Théorie

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DIRAC, PAM (PAUL ADRIEN MAURICE). - THE RADIATION THEORY, THE BIRTH OF QUANTUM ELECTRODYNAMICS P A MBiblio.com

The Quantum Theory of Emission and Absorption of Radiation. The Quantum Theory of Dispersion. 2 Papers.

1927rif. 47023London Harrison And Sons Ltd. 1927. Royal8vo. Contemp. full cloth. A small stamp on verso of titlepage. In: "Proceedings of the Royal Society of London" Series A Vol. 114. VIIX748 pp. entire volume offered. Dirac's papers: pp. 243-265 a. pp. 710-728. Clean and fine. First appearance of these milestone papers in Quantum Physics constituting the first step in Quantum Field Theory and the invention of the Second Quantifization Method. By these papers Dirac "gave the foundation for that theory quantum electrodynamics"Pais."A New Radiation Theory. Dirac liked his transformation theory because it was the outcome of a planned line of research and not a fortuitous discovery. He forced his future investigations to fit it. The first results of this strategy were almost miraculous. First came his new radiation theory in February 1927 which quantized for the first time James Clerk Maxwell’s radiation in interaction with atoms. Previous quantum-mechanical studies of radiation problems except for Jordan’s unpopular attempt retained purely classical fields. In late 1925 Jordan had applied Heisenberg’s rules of quantization to continuous free fields and obtained a light-quantum structure with the expected statistics Bose Einstein and dual fluctuation properties. Dirac further demonstrated that spontaneous emission and its characteristics—previously taken into account only by special postulates—followed from the interaction between atoms and the quantum field. Essential to this success was the fact that Dirac’s transformation theory eliminated from the interpretation of the quantum formalism every reference to classical emitted radiation contrary to Heisenberg’s original point of view and also to Schrödinger’s concept of as a classical source of field.This work was done during Dirac’s visit to Copenhagen in the winter of 1927. Presumably to please Bohr who insisted on wave-particle duality and equality Dirac opposed the "corpuscular point of view" to the quantized electromagnetic "wave point of view." He started with a set of massless Bose particles described by symmetric waves in configuration space. As he discovered by’ playing with the equations ’ this description was equivalent to a quantized Schrödinger equation in the space of one particle; this’ second quantization’ was already known to Jordan who during 1927 extended it into the basic modern quantum field representation of matter. Dirac limited his use of second quantization electromagnetic to radiation: to establish that the corpuscular point of view once brought into this form was equivalent to the wave point of view."DSB. hardcover

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HELMHOLTZ, HERMANN von - FOUNDING THE MODERN THEORY OF COLOURBiblio.com

Ueber Hrn. Brewster's neue Analyse des Sonnenlichts.

1852rif. 43564Leipzig Johann Ambrosius Barth 1852. Without wrappers as issued in "Annalen der Physik und Chemie. Hrsg.von Poggendorff" Dritte Reihe Bd. 26 Achtes Stück.= Heft No. 8 of 1852. The entire issue No. 8 offered. Titlepage to vol. 26. Pp. 501-600. Helmholtz's paper: pp. 501-523. Clean and fine. First appearance of this founding paper in the modern theory of colour in which Helmholtz proved the surprising fact that there are only two among the colours of the spectrum yellow and indigo-blue which together yields pure white that is are complementary to each other whereas their combination had always been supposed to produce green."Helmholtz turned to the intricate problems of color vision in 1852 with an attack on Sir David Brewster's new theory of light. Brewster had maintained the objective reality of three primary colors by supposing in opposition to Newton that there exist three distinct kinds of light each of which excites in the eye one of the sensations red yellow or blue. Helmholtz regarded the theory as still another confusion of physical stimulus and subjective responce.He also revived Young's theory of color visoin.only to refute it. He had discovered that spectral colors when mixed always yield a duller color of less-than-spectral saturation. Therefore the whole idea that all colors may be obtained from mixtures of three primary colors must be incorrect he concluded for the spectral colorss at least can never be obtained in their full saturation by mixing any three of their number.Although Helmholtz dismissed Young's theory in 1852 by 1858 he had changed his mind and become its formost advocate. In order to save Ypoung's theory.Helmholtz asumed that Young's physiological primaries are not spectral colors att all but colors of far greater-than-spectral saturation."DSB VI pp. 246-247. Garrison & Morton 1508. unknown

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FRANCK, J und G HERTZ - PROVING THE QUANTIZED MODEL OF THE BOHR ATOM AND PLANCK'S QUANTUM THEORYBiblio.com

Über Zusammenstösse zwischen Elektronen und den Molekülen des Quecksilberdampfes und die Ionisierungsspannung desselben. Über die Erregung der Quecksilberresonanzlinie 2536 uu durch Elektronenstösse.

1914rif. 48028Braunschweig Friedr. Vieweg & Sohn 1914. Lex8vo. Contemp hcloth gilt spine. Lower spine end a bit frayed otherwise very fine. In: "Verhandlungen der deutschen Physikalischen Gesellschaft im Jahre 1914" 16. Jahrgang. IX1072 pp. Franck & Hertz' papers: pp. 457-467 a. 512-517 textillustr. Fine and clean. First apperance of the famous Franck-Hertz Experiment which is considered as a new and independent support not only of Planck's quantum theory and Einstein's light-quantum hypothesis but also of Bohr's theory of the atom with stationary states of discrete energies.Franck and Hertz were awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1925 for this work and Franck concluded his Nobel lecture with the words "We know only to well that we owe the wide recognition that our work received to contact with the great concepts and ideas of M. Planck and in particular Niels Bohr.""In their famous experiments Franck and Hertz' showed that electrons could impart energy to a mercury atom only if they had a kinetic energy exceeding 4.9 ev. and that exactly this quantum of energy was taken up by the mercury atom causing it to emit light of the resonance line Å 2537. It was the first direct proof of the quantized nature of the energy transfer and of the connection of the quantum DeltaE of energy with the frequency p = DeltaE/h of the light emitted as the result of the transfer. These experiments are rightly regarded as the first decisive proof of the reality of the quantized energy levels that had just been postulated by Niel’s Bohr." DSB.See: Siegmund Brandt "The Harevest of a Century. Discoveries of Modern Physics in 100 Episodes" Episode 25 The Franck-Hartz Experiment 1914 pp. 102-104.The volume contains another importent paper ALBERT EINSTEIN "Beiträge zur Quantentheorie" pp. 820-828. First edition. "In this paper. two considerations are given which are interrelated by a common goal inasmuch as it is attempted to derive two of the most importent achievementss of quantum theory viz. Planck's radiation law and Nernst's third law of thermodynamics in a new manner. The proofs do not involve Boltzmann's equation and are thus based enterely on macroscopic thermodynamics. They do introduce however the quantum hupothesis. Einstein points out that the alleged 'proofs' which try to derive the theorem of Nernst from the mere fact that the heat capacity of all substances goes to zero at absolute zero temterature are not genuine." Cornelius Lanczos.Weil No 67. hardcover

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LE VERRIER, URBAIN JEAN JOSEPH - A CONFIRMATION OF THE GENERAL THEORY OF RELATIVITYBiblio.com

Recherches sur L'Orbite de Mercure et sur ses Pertubations. Détermination de la Masse de Vénus et du Diamètre du Soleil;

1843rif. 42922Paris Imprimerie de Bachelier 1843. 4to. No wrappers as extracted from "Journal de Mathématiques pures et appliquées.Publié par Joseph Liouville" tome VIII. Pp. 273-360. Clean and fine. First appearance of Le Verrier's provisional theory on the motion of Mercury his studies of which eventually did much to demonstrate the validity of Einstein's Theory of Relativity. The planetary orbits should agree with the predictions of the General Theory of relativity but as Einstein pointed out in his "Erklärung der Perihelbewegung des Merkurs aus der allgemeinen Relativitätstheorie" from 1915 the divergences predicted were too small to be observed except in the case of the nearest planet Mercury where the perihelion advance according to the formula reaches the value of 43"" per 100 years being in full agreement with the calculations of Le Verrier who found this unexplained rest in the perihelion advance of Mercury per century if the perturbations due to the other planets are deduced.- Einstein tells in a letter to a friend that for several days he was in a 'state of delirious joy' by this wonderful astronomical confirmation of his theory."Le Verrier first began to study Mercury on the suggestion of Arago in 1840. Astronomers realized that Mercury's perihelion the point at which the orbit of a planet is closest to the sun advanced along its orbit at a rate of 566 seconds per century. Le Verrier calculated that even when taking into account the forces exerted by other planets in the solar system there still existed a discrepancy between calculation and observation. Le Verrier's accurate calculations showed that the planet's perihelion.did indeed advance forty seconds of an arc per century more than could be accounted for by Newton's theory of gravitation even after the minor pertubing effects of the other planets had been allowed for." Asimov. - Le verrier published these findings in the present work carefully as to the mass of the planet comparison with other orbits of planets and their perihelia. At the time Le Verrier put down the discrepancy to mis-observation or mis-calculation.- Sparrow Milestones of Science No. 133. unknown

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