local state tribal etc. must have at a minimum a meaningful consultative role in all other important decisions. Additionally states and tribes should retain-or where appropriate be delegated-direct authority over aspects of regulation permitting and operations where oversight below the federal level can be exercised effectively and in a way that is helpful in protecting the interests and gaining the confidence of affected communities and citizens. Recommendation #7--The Nuclear Waste Technical Review Board NWTRB should be retained as a valuable source of independent technical advice and review. Blue Ribbon Commission on America's Nuclear Future paperback

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Nuclear

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