‎Mathématiques‎

‎"[FOLADARE, JOSEPH ET AL].‎

‎Rocket Ballistic Data. Fin-stabilized and Spin-stabilized Rockets. - [RESTRICTED REPORT ON BALLISTIC ROCKET-CURVES]‎

‎California, California Institute of Technology, 1946. Royal8vo. In the original blue full cloth. Minor wear to extrimities, othervise a very fine and clean copy. XIV, 406 pp.‎

‎"[LEIBNITZ, GOTTFRIED WILHELM].‎

‎Continuatio Analyseos Quadraturarum Rationalium. - [LEIBNITZ ON THE SQUARING OF A CIRCLE]‎

‎Leipzig, Grosse & Gleditsch, 1703. 4to. In: ""Actorum Eruditorum Anno MDCCIII"". The entire volume offered in contemporary full vellum. Hand written title on spine. A yellow label pasted on to top of spine. Two small stamps to title-page and free front end-paper. Library label to pasted down front free end-paper. As usual with various browning to leaves and plates. Pp. 19-26. [Entire volume: (4), 582, pp. + six plates.].‎

‎"[LEIBNIZ, GOTTFRIED WILHELM].‎

‎Observatio, quod rationes sive proportiones non habeant locum circa quantitates nihilo minores, et de vero sensu methodi infinitesimalis. - [LEIBNIZ ON INFINITESIMALS]‎

‎Leipzig, Grosse & Gleditsch, 1712. 4to. In: ""Acta Eruditorum Anno MDCCXII"". The entire volume offered in contemporary full vellum. Hand written title on spine. A yellow label pasted on to top of spine. A small stamp to title-page and free front end-paper. Library label to pasted down front free end-paper. As usual with various browning to leaves and plates. Pp. 167-69. [Entire volume: (2), 555, (35) pp. + five engraved plates.].‎

‎"[MENCKE, JOHANN BURCKHARDT [EDT.]].‎

‎Acta Eruditorum Anno MDCCXXXI.‎

‎Leipzig, Grosse & Gleditsch, 1731. 4to. In: ""Acta Eruditorum Anno MDCCXXXI"". The entire volume offered in contemporary full vellum. Front boards with some miscolouring. Hand written title on spine. A yellow label pasted on to top of spine. A small stamp to title-page and free front end-paper. Library label to pasted down front free end-paper. As usual with various browning to leaves and plates. (4), 560, (38) pp. + 1 plate.‎

‎The last issue of Acta Eruditorum under the editorship of Johann Burckhardt Mencke (1674 - 1732)The offered volume contain many papers by influential contemporary mathematicians, philosophers and historians.‎

书商的参考编号 : 46345

‎"[MENCKE, JOHANN BURCKHARDT [EDT.]].‎

‎Acta Eruditorum Anno MDCCXXXI.‎

‎Leipzig, Grosse & Gleditsch, 1731. 4to. In: ""Acta Eruditorum Anno MDCCXXXI"". The entire volume offered in contemporary full vellum. Front boards with some miscolouring. Hand written title on spine. A yellow label pasted on to top of spine. A small stamp to title-page and free front end-paper. Library label to pasted down front free end-paper. As usual with various browning to leaves and plates. (4), 560, (38) pp. + 1 plate.‎

‎"ABEL, NIELS HENRIK -‎

‎Festskrift ved Hundredaarsjubilæet for Niels Henrik Abels Fødsel.‎

‎Kristiania (Oslo), Jacob Dybwad, 1902. 4to. Ubeskåret i orig. grønt helshirtbd. Forgyldt rygtitel og permtitel. En smule slid ved øverste kapitæl. Portræt af Abel i heliogravure. (12),112,128,62,56,(2), 6 faksimiler (breve etc.) og 1 planche. Eksemplaret har tilhørt Harald Bohr ifølge tilskrift på fribladet: ""Til Harald Bohr paa hans Faders Vegne fra Sophus Torup"". Rent frisk eksemplar.‎

书商的参考编号 : 53368

‎"ABEL, NIELS HENRIK. - ""A MONUMENT MORE LASTING THAN BRONCE"" (LEGENDRE).‎

‎Mémoire sur une propriété générale d'une classe trés-étendue de fonctions transcendantes. - [ABEL'S THEOREM]‎

‎Paris, Académie des Sciences, 1841 (submitted 1826). 4to. (257x197mm). Extract from: 'Mém. Acad. d. Sciences de Paris', 1841, pp.176-264. Contemporary half calf with gilt spine lettering. Spine with a little wear. Some light brown spotting throughout. Otherwise fine and clean.‎

‎Very scarce first edition of Abel's main paper, in which he first presented his theorem for elliptic integrals - Abel's theorem. ""After studying at Christiania and Copenhagen, Abel received a scholarship that permitted him to travel. In Paris he was presented to Legendre, Laplace, Cauchy, and Lacroix, but they ignored him. ... Abel knew the work of Euler, Lagrange, and Legendre on elliptic integrals and may have gotten suggestions for the work he undertook from remarks made by Gauss, especially in his 'Disquisitiones Arithmeticae'. He himself started to write papers in 1825. He presented his major paper on integrals to the Academy of Sciences in Paris on October 30, 1926, for publication in its journal. This paper, [the offered item], contained Abel's great theorem. Fourier, the secretary of the Academy at the time, read the introduction to the paper and then referred the paper to Legendre and Cauchy for evaluation, the latter being chiefly responsible. The paper was long and difficult, only because it contained many new ideas. Cauchy laid it aside to favor his own work. Legendre forgot about it. After Abel's death, when his fame was established, the Academy searched for the paper, found it, and published it in 1841. ... Because Abel's main paper of 1826 was not published until 1841, other authors, learning the more limited theorems published in between these dates, obtained independently many of Abel's 1826 results."" (Kline: Mathematical Thought from Ancient to Modern Times, pp.644-55). Sotheran: Bibliotheca Chemico-Mathematics, Third Supplement, describes this paper as ""very scarce"".‎

书商的参考编号 : 35935

‎"ABEL, NIELS HENRIK - C.G.J. JACOBI - ON ELLIPTIC FUNCTIONS.‎

‎Sur de notices sur les fonctions elliptiques (Jacobi). (+ Abel:) Théorèmes sur les fonctions elliptiques. (+ Abel:) Démonstration d'une proprieté générale d'une certaine classe de fonctions transcendentes.‎

‎Berlin, G. Reimer, 1829. 4to. Without wrappers. Extracted from ""Journal für die reine und angewandte Mathematik. Hrsg. von A.L. Crelle"", 4. Bd., Heft 2. - Jacobi's paper PP. 185-193. Abel's papers pp. 194-199 a. 200-214.‎

‎First printing. The first two papers relates to the discovery of ""Elliptic Functions"" by its two discoverers, Abel and Jacobi (a paper issued before his classic treatise ""Fundamenta Nova..."") on elliptic functions.‎

书商的参考编号 : 41680

‎"ABEL, NIELS HENRIK - C.G.J. JACOBI - ON ELLIPTIC FUNCTIONS.‎

‎Sur de notices sur les fonctions elliptiques (Jacobi). (+ Abel:) Théorèmes sur les fonctions elliptiques. (+ Abel:) Démonstration d'une proprieté générale d'une certaine classe de fonctions transcendentes.‎

‎Berlin, G. Reimer, 1829. 4to. Without wrappers. Extracted from ""Journal für die reine und angewandte Mathematik. Hrsg. von A.L. Crelle"", 4. Bd., Heft 2. - Jacobi's paper PP. 185-193. Abel's papers pp. 194-199 a. 200-214.‎

‎"ABEL, NIELS HENRIK.‎

‎Mathematische Bruchstücke aus Herrn N. H. Abels Briefen.‎

‎(Berlin, G. Reimer, 1830). 4to. No wrappers. Extracted from""Journal für die reine und angewandte Mathematik. Hrsg. von A.L. Crelle"", Bd. 5, Fine and clean. Pp. 336-343. [Offered pages: Pp. 319-418.].‎

‎"ABEL, NIELS HENRIK. - ""A MONUMENT MORE LASTING THAN BRONCE"" (LEGENDRE).‎

‎Mémoire sur une propriété générale d'une classe trés-étendue de fonctions transcendantes. - [ABEL'S THEOREM]‎

‎Paris, Académie des Sciences, 1841 (submitted 1826). 4to. (257x197mm). Extract from: 'Mém. Acad. d. Sciences de Paris', 1841, pp.176-264. Contemporary half calf with gilt spine lettering. Spine with a little wear. Some light brown spotting throughout. Otherwise fine and clean.‎

‎"ACKERMANN, WILHELM.‎

‎Zum Hilbertschen Aufbau der reellen Zahlen. - [THE ACKERMANN FUNCTION - THE FIRST TOTAL COMPUTABLE FUNCTION]‎

‎Berlin, Julius Springer, 1928. 8vo. Without wrappers as extracted from ""Mathematische Annalen, 99. Band. 1928"". Pasted on backstrip in marbled paper. Internally fine and clean. Pp. 118-33‎

‎First printing of Ackermann's seminal paper in which the famous and exceedingly influential ""Ackermann Function"" was presented for the first time: ""One of the most important functions in computer science"". (Darling, The universal book of mathematics, p. 6)After Ackermann had published his function many mathematicians modified it and altered it to suit various purposes so that today ""the Ackermann function"" may refer to any of numerous variants of the original function.‎

书商的参考编号 : 45485

‎"ACKERMANN, WILHELM.‎

‎Zum Hilbertschen Aufbau der reellen Zahlen. - [THE ACKERMANN FUNCTION - THE FIRST TOTAL COMPUTABLE FUNCTION]‎

‎Berlin, Julius Springer, 1928. 8vo. Without wrappers as extracted from ""Mathematische Annalen, 99. Band. 1928"". Pasted on backstrip in marbled paper. Internally fine and clean. Pp. 118-33‎

‎"ADAMS, GEORGE.‎

‎Geometrische und Graphische Versuche, oder Beschreibung der mathematischen Instrumente, deren man sich in der Geometrie, der Civil= und Militär= Vermessung, beim Nivelliren und in der Perspektive bedient, nebst verschiedenen neuen Aufgaben zur nähern ...‎

‎Leipzig, Siegfried Lebrecht Crusius, 1795. Contemp. hcalf. Gilt spine. Titlelabel with gilt lettering. A paperlabel pasted on top of spine. Stamps on title-page. Engraved frontispiece. XXX,652,91 pp. 1 folded table and 41 large folded engraved plates (Plate 35 bis, 36 bis and 37 bis). Occassional light browning to leaves and plates.‎

‎"ALEXANDROFF, P.‎

‎Dimensionstheorie. Ein Beitrag zur Geometrie der abgeschlossenen Mengen. [In ""Mathematische Annalen"", 106. band. 1932].‎

‎Berlin, Julius Springer, 1932. Large8vo. Uncut unopened in the original printed wrappers. In ""Mathematische Annalen"", 106. band. 1932. Entire volume offered. Wear to spine, lacking upper part of spine. Otherwise fine. Pp. 161-238. [Entire volume: IV, 795 pp.].‎

‎"ARCHIMEDES.‎

‎De iis quae vehuntur in Aqua Libri Duo. A’ Federico Commandino Urbinate in pristinum nitorem restituti, et commentariis illustrati. - [THE FOUNDING WORK ON HYDROSTATICS]‎

‎Bologna, Alessandreo Benacci, 1565. 4to. In contemporary blank cardboards with marbled paper back-strip. Ff 8-12 with small brown dot to lower outer margin, not affecting text. A fine copy. [4], 43 ff. + 1 blank. (Erroneously paginated f. 33 as 25 and f. 44 as 43).‎

‎First edition of Commandino's translation, and accompanying mathematical additions, of Archimedes' work on floating bodies, being the foundational work of hydrostatics. Commandino's own mathematical additions include the very first attempt to fill the gap in the incomplete proof of propositions 2 in book II of the Latin translation made by the Flemish Willem Moerbeke in 1269. ""This edition of Commandino remained the reference until the early twentieth century and the work of Heiberg after the discovery of the Archimedes palimpsest"". (D.B.I).""In hydrostatics [Archimedes] described the equilibrium of floating bodies and stated the famous proposition - known by his name - that, if a solid floats in a fluid, the weight of the solid is equal to that of the fluid displaced and, if a solid heavier than a fluid is weighed in it, it will be lighter than its true weight by the weight of the fluid displaced. We owe to Archimedes the full exposition of the doctrine of levers and pulleys."" (PMM, p. 44)The work consists of two parts: The first is to the effect that the pressure excerted by any part of a fluid on the fluid is downward. The second postulate states that the pressure of the fluid on a body placed in it is exerted upward along the perpendicular through the center of the body.However, Book II contained many sophisticated ideas and complex geometric constructions and did not have the appeal of Book I. Only after Greek geometry was combined with algebra, trigonometry, and analytical geometry, the present work being one of the earliest attempts to do this, and the field of mechanics reached the maturity to handle the concepts of equilibrium and stability that Archimedes introduced was Book II seriously studied. It then became the standard starting point for scientists and naval architects examining the stability of ships and other floating bodies.""Archimedes left to posterity his famous treatise ""On Floating Bodies"", which establishes the physical foundations for the floatability and stability of ships and other maritime objects. Yet since this treatise was long lost and also simply ignored by practitioners, it took many centuries before Archimedes' brilliant insights were actually applied in ship design and ship safety assessment."" (Nowacki, The Heritage of Archimedes in Ship Hydrostatics: 2000 Years from Theories to Applications).A Greek manuscript dating from about the ninth century and containing both books of On Floating Bodies was translated into Latin by the Flemish Dominican William of Moerbeke in 1269, along with other works of Archimedes from other manuscripts. The tracks of the Greek manuscript were lost in the fourteenth century, but Moerbeke's holograph remains intact in the Vatican library (Codex Ottobonianus Latinus 1850) [5, 8]. Moerbeke's Latin translation was the source of all versions of On Floating Bodies from his time until the twentieth century.""In 1543 Tartaglia [...] the Moerbeke translations of On the Equilibrium of Planes and Book I of On Floating Bodies (leaving the erroneous impression that he had made these translations from a Greek manuscript, which he had not since he merely repeated the texts of the Madrid manuscript with virtually all their errors). Incidentally, Curtius Trioianus published from the legacy of Tartaglia both books of On Floating Bodies in Moerbeke's translation (Venice, 1565). The key event, however, in the further spread of Archimedes was the aforementioned editio princeps of the Greek text with the accompanying Latin translation of James of Cremona at Basel in 1544. Since the Greek text rested ultimately on manuscript A,On Floating Bodies was not included. A further Latin translation of the Archimedean texts was published by the perceptive mathematician Federigo Commandino [...], which the translator supplemented with a skillful mathematical emendation of Moerbeke's translation of On Floating Bodies (Bologna,1565) but without any knowledge of the long lost Greek text."" (DSB)Adams, 1533 Riccardi, I, 42- 5Honeyman 131" Macclesfield 183D.B.I., XXVII, p. 604.Bibliotheca Mechanica 78Graesse I, 180.BM 000105842‎

书商的参考编号 : 52966

‎"ARONHOLD, S.‎

‎Theorie der homogenen Functionen dritten Grades von drei Veränderlichen.‎

‎Berlin, G. Reimer, 1858. 4to. As extracted from ""Journal für die reine und angewandte Mathematik, 55. Band, 1858""., without backstrip. Fine and clean. [Aronhold:] Pp. 97-191.‎

‎First printing of Aronhold's important paper on the theory of invariants: Aronhold was particularly attracted by the theory of invariants, which was then the center of mathematical interest, and was the first German to do research in this area. The theory of invariants is not, however, connected with Aronhold alone - others who worked on it were Sylvester, Cayley, and Hesse - but he developed a special method that proved to be extremely successful. Aronhold stresses that he arrived at his principles as early as 1851, citing his doctoral dissertation and the treatise ""Theorie der homogenen Funktionen dritten Grades... (1858). Since the subsequent theory and terminology did not yet exist, he claimed priority."" (DSB).‎

书商的参考编号 : 48067

‎"ARCHIMEDES OF SYRACUSE.‎

‎Archimedous ta sozomena meta ton Eutokiou Askaloniton hypomnematon (Greek). Archimedis quae supersunt Omnia cum Eutocii Ascalonitae Commentariis. Ex Josephi Torelli, Veronensis, cum nova Versione Latina. Accedunt Lextiones variantes ex Codd. Mediceo e...‎

‎Oxford, Clarendoniano, 1792. Folio. Bound to style in a nice recent full brown morocco, gilt title on spine. Kept in a matching protective slipcase. Engraved frontispiece. Engraved title-vignette (Archimedes). (2),V,XXIX,471,(1) pp. One engraved plate. Many textdiagrams. Mild browning to upper part of title-page. Greek and Latin text. The last 20 leaves with browning in upper right corner. A few corners repaired (no loss). A few scattered brownspots, otherwise clean and fine, wide-margined.‎

‎"ARCHIMEDES.‎

‎De iis quae vehuntur in Aqua Libri Duo. A’ Federico Commandino Urbinate in pristinum nitorem restituti, et commentariis illustrati. - [THE FOUNDING WORK ON HYDROSTATICS]‎

‎Bologna, Alessandreo Benacci, 1565. 4to. In contemporary blank cardboards with marbled paper back-strip. Ff 8-12 with small brown dot to lower outer margin, not affecting text. A fine copy. [4], 43 ff. + 1 blank. (Erroneously paginated f. 33 as 25 and f. 44 as 43).‎

‎"BABBAGE, C. (CHARLES). - CREATING A NEW BRANCH OF MATHEMATICS.‎

‎An Essay towards the calculus of functions. Communicated by W.H. Wollaston. Read June 15, 1815. (+) An essay towards the calculus of functions. Part II. Communicated by W.H.Wollaston. Read March 14, 1816. (2 Papers).‎

‎(London, W. Bulmer and Co., 1815 and 1816). 4to. No wrappers as extracted from ""Philosophical Transactions"" 1815 - Part I. and 1816 - Part II. Having both titlepages to the parts. Pp. (2),389-446 and (2),179-256. First titlepage with a stamp on verso. Otherwise fine and clean.‎

‎First printings of Babbage's main mathematical contributions.""Babbage's major Contribution to mathematics was his calculus of functions, which he became interested in as early as 1809 and continued to develop during his years at Cambridge. Babbage presents his major ideas on the subject in the above two papers, published in the ""Philosophical Transactions"" in 1815 and 1816. ""It can be said with some assurance that no mathematician prior to Babbage had treated the calculus of functions in such systematic way...Babbage must be given full credit as the inventor of a distinct and importent branch of mathematics"" (Dubbey 1978, 90). Elsewhere Dubby states that his new scheme would serve as a generalized calculus to include all problems capable of analytical formulation, and it is possible to see here a hint of the inspiration for his concept of THE ANALYTICAL ENGINE. While the work on the engines and his other scientific, social and political activities caused him virtually to abandon mathematical research at the age of thirty, the calculus of functions was the area he often yearned to continue. In fact the calculus of functions was not taken up by other workers, and it is the aspect of Babbage's mathematical work that modern mathematicians find most fascinating (Dubbey 1989, 18-19)."" (Hook a. Norman No. 19).Charles Babbage, William Herschel and George Peacock founded in 1810 in Cambridge the ""Analytical Society"", at Trinity College in order to reform the notation and the teaching of mathematics in England, introducing Leibniz' differential notation instead of Newton's fluxions. The continental texts and papers then became accessible to English students.‎

书商的参考编号 : 42184

‎"BASEDOW, JOHANN BERNHARD. - MATHEMATICS IN THE EDUCATIONAL REFORM.‎

‎Bewiesene Grundsätze der reinen Mathematik. 2 Bde. (1. Bd. Zahlenkunst und Algebra, zur elementarischen Bibliothek. 2. bd. Geometrie und Etwas von dem Unendlichen).‎

‎Leipzig, Siegfried Lebrecht Crusius, 1774. Bound in 2 very fine contemp. full calf, raised bands, richly gilt spines. Title-and tomelabels in leather on spines with gilt lettering., gilt border on all covers. Blindtooled decorations on covers in Cambridge-style, ""mirror-binding"". Edges gilt. Stamp on foot of titlepages. (22),312"(16),296 pp. and 11 folded engraved plates. Light browning to some quires and to top of titles, otherwise fine.‎

‎Scarce first edition of the famous German educators mathematical textbook, - his suggestion to how mathematics should be taught in his educational reform. Basedow’s views were based on the writings of men such as John Amos Comenius, John Locke, and Jean-Jacques Rousseau. His practical teaching methods were more expansive in their implications for education than those of any of his immediate predecessors in the field, and by the early 19th century they had become a fundamental force in Germany’s public school systems.Basedow blev i 1753 ansat af J.H.E. Bernstorff ved Sorø Akademi som professor i moral og de skønne videnskaber. Her kom han bl.a. i forbindelse med den danske oplysningsforfatter og Sorø-professor Jens Schielderup Sneedorff, hvis værker han oversatte til tysk. Sneedorff blev selv inspirereret af Basedows pædagogiske idéer.‎

书商的参考编号 : 45029

‎"BABBAGE, CHARLES.‎

‎MÉCANIQUE APPLIQUÉE. Note sur la machine suédoise de MM. Schutz pour calculer les Tables mathématique par la méthode des différences, et en imprimer les résultats sur des planches stéréotypes. - [BABBAGE'S REPORT ON THE SCHEUTZ-ENGINE]‎

‎Paris, Mallet-Bachelier, 1855. 4to. Extract, bound in new full blue cloth with gilt lettering to spine. A bit of brownspotting, otherwise a fine. [Babbage:] Pp. 557-560. [Entire issue: (3), 538-63 pp.].‎

‎Scarce first publication of Babbage's early report on the difference engine, which had been built by the Swedish printer Georg Scheutz and his son Edvard, based upon Babbage's own designs. ""In 1854 Babbage's ideas came to the attention of George and Edvard Scheutz, a father and son from Sweden. After reading a description of the Difference Engine (by Babbage), they designed and built their own version. This machine was smaller and lighter than the engine conceived by Babbage. They used gears and levers that would have been suitable for the mechanism of a clock. In contrast, Babbage used technology that would have been appropriate for a steam engine. Babbage's engine, if completed, would have filled a room. The Scheutz engine sat nicely on a table and looked like a complicated music box. Babbage was pleased with Scheutz's engine and praised it publicly [In the present paper]. (DSB).""Georg Scheutz's interest in calculating machines had begun twenty-five years earlier, when he first heard about Babbage's Difference Engine no. 1. In 1834, after reading Dionysius Lardner's technical article about the Difference Engine, Scheutz and his son began building their own engine, completing a crude prototype model in 1843 (Scheutz Engine no. 1) and an improved and more highly finished example in the 1850s (Schultz Engine no. 2.). As part of his effort to promote the Scheutz Engine, Babbage gave a talk on it before the Académie des Sciences, illustrated with drawings by his son Henry, in which Babbage's system of mechanical notation was used to describe the machine's construction and functions. This talk was published without illustrations in the Académie's Comptes rendus [the present paper]. (OOC).See Hook & Norman. Origins of Cyberspace 73.‎

书商的参考编号 : 44733

‎"BABBAGE, CHARLES‎

‎Observations on the Notation employed in the Calculus of Functions. (Read May 1. 1820).‎

‎London, Cambridge University Press, 1822. 4to. In plain white paper-wrappers with title-page of journal volume pasted on to front wrapper. In ""Transactions of the Cambridge Philosophical Society"", Volume 1. Fine and clean. Pp. (63)-76‎

‎First appearance of Babbage paper on the notation employed in the Calculus of Functions.""Babbage's major Contribution to mathematics was his calculus of functions, which he became interested in as early as 1809 and continued to develop during his years at Cambridge. Babbage presents his major ideas on the subject in the above two papers, published in the ""Philosophical Transactions"" in 1815 and 1816. ""It can be said with some assurance that no mathematician prior to Babbage had treated the calculus of functions in such systematic way...Babbage must be given full credit as the inventor of a distinct and importent branch of mathematics"" (Dubbey 1978, 90). Elsewhere Dubby states that his new scheme would serve as a generalized calculus to include all problems capable of analytical formulation, and it is possible to see here a hint of the inspiration for his concept of THE ANALYTICAL ENGINE. While the work on the engines and his other scientific, social and political activities caused him virtually to abandon mathematical research at the age of thirty, the calculus of functions was the area he often yearned to continue. In fact the calculus of functions was not taken up by other workers, and it is the aspect of Babbage's mathematical work that modern mathematicians find most fascinating (Dubbey 1989, 18-19)."" (Hook a. Norman No. 19).Erwin Tomash B47‎

书商的参考编号 : 54754

‎"BABBAGE, CHARLES.‎

‎On some new Methods of investigating the Sums of several Classes of infinite Series. Read April 1, 1819.‎

‎(London, W. Bulmer & Co.), 1819. 4to. No wrappers as issued in ""Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London for the Year MDCCCXIX."", pp. 249-282.‎

‎First edition, the journal printing, of one of the importent works in pure mathematics, which occupied Babbage from 1815-20. The item offered is the authors 5th work.""Babbage brings his great powers of inventiveness to this subject (i.e. infinite series) but like many of his contemporaries, appeared insensitive to problems arising out of convergence, and accepted unquestionably several absurd results."" (Dubbey 1979, pp. 135-36). - Hook and Norman No 24.‎

书商的参考编号 : 46465

‎"BAK, P. (+) C. TANG (+) K. WIESENFELD.‎

‎Self-organized criticality: An explanation of the 1/f noise. - [REVOLUTIONIZING EVOLUTION: THE SELF-ORGANIZED CRITICALITY (SOC) THEORY]‎

‎(Litho, The American Physical Society), 1987. Royal8vo. In the original blue printed wrappers. In ""Physical Review Letters"" Vol. 59, Number 4, July 27, 1987. A few traces are having been bend to extremities. Small label with subscriber's name printed on to back wrapper. Otherwise a fine and clean copy. Pp. 381-84. [Entire volume: 381-519, (5) pp.].‎

‎First printing of Bak, Tang and Wiesenfeld landmark paper in which they proposed their self-organized criticality (SOC) theory or the Abelian sandpile model: the mechanisms by which complexity arises in nature. It is one of the very few evolutionary models to challenge Darwinism. It is regarded as one of the most profound and fundamental theories put forth in the later part of the 20th century and the paper is one of the most frequently-cited papers in the last few decades.Its concepts have been applied across fields as diverse as geophysics, physical cosmology, evolutionary biology and ecology, bio-inspired computing and optimization (mathematics), economics, quantum gravity, sociology, solar physics, plasma physics, neurobiology and many others.SOC is typically observed in slowly driven non-equilibrium systems with extended degrees of freedom and a high level of nonlinearity. ""The nonlinear dynamics approach encapsulated in GCT envisions self-organization as an asymptotic process of approaching stability through a series of intermediate states (also known as evolution). There exists, however, a fundamentally different process known as self-organized criticality (SOC) in which an avalanche-like transformation rapidly moves the system into a self-organized mode. A popular metaphor for SOC is the sandpile paradigm. If additional sand grains are randomly added on top of a sand pile then inevitably an instance will occur when local steepness of the slope surpasses a certain critical threshold thus causing local failure of structural stability. The excess of material will cascade into adjacent areas of the pile causing their failures as well. Thus an avalanche will occur, shifting the entire sandpile into a new stable state. What is fundamentally important in this process is that a random local event quickly propagates through the entire system, thus establishing longrange correlations within the system"" (Rosenfeld, Global Consensus Theorem and Self-Organized Criticality).""Ask the average person, What is the theory of evolution? and you are likely to get answers like ""natural selection"", or ""survival of the fittest"", or ""Darwin's theory"". Because these ideas are systematically taught in classrooms, they may represent the only evolutionary theory people know. But, ask, What is the theory of Earth evolution? you will likely get a blank stare, or at best a superficial discussion of the fossil record. The Earth as a multi-faceted evolutionary system that undergoes continuous change through time was incorporated in the National Science Education Standards, even if it is absent from many contemporary curricula and common perceptions. Darwinism, however, is not the only mechanism of evolution. If we define evolutionary change as any process that leads to increases in complexity, diversity, order, and/or interconnectedness then there are at least three distinct mechanisms, or theories of evolution: elaboration, self-organization, and fractionation."" (Journal of Geoscience Education, v. 58, n. 2, March, 2010, p. 58-64).‎

书商的参考编号 : 49715