Washington DC: United States Government Printing Office 1928. Presumed first edition/first printing thus. Wraps. Good. No dust jacket. iv 71 pages. Highlighting/underlining. Cover has some wear and soiling. Some edge chipping. A few pencil marks and comments noted. Note the word 'signed' is in the title but this item IS NOT SIGNED. From Wikipedia: "The Kellogg Briand Pact officially the Pact of Paris was a 1928 international agreement in which signatory states promised not to use war to resolve "disputes or conflicts of whatever nature or of whatever origin they may be which may arise among them". Parties failing to abide by this promise "should be denied the benefits furnished by this treaty". It was signed by Germany France and the United States on August 27 1928 and by most other nations soon after. Sponsored by France and the U.S. the Pact renounced the use of war promoted peaceful settlement of disputes and called for collective force to prevent aggression. Its provisions were incorporated into the UN Charter and other treaties and it became a stepping stone to a more activist American policy. It is named after its authors: United States Secretary of State Frank B. Kellogg and French foreign minister Aristide Briand.The 1928 Kellogg Briand Pact was concluded outside the League of Nations and remains a binding treaty under international law. One month following its conclusion a similar agreement General Act for the Pacific Settlement of International Disputes was concluded in Geneva which obliged its signatory parties to establish conciliation commissions in any case of dispute. As a practical matter the Kellogg Briand Pact did not live up to its aim of ending war and in this sense it made no immediate contribution to international peace and proved to be ineffective in the years to come. Moreover the pact erased the legal distinction between war and peace since the signatories having renounced the use of war began to wage wars without declaring them as evidenced by the U.S. intervention in Central America the Japanese invasion of Manchuria in 1931 the Italian invasion of Abyssinia in 1935 the Soviet invasion of Finland in 1939 and the German and Soviet Union invasions of Poland. Nevertheless the pact is an important multilateral treaty because in addition to binding the particular nations that signed it it has also served as one of the legal bases establishing the international norms that the threat or use of military force in contravention of international law as well as the territorial acquisitions resulting from it are unlawful. Notably the pact served as the legal basis for the creation of the notion of crime against peace it was for committing this crime that the Nuremberg Tribunal sentenced a number of people responsible for starting World War II. The interdiction of aggressive war was confirmed and broadened by the United Nations Charter which provides in article 2 paragraph 4 that "All Members shall refrain in their international relations from the threat or use of force against the territorial integrity or political independence of any state or in any other manner inconsistent with the Purposes of the United Nations." One legal consequence of this is that it is clearly unlawful to annex territory by force. However neither this nor the original treaty have prevented the subsequent use of annexation. More broadly there is a strong presumption against the legality of using or threatening military force against another country. Nations that have resorted to the use of force since the Charter came into effect have typically invoked self-defense or the right of collective defense. United States Government Printing Office paperback
Washington DC: U. S. Government Printing Office 2009. Presumed First Edition First printing. Wraps. Very good. iii 1 78 6 pages. Appendix. Cover has minor wear. The Chairman stated that "Our hearing today addressed one of the most important issues in the United States-Russia relationship: The future of efforts to reduce the nuclear arsenals of both countries. The touchstone of this effort is the first Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty START I which significantly reduced United States and Russian nuclear arsenals and included unprecedented transparency verification and data-sharing provisions. It was a foundation of the United States-Russia post-Cold War relationship and heralded a new era in which nuclear armed missiles submarines and bombers were being dismantled and destroyed. It seemed that both countries were beginning to emerge from the doctrine of mutually assured destruction in which security was measured in terms of the massive destruction that each could inflict upon the other." The Chairman later stated: A first key question: Are reductions in United States-Russia and others' nuclear arsenals a good idea . nearly everyone agrees that fewer nuclear weapons makes for a better more stable world. It is after all the basis of our nuclear nonproliferation policy. Significant unilateral reductions unanswered by Russia and other powers are probably unwise. But I am convinced that significant bilateral or multilateral deductions are in the U.S. national interest. I believe the only appropriate role for nuclear weapons is to deter the use of nuclear weapons by others. There is no other reasonable real-world scenario I have seen that justifies any other mission. .Then the United States and Russia-and indeed other declared nuclear states-can drastically cut their nuclear arsenals. I can't fathom that a U.S. President would authorize the use of nuclear weapons against a non-nuclear threat knowing that the consequence would be the crumbling of the entire nuclear nonproliferation regime. U. S. Government Printing Office paperback
Work Rights Press 2003. Hardcover. Very Good. May have limited writing in cover pages. Pages are unmarked. ~ ThriftBooks: Read More Spend Less.Dust jacket quality is not guaranteed. Work Rights Press hardcover
Référence libraire : G0945902131I4N00 ISBN : 0945902131 9780945902133