Nuclear

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Union Carbide Nuclear Company Oak Ridge Gaseous Diffusion Plant Operations Analysis DivisionBiblio.com

Table of the Cascade Productivity Function

1961ref. 59628Oak Ridge TN: Union Carbide Nuclear Company 1961. Presumed First Edition First printing thus. Wraps. Good. No dust jacket. vi 80 pages. Highlighting/underlining. Name of previous owner present. Ink notation on front cover. Cover has some wear and soiling. Underlining noted at one line of text. Report Number KOA-888. Marked UNCLASSIFIED. Prepared for the Atomic Energy Commission under U. S. Government Contract W7405 eng 26. There are mathematical formulae and a large number of numerical values presented. There is only a limited amount of text. K-25 was the codename given by the Manhattan Project during World War II for the project to produce enriched uranium for atomic bombs using the gaseous diffusion method. Over time it came to refer to the production facility located at the Clinton Engineer Works in Oak Ridge Tennessee the main gaseous diffusion building and ultimately the site. When it was built in 1944 the four-story K-25 gaseous diffusion plant was the world's largest building with over 1640000 square feet of floor space and a volume of 97500000 cubic feet . The highly corrosive uranium hexafluoride UF6 was the only known compound of uranium sufficiently volatile to be used in this process. Slightly enriched product from the S-50 thermal diffusion plant was fed into the K-25 gaseous diffusion plant. The enriched uranium was used in the Little Boy atomic bomb used in the atomic bombing of Hiroshima. In 1946 the K-25 gaseous diffusion plant became capable of producing highly enriched product. After the war four more gaseous diffusion plants were added to the site named K-27 K-29 K-31 and K-33. The K-25 site was renamed the Oak Ridge Gaseous Diffusion Plant in 1955. Production of enriched uranium ended in 1964. Union Carbide Nuclear Company paperback

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United States Department of Defense Office of the Deputy Assistant to the Secretary of Defense (Nuclear Matters)Biblio.com

Systems Nuclear Survivability Guidebook

1999ref. 70684Washington DC: United States. Department of Defense 1999. First Edition stated. Presumed First Printing. Trade paperback. Very good. xviii 62 pages. Includes: Illustrations Diagrams. Acronyms and Abbreviations. Cover has slight wear and soiling. Nuclear weapons life extension and countering nuclear threats will continue to be a central concern for the United States and the Department of Defense. The Department has identified the dual missions of sustaining a safe secure and effective nuclear deterrent and countering the threat from nuclear terrorism and nuclear proliferation as among the most important for U.S. national security priorities. Nuclear Matters serves as the focal point for these missions within the Department of Defense. "To deter nuclear war and serve as last resort weapons of self-defense. In this sense U.S. nuclear weapons are fundamental to our nation's security and have historically provided a deterrent against aggression and security assurance to U.S. allies. A robust flexible and survivable U.S. nuclear arsenal underpins the U.S. ability to deploy conventional forces worldwide; provides the Commander-in-Chief with credible response options to strengthen deterrence; and supports U.S. nonproliferation goals by extending deterrence to allies thereby dissuading them from developing their own nuclear weapons." Secretary of Defense Mattis at his confirmation hearing January 2017 This was intended to be a basic reference on the nuclear hardening of military systems. This Guidebook was not intended to be a definitive document on the effects of nuclear weapons or a "how to" guide for Project Managers but rather it provides information to staff officers who require a basic understanding of nuclear hardening as it relates to the acquisition of nuclear survivable systems. The information is this Guidebook was current as of September 1999. Nuclear weapon system survivability is concerned with the ability of U.S. nuclear deterrent forces to survive against the entire threat spectrum that includes but is not limited to nuclear weapon effects. The vast range of potential threats include: · conventional and electronic weaponry; · nuclear biological and chemical weapons; · advanced technology weapons such as high-power microwaves and radio frequency weapons; · terrorism or sabotage; and · the initial effects of a nuclear detonation. Put simply nuclear weapon effects survivability refers to the ability of any and all personnel equipment and systems including but not limited to nuclear systems to survive nuclear weapon effects. Nuclear weapon system survivability refers to nuclear weapon systems being survivable against any threat including but not limited to the nuclear threat. Nuclear hardness describes the ability of a system to withstand the effects of a nuclear detonation and to avoid internal malfunction or performance degradation. Hardness measures the ability of a system's hardware to withstand physical effects such as overpressure peak velocities energy absorbed and electrical stress. This reduction in hardware vulnerability can be achieved through a variety of well-established design specifications or through the selection of well-built and well-engineered components. This appendix does not address residual nuclear weapon effects such as fallout nor does it discuss nuclear contamination survivability. United States. Department of Defense paperback

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National Research Council, and Committee to Provide Interim Oversight of the Doe Nuclear Weapons ComplexBiblio.com

The Nuclear Weapons Complex: Management for Health Safety and the Environment

1989ref. 65251National Academies Press 1989. Trade paperback. Very good. No dust jacket as issued. References. Abbreviations. x 146 p. In this volume the National Research Council examines problems arising throughout government-owned contractor-operated facilities in the United States engaged in activities to build nuclear weapons. The book draws conclusions about and makes recommendations for the health and safety of the nuclear weapons complex and addresses pressing environmental concerns. In addition the book examines the future of the complex and offers suggestions for its modernization. Several explanatory appendixes provide useful background information on the functioning of the complex criticality safety plutonium chemistry and weapons physics. In the aftermath of the accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power station the Department of energy DOE asked the National Research Council to examine possible implications of the accident for the large reactors operated by the Department. The reactors included those then operating at the Savannah River Site in South Carolina and at the Hanford Nuclear Reservation in the state of Washington. In response the National Research Council issued reports in 1987 and 1988 that focused on a variety of safety management and technical issues. In the meantime concerns developed with regard to the other nonreactor facilities in the nuclear weapons complex. As a result of these concerns Congress directed the Secretary of Energy to request that the National Research Concil report its conclusions and recommendations concerning health safety and environmental issues arising throughout the complex and steps that would enhance the safety of operations at the facilties. This report fulfills the Secretary's request. National Academies Press paperback

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Lawrence Radiation Laboratory, Division of Peaceful Nuclear ExplosivesBiblio.com

Photograph of Aerial View of Test Site Gasbuggy Aerial View

1964ref. 11228Livermore CA: Lawrence Radiation Laboratory c. 1964. Presumed first iteration thus. Photograph. good. 1 photo color photo approx. 20" x 16" mounted on board 24" x 20" some soiling to board and some wear along edges. Peaceful nuclear explosions PNEs are nuclear explosions conducted for non-military purposes such as activities related to economic development including the creation of canals. During the 1960s and 1970s both the United States and the Soviet Union conducted a number of PNEs. Six of the explosions by the Soviet Union are considered to have been of an applied nature not just tests. Subsequently the United States and the Soviet Union halted their programs. Definitions and limits are covered in the Peaceful Nuclear Explosions Treaty of 1976. In the PNE Treaty the signatories agreed: not to carry out any individual nuclear explosions having a yield exceeding 150 kilotons; not to carry out any group explosion consisting of a number of individual explosions having an aggregate yield exceeding 1500 kilotons; and not to carry out any group explosion having an aggregate yield exceeding 150 kilotons unless the individual explosions in the group could be identified and measured by agreed verification procedures. The parties also reaffirmed their obligations to comply fully with the Limited Test Ban Treaty of 1963. The parties reserve the right to carry out nuclear explosions for peaceful purposes in the territory of another country if requested to do so but only in full compliance with the yield limitations and other provisions of the PNE Treaty and in accord with the Non-Proliferation Treaty. The Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty of 1996 prohibits all nuclear explosions regardless of whether they are for peaceful purposes or not. Project Gasbuggy was an underground nuclear detonation carried out by the United States Atomic Energy Commission on December 10 1967 in rural northern New Mexico. It was part of Operation Plowshare a program designed to find peaceful uses for nuclear explosions. Gasbuggy was carried out by the Lawrence Radiation Laboratory and the El Paso Natural Gas Company with funding from the Atomic Energy Commission. Its purpose was to determine if nuclear explosions could be useful in fracturing rock formations for natural gas extraction. The site lying in the Carson National Forest is approximately 34 km 21 mi southwest of Dulce New Mexico and 87 km 54 mi east of Farmington and was chosen because natural gas deposits were known to be held in sandstone beneath Leandro Canyon. A 29 kt 120 TJ device was placed at a depth of 1288 m 4227 ft underground then the well was backfilled before the device was detonated; a crowd had gathered to watch the detonation from atop a nearby butte. The detonation took place after a couple of delays the last one caused by a breakdown of the explosive refrigeration system. The detonation produced a rubble chimney that was 24 m 80 ft wide and 102 m 335 ft high above the blast center. After an initial surface cleanup effort the site sat idle for over a decade. A later surface cleanup effort primarily tackled leftover toxic materials. In 1978 a marker monument was installed at the Surface Ground Zero SGZ point that provided basic explanation of the historic test. Below the main plaque lies another which indicates that no drilling or digging is allowed without government permission. The site is publicly accessible via the Carson National Forest F.S. 357 dirt road/Indian J10 that leads into the Carson National Forest. Following the Project Gasbuggy test two subsequent nuclear explosion fracturing experiments were conducted in western Colorado in an effort to refine the technique. They were Project Rulison in 1969 and Project Rio Blanco in 1973. In both cases the gas radioactivity was still seen as too high and in the last case the triple-blast rubble chimney structures disappointed the design engineers. Soon after that test the ~ 15-year Project Plowshare program funding dried up. These early fracturing tests were later superseded by hydraulic fracturing fracking technologies. Lawrence Radiation Laboratory unknown

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