Théorie

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LAURENT, AUGUSTE - THE NUCLEUS THEORY OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDSBiblio.com

Analyse du Spodumène de l'Arriège et de la Wichtyne. Sur de nouveaux Chlorures et Bromures d'Hydrogéne carboné. Sur la Nitronaphtalase la Nitronaphtalèse et la Naphtalase. Sur le Benzoyle et la Benzimide.

1835réf. 49330Paris Crochard 1835. Contemp. hcloth. Gilt lettering to spine. In: "Annales de Chimie et de Physique Par MM. Gay-Lussac et Arago." 2e Series tome 59. 4462 pp. Entire volume offered. Some scattered brownspots. Laurent's papers: pp. 107-111 196-220376-397 a. 397-422. First printing of these importent papers in the history of organic chemistry explaining the differences to Dumas' law of substitutions and introducing a "new type" and what he calls "fundamental and derived radicals". The introduction of the "Nucleus Theory" was the basis for the unitary theory formulated by Gerhardt."While studying the reactions of naphthalene and its compounds with the halogens and nitric acid Laurent was from the start characteristically concerned with the construction of an explanatory theory that would account for these phenomena. Like most creative scientists he generalized his solution to a specific problem through the imaginative use of analogy leading to the elaboration of the first comprehensive theory adequate for dealing with the whole domain of contemporaneous organic chemistry." DSB."A founder of modern organic chemistry Laurent was one of the most important chemists of the nineteenth century. He considered the behavior of matter to be a manifestation of its intimate internal structure which one cannot determine with certainty but which one has to investigate if one wants to understand. Laurent’s preoccupation was to construct a method that could guide the chemist forward along this path from facts to their causes. He was the first chemist to intimately associate crystallo-graphic data and chemical studies. Louis Pasteur and Charles Friedel later followed the way."DSB. hardcover

Herman H. J. Lynge & Søn A/S · Danemark2 000,00 DKK≈ 267,57 €

CARTAN, ELIE - THE EINSTEIN-CARTAN THEORY (ECT) OF GRAVITATIONBiblio.com

Sur une définition géométrique du tenseur d'énergie d'Einstein. Sur une généralisation de la notion de courbure de Riemann et les espaces à torsion. Sur les espaces généralisés et la théorie de la Relativité. Sur les espaces conformes.

1922réf. 48912Paris Gauthier-Villars 1922. 4to. Bound in 2 uniform full cloth but of slightly different sizes. Paperlabels pasted to lower part of spines. A faint stamp to titlepage and some of the issues. In "Comptes Rendus Hebdomadaires des Séances de L'Academie des Sciences" Tome 174. 18151 pp. Entire volume offered. Cartan's papers: pp.437-439 593-595 734-737 857-60 1104-1107. First edition of these papers in which Cartan intruced the concept of "Torsion" the main inspiration for Einstein in his searce for a unified field theory. The ECT of gravity is a modification of the General relativity Theory"The Einstein-Cartan theory also known as the Einstein-Cartan-Sciama-Kibble theory is a classical theory of gravitation similar to general relativity but relaxing the assumption that the affine connection has vanishing antisymmetric part torsion tensor so that the torsion can be coupled to the intrinsic angular momentum spin of matter much in the same way in which the curvature is coupled to the energy and momentum of matter. In fact the spin of matter in curved spacetime requires that torsion is not constrained to be zero but is a variable in the principle of stationary action. Regarding the metric and torsion tensors as independent variables gives the correct generalization of the conservation law for the total orbital plus intrinsic angular momentum to the presence of the gravitational field. The theory was first proposed by Élie Cartan in 1922 and expounded in the following few years. Dennis Sciama and Tom Kibble independently revisited the theory in the 1960s and an important review was published in 1976. Albert Einstein became affiliated with the theory in 1928 during his unsuccessful attempt to match torsion to the electromagnetic field tensor as part of a unified field theory. This line of thought led him to the related but different theory of teleparallelism." Wikipedia. hardcover

Herman H. J. Lynge & Søn A/S · Danemark5 000,00 DKK≈ 668,93 €

CAVENDISH, HENRY - WEIGHING THE WORLD - THE MOST IMPORTENT ADDITION TO GRAVITATION THEORY SINCE NEWTONBiblio.com

Versuche über die Dichtigkeit der Erde zu Bestimmen. Erläutert vom Herausgegeber Gilbert. Experiments to determine the Density of the Earth.

1799réf. 48206Halle Rengerschen Buchhandlung 1799. Without wrappers. In "Annalen der Physik. Herausgegeben von Ludwig Wilhelm Gilbert" Bd. 2 Erstes Stück. The entire issue offered. 1-118 a. 2 folded engraved plates. Cavendish's paper: pp. 1-62. the torsion balance of Michell shown on the plates. First German edition of Cavendish's famous paper in which he calculated the weight of the earth and determined its mass. He also as the first observed gravitational motion of minute portions of matter. He estimates the earth's mass to 66 x 10 to the potential of 24 kg. The original paper "Experiments to determine the Density of the Earth" appeared in Philosophical Transaction 1798."Cavendish published five papers between 1784 and 1809.With one exception they were comparatively minor productions.The exception was his determination of the density of the earth or weighing of the world in 1798 by means of John Michell's torsion balance. The apparatus consisted of two lead balls on either end of a suspended beam; these movable balls were attracted by a pair of stationary lead balls. Cavendish calculated the the force of attraction between the balls fro the observed period of oscillation of the balance and deduced the density of the earth from the force. He found it to be 5.48 times that of water. Cavendish was the first to observe gravitational motions induced by comparatively minute portions of ordinary matter.By weighing the world he rendered the law of gravitation complete. The law was no longer a proportionally statement but a quantitatively exact one; this was the most importent addition to the science of gravitation since Newton."DSB III p. 158.The issue contains further papers by Ritter Chladni et al. unknown

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HERAPATH, JOHN - THE KINETIC THEORY OF GASESBiblio.com

On the Physical Properties of Gases. To Dr. Thomsen A Mathematical Inquiry into the Causes Laws and principal Phaenomena of heat Gases Gravitation &c. 3 Parts.

1816réf. 46878London Baldwin Cradock and Joy 1816 a. 1821. Bound in 2 uniform contemp. moiré boards. Light wear along edges and a fes smaller scratches. In: "Annals of Philosophy; or Magazine of Chemistry Mineralogy Mechanics Natural History. By Thomas Thomson." Vol. VIII and New series Vol. I. VIII479 pp. a. 9 engraved plates VIII479 pp. a. 7 engraved plates. Entire volumes offered. Herapath's papers: pp. 56-60 1816 a. pp. 273-293 340-351 a. 401-416. First printing of these contoversial papers where Herapath revived the kinetic theory of gases. His theory was more or less neglected by the scientific community at his time. The kinetic theory remained dormant and forgotten after Euler's and Bernouilli's work "until 1816 when Herapath proposed a theory which is essential Bernoulli's. Unfortunately he chose to define temperature as being proportional to the momentum rather than the kinetic energy of molecules. Herapath was the first to show more or less that kinetic theory can provide simple explanations for the changes of state diffusion and the propagation of sound."Trousdell "Essayas in the History of Mechanics" pp. 283 ff.Euler Bernoulli Herapath and Waterston may be considered the principal scientists who prior to 1850 attempted a more or less complete mathematical treatment of gases based on a set of molecular postulates. Jamie Wisniak."Having published a preliminary notice of his theory in the Annals of Philosophy in 1816 Herapath submitted a detailed account to the Royal Society in 1820. Davy who was elected to the presidency of the Society in November of that year was primarily responsible for the fate of the paper. Although Davy was already known as an advocate of the qualitative idea that heat is molecular motion he found Herapath’s quantitative development too speculative and complicated; he rejected the hypothesis of an absolute temperature implying an "absolute zero" of cold. Having been told that his paper would not be accepted for publication in the Philosophical Transactions Herapath withdrew it and published it instead in the Annals of Philosophy in 1821. Five years later he launched an attack on Davy in the Times of London accusing him of circulating unfounded criticisms of his experimental work which prevented its publication. Although Davy ignored a series of letters and challenges published in the Times Herapath later claimed Davy’s resignation from the presidency of the Royal Society 1827 as a victory for himself."DSB. hardcover

Herman H. J. Lynge & Søn A/S · Danemark5 500,00 DKK≈ 735,82 €

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