‎Einstein‎

‎EINSTEIN, Albert‎

‎Über das Relativitätprinzip und die aus demselben gezogenen Folgerungen On the relativity principle and the conclusions drawn from it. Offprint from: Jahrbuch der Radioaktivität und Elektronik Band 4 Heft 16‎

‎Leipzig: S. Hirzel 1907. First edition. <p>First edition an extremely rare offprint from the library of the renowned German physicist Arnold Sommerfeld of one of the most important transitional papers in Einstein's scientific career. In this landmark work Einstein first articulated the equivalence principle - the insight that uniform acceleration and gravitation are physically indistinguishable</p> <p>- a profound realization he later described as "the happiest thought of my life." This concept became the foundation of general relativity marking a pivotal departure from special relativity and setting Einstein on the path toward a relativistic theory of gravitation.</p>. <p>THE EQUIVALENCE PRINCIPLE 'THE HAPPIEST THOUGHT OF MY LIFE'</p> . <p>First edition extremely rare author's presentation offprint with 'Überreicht vom Verfasser' Presented by the Author stamped on front wrapper from the library of the great German physicist Arnold Sommerfeld of this crucially important transitional paper in which Einstein introduced the equivalence principle that uniform acceleration and gravitation are equivalent in their physical effects which launched him on his path to general relativity. "Einstein's efforts to incorporate gravitation into the theory of relativity led him in 1907 to formulate a new formal principle later named the principle of equivalence. He stressed that when gravitational effects are taken into account it is impossible to maintain the privileged role that inertial frames of reference still have in the original relativity theory. He concluded that if gravitation is to be included it is necessary to extend the relativity principle. The search for a group of transformations wider than the Lorentz group under which the laws of physics remain invariant when gravitation is included lasted from 1907 until the end of 1915 leading finally to what Einstein considered his greatest achievement the general theory of relativity" Collected Papers 2 p. xxix. "On p. 443 are probably the first explicit statements both of the equivalence of inertial and gravitational mass and of the equation for mass in terms of energy E = mc2 now regarded as the theoretical basis for the release of atomic energy" Weil. In 1905 "Einstein said that all energy of whatever sort has mass. It took even him two years more to come to the stupendous realization that the reverse must also hold: that all mass of whatever sort must have energy. . With mass and energy thus wholly equivalent Einstein was able in 1907 in a long and mainly expository paper published in the Jahrbuch der Radioactivität the offered paper to write his famous equation E = mc2 . In presenting his equation in 1907 Einstein spoke of it as the most important consequence of his theory of relativity" Hoffmann Albert Einstein p. 81. "Of greatest importance is the last part of the paper which generalizes the principle of relativity from uniformly moving systems to uniformly 'accelerated' systems. . He introduces the principle of equivalence which claims that the problem of a uniform and stationary gravitational field on the one hand and the system moving with a constant acceleration without any gravitation on the other hand are physically indistinguishable situations. This principle put him in a position to find out what effect gravitation has on an arbitrary physical phenomenon because all he had to do was to observe that phenomenon from an accelerated reference system. He thus obtains the speeding up of clocks in a field of increased gravitational potential which must lead to a universal red shift of the spectral lines coming from the Sun and likewise to a bending of light rays near to the limb of the Sun. Furthermore this hypothesis at once makes it clear why inertial mass and gravitational mass must be under all circumstances strictly proportional to one another. . Hence the principle of the energy value of inertial mass must be extended to the gravitational mass" Lanczos The Einstein Decade p. 153. Later Einstein wrote that when he was working on this paper "There occurred to me the happiest thought of my life in the following form. The gravitational field has only a relative existence in a way similar to the electric field generated by magnetoelectric induction. Because for an observer falling freely from the roof of a house there exists - at least in his immediate surroundings - no gravitational field" Einstein's emphasis Pais Subtle is the Lord p. 178. Although Einstein submitted the paper on 4 December 1907; it was published in the January 22 issue of the Jahrbuch. This is one of Einstein's rarest major papers in offprint form. RBH lists three copies: Plotnick Christie's 2002; Einstein's own collection of his offprints Christie's 2008; and Richard Green Christie's 2008. OCLC lists 6 copies worldwide Morgan; Princeton; Stanford; Trinity College Cambridge; Queen's University Kingston ON; Thomas Fisher. This copy was presented by Einstein to one of the leading physicists of the time surely hoping to make himself known in the scientific world when he was still a technical expert in the Swiss Patent Office.</p> <br /> <p>Provenance: Arnold Sommerfeld 1868-1951 his signature and characteristic numbering in red pencil '11' on front cover. "The son of a physician Sommerfeld was educated at the University of Königsberg. After teaching briefly at the universities of Göttingen Clausthal and Aachen he was appointed professor of physics at the University of Münich in 1906. Sommerfeld should have retired in 1936 in favour of his pupil Werner Heisenberg. Opposition from the Nazi party to Heisenberg's appointment prolonged Sommerfeld's tenure and it was not in fact until late 1939 that he finally retired to be succeeded not by Heisenberg but by Wilhelm Müller a Nazi aerodynamicist without a single publication in physics to his credit. Although Sommerfeld and Heisenberg were not Jewish they were regarded by the Nazis as Jewish sympathizers. Sommerfeld however survived the war and returned to his Münich chair in 1945 continuing to work at physics until he died in a car accident in 1951" Oxford Reference. "Arnold Sommerfeld was one of the most distinguished representatives of the transition period between classical and modern theoretical physics. The work of his youth was still firmly anchored in the conceptions of the nineteenth century; but when in the first decennium of the century the flood of new discoveries experimental and theoretical broke the dams of tradition he became a leader of the new movement and in combining the two ways of thinking he exerted a powerful influence on the younger generation. This combination of a classical mind to whom clarity of conception and mathematical rigour are essential with the adventurous spirit of a pioneer are the roots of his scientific success while his exceptional gift of communicating his ideas by spoken and written word made him a great teacher" Max Born p. 275. </p> <br /> <p>"His first important paper on relativity theory after 1905 is the 1907 review. This article was written at the request of Johannes Stark the editor of the Jahrbuch. On September 25 1907 Einstein had accepted this invitation. On November 1 Einstein further wrote to Stark: 'I am now ready with the first part of the work for your Jahrbuch. I am working zealously on the second part in my unfortunately scarce spare time.' Since this second part contains the remarks on gravitation it seems probable that Einstein's 'happiest thought' came to him sometime in November 1907. We certainly know where he was when he had this idea. In his Kyoto lecture he told the story: 'I was sitting in a chair in the patent office at Bern when all of a sudden a thought occurred to me. 'If a person falls freely he will not feel his own weight!' I was startled. This simple thought made a deep impression on me. It impelled me toward a theory of gravitation' .</p> <br /> <p>"Three main issues are raised in Section V of the Jahrbuch article. </p> <br /> <p>The Equivalence Principle. 'Is it conceivable that the principle of relativity also holds for systems which are accelerated relative to each other' That is Einstein's starting question. Then he gives the standard argument. A reference frame Σ1 is accelerated in the x direction with a constant acceleration γ. A second frame Σ2 is at rest in a homogeneous gravitational field which imparts an acceleration -γ in the x direction to all objects. 'In the present state of experience we have no reason to assume that . Σ1 and Σ2 are distinct in any respect and in what follows we shall therefore assume the complete physical equivalence of a gravitational field and the corresponding acceleration of the reference frame. This assumption extends the principle of relativity to the case of uniformly accelerated motion of the reference frame . he began by applying his new postulate to the Maxwell equations always for uniform acceleration. He did not raise the question of the further extension to nonuniform acceleration until 1912 the year he first referred to his hypothesis as the 'equivalence principle.'</p> <br /> <p>The Gravitational Red Shift. Many textbooks on relativity ascribe to Einstein the method of calculating the red shift by means of the Doppler effect of light falling from the top to the bottom of an upwardly accelerating elevator. That is indeed the derivation he gave in 1911. However he was already aware of the red shift in 1907. The derivation he gave at that time is less general more tortured and yet oddly more sophisticated. It deserves particular mention because it contains the germ of two ideas that were to become cornerstones of his final theory: the existence of local Lorenz frames and the constancy of the velocity of light for infinitesimally small paths .</p> <br /> <p>Maxwell's Equations; Bending of Light; Gravitational Energy = mc2. Indomitably Einstein goes on. He tackles the Maxwell equations next. He concludes that Maxwell's equations have the same form in a uniformly accelerated reference frame as in a non-accelerated frame but with a modified velocity of light. 'It follows that the light rays . are bent by the gravitational field.' Second he examines the energy conservation law in the accelerated frame and finds 'a very notable result . In a gravitational field one must associate with every energy E an additional position-dependent energy which equals the position-dependent energy of a 'ponderable' mass of magnitude E/mc2. The law E = mc2 therefore holds not only for inertial but also for gravitational mass' .</p> <br /> <p>"This review does not have the perfection of the 1905 paper on special relativity. The approximations are clumsy and mask the generality of the conclusions. Einstein was the first to say so in 1911. The conclusion about the bending of light is qualitatively correct quantitatively wrong - though in 1907 not yet logically wrong. Einstein was the first to realize this in 1915. Despite all this I admire this article at least as much as the perfect relativity paper on 1905 not as much for its details as for its courage" Pais pp. 179-182.</p> <br /> <p>"In 1920 Einstein recalled how he first arrived at the ideas behind the equivalence principle: </p> <br /> <p>'While I was occupied in 1907 with a comprehensive survey of the special theory for the 'Yearbook for Radioactivity and Electronics' I also had to attempt to modify Newton's theory of gravitation in such a way that its laws fitted into the theory. Attempts along these lines showed the feasibility of this enterprise but did not satisfy me because they had to be based on physical hypotheses that were not well-founded. Then there came to me the most fortunate thought of my life in the following form: </p> <br /> <p>'Like the electric field generated by electromagnetic induction . the gravitational field only has a relative existence. Because for an observer freely falling from the roof of a house during his fall there exists-at least in his immediate neighborhood-no gravitation field. Indeed if the observer lets go of any objects relative to him they remain in a state of rest or uniform motion independently of their particular chemical or physical composition note by AE: air resistance is naturally ignored in this argument. The observer is thus justified in interpreting his state as being at rest. </p> <br /> <p>'Through these considerations the unusually extraordinary experimental law that all bodies fall with equal acceleration in the same gravitational field immediately obtains a deep physical significance. For if there were just one single thing that fell differently from the others in the gravitational field then with its help the observer could recognize that he was falling in a gravitational field. If such a thing does not exist-which experiment has shown with great precision-then there is no objective basis for the observer to regard himself as falling in a gravitational field. Rather he has the right to regard his state as one of rest and with respect to a gravitational field his neighborhood as field free. The experimental fact of the material-independence of the acceleration due to gravity is thus a powerful argument for the extension of the relativity postulate to coordinate systems in non-uniform relative motion with respect to each other . The generalization of the relativity principle thus indicates a speculative path towards the investigation of the properties of the gravitational field.' </p> <br /> <p>"Einstein alludes here to his initial attempts to set up a special-relativistic theory of gravitation but gives no details. In 1933 he gave the fullest account of how he 'arrived at the equivalence principle by a detour Umweg' through such attempts. After mentioning his doubts after 1905 about the privileged dynamical role of inertial systems and his early fascination by Mach's idea that the acceleration of a body is not absolute but relative to the rest of the bodies in the universe he turns to the events of 1907:</p> <br /> <p>'I first came a step closer to the solution of the problem when I attempted to treat the law of gravitation within the framework of special relativity. Like most authors at the time I attempted to establish a field law for gravitation since the introduction of an unmediated action at a distance was no longer possible at least in any sort of natural way on account of the abolition of the concept of absolute simultaneity. </p> <br /> <p>'The simplest thing naturally was to preserve the Laplacian scalar gravitational potential and to supplement Poisson's equation in the obvious way by a term involving time derivatives so that the special theory of relativity was satisfactorily taken into account. The equation of motion of a particle also had to be modified to accord with the special theory. The way to do so was less uniquely prescribed since the inertial mass of a body might well depend on its gravitational potential. This was even to be expected on the basis of the law of the inertia of energy. </p> <br /> <p>'However such investigations led to a result that made me highly suspicious. For according to classical mechanics the vertical acceleration of a body in a vertical gravitational field is independent of the horizontal component of its velocity. This is connected with the fact that the vertical acceleration of a mechanical system or rather of its center of mass in such a gravitational field turns out to be independent of its internal kinetic energy. According to the theory I was pursuing however such an independence of the gravitational acceleration from the horizontal velocity or from the internal energy of a system did not occur.</p> <br /> <p>'This did not accord with an old fact of experience that all bodies experience the same acceleration in a gravitational field. This law which can also be formulated as the law of equality of inertial and gravitational mass now appeared to me in its deep significance. I was most highly amazed by it and guessed that in it must lie the key to the deeper under- standing of inertia and gravitation.' </p> <br /> <p>"Turning from later reminiscences let us see how Einstein presented his approach to gravitation in 1907:</p> <br /> <p>'Up to now we have only applied the principle of relativity i.e. the presupposition that the laws of nature are independent of the state of motion of the reference system to acceleration-free reference systems. Is it conceivable that the principle of relativity also holds for systems that are accelerated relative to each other </p> <br /> <p>'This is not the place for an exhaustive treatment of this question. Since however it is bound to occur to anyone who has followed the previous applications of the relativity principle I shall not avoid taking a position on the question here. Consider two systems in motion Σ1 and Σ2. Let Σ1 be accelerated in the direction of its X -axis and let γ be the magnitude constant in time of this acceleration. Let Σ2 be at rest but in a homogeneous gravitational field that imparts an acceleration -γ in the direction of the X -axis to all objects. As far as we know the laws of physics with respect to Σ1do not differ from those with respect to Σ2; this is due to the circumstance that all bodies in a gravitational field are equally accelerated. So we have no basis in the current state of our experience for the assumption that the systems Σ1and Σ2differ from each other in any respect; and therefore in what follows shall assume the complete physical equivalence of a gravitational field and the corresponding acceleration of a reference system. </p> <br /> <p>'This assumption extends the principle of relativity to the case of uniformly-accelerated translational motion of the reference system. The heuristic value of this assumption lies in the circumstance that it allows the replacement of a homogeneous gravitational field by a uniformly accelerated reference system which to a certain extent is amenable to theoretical treatment.' </p> <br /> <p>"Some further comments on this equivalence in his next paper on gravitation in 1911 are illuminating. He notes that in both systems objects subject to no other forces fall with constant acceleration:</p> <br /> <p>'For the accelerated system K′ corresponding to the 1907 Σ1 this follows directly from the Galileian principle of inertia; for the system K at rest in a homogeneous gravitational field corresponding to the 1907 Σ2 however it follows from the experimental fact that in such a field all bodies are equally strongly uniformly accelerated. This experience of the equal falling of all bodies in a gravitational field is the most universal with which the observation of nature has provided us; in spite of that this law has not found any place in the foundations of our physical picture of the world . From this standpoint one can as little speak of the absolute acceleration of a reference system as one can of the absolute velocity of a system according to the usual special theory of relativity. Naturally one cannot replace an arbitrary gravitational field by a state of motion of the system without a gravitational field; just as little as one can trans- form all points of an arbitrarily moving medium to rest by a relativity transformation. From this standpoint the equal falling of all bodies in a gravitational field is obvious. </p> <br /> <p>'As long as we confine ourselves to purely mechanical processes within the realm of validity of Newtonian mechanics we are certain of the equivalence of the systems K and K′. Our point of view will only have a deeper significance however if the systems K and K′ are equivalent with respect to all physical processes i.e. if the laws of nature with respect to K agree completely with those with respect to K′. By assuming this we obtain a principle that if it really is correct possesses a great heuristic significance. For by means of theoretical consideration of processes that take place relative to a uniformly accelerated reference system we obtain conclusions about the course of processes in a homogeneous gravitational field.'</p> <br /> <p>"With hindsight one can see that Einstein's attempt to find the best way to implement mathematically the physical insights about gravitation incorporated in the equivalence principle was hampered significantly by the absence of the appropriate mathematical concepts. His insight as he put is a few years later that gravitation and inertia are "essentially the same" wesensgleich cries out for implementation by their incorporation into a single inertio-gravitational field represented mathematically by a non-flat affine connection on a four-dimensional manifold. But the concept of such a connection was only developed after and largely in response to the formulation of the general theory. So Einstein had to make do with what was available: Riemannian geometry and the tensor calculus as developed by the turn of the century i.e. based on the concept of the metric tensor without a geometrical interpretation of the covariant derivative" Stachel pp. 83-86.</p> <br /> <p>BRL 20; Stanitz 94; Weil 21. Born 'Arnold Johannes Wilhelm Sommerfeld 1868-1951' Obituary Notices of Fellows of the Royal Society 8 1952 pp. 275-296. Stachel 'The first two acts' pp. 81-112 in: Gravitation in the Twilight of Classical Physics. The Promise of Mathematics Renn & Schemmel eds. 2007.</p> <br/> <br/> 8vo 231 x 157 mm pp. 411-462. Original printed wrappers upper cover a bit soiled lower part of spine worn light vertical crease for posting faint ink stain to page 418 spine strip with wear and tear. S. Hirzel unknown‎

書籍販売業者の参照番号 : 6410

‎EINSTEIN, Albert‎

‎Über den Einfluss der Schwerkraft auf die Ausbreitung des Lichtes On the influence of gravity on the propagation of light. Offprint from: Annalen der Physik Vierte Folge Band 35‎

‎Leipzig: Johann Ambrosius Barth 1911. First edition. <p>First edition an extremely rare author's presentation offprint with 'Überreicht vom Verfasser' - Presented by the Author from the library of the eminent German physicist Arnold Sommerfeld of Einstein's "first paper completely devoted to general relativity" Brandt Harvest of a Century. In this groundbreaking work Einstein applied the equivalence principle - the idea that acceleration and gravitation are physically indistinguishable - to predict two profound effects of gravity on light: the gravitational redshift and the bending of light by massive bodies. These predictions would later be spectacularly confirmed notably in the 1919 solar eclipse observations cementing Einstein's reputation worldwide.</p>. <p>GRAVITATIONAL RED-SHIFT AND THE BENDING OF LIGHT</p> . <p>First edition extremely rare author's presentation offprint with 'Überreicht vom Verfasser' Presented by the Author stamped on front wrapper from the library of the great German physicist Arnold Sommerfeld of Einstein's "first paper completely devoted to general relativity" Brandt p. 105. This epochal paper applies the equivalence principle that acceleration and gravitation are equivalent in their physical effects to demonstrate two effects of gravity on light: the gravitational bending of light and the gravitational redshift. "In 1911 Einstein proceeded to revise and improve his earlier presentation in 1907 making the principle of equivalence the central feature of his treatment. Einstein now included an elegant proof based on a cyclic process reminiscent of thermodynamics that the gravitational mass of a body as well as its inertial mass is increased by the amount E/c2 when the body absorbs energy E c being the speed of light" Collected Papers p. xxix. Einstein applies this result to show first that if light of frequency ν travels a distance d against a gravitational field which would exert an acceleration g on a gravitating body its frequency is reduced by Δν = νgd/c2 - this is the gravitational redshift. And second Einstein deduced the deflection of a light ray moving in the gravitational field of a spherical body - he finds that the light suffers a deflection toward the source given by 2Gm/dc2 where d is the distance of closest approach to the body of mass m and G is the gravitational constant. "The paper ends with a plea to the astronomers: 'It is urgently desirable that astronomers concern themselves with the question brought up here even if the foregoing considerations might seem insufficiently founded or even adventurous'" Pais p. 200. The bending of light was famously observed by Eddington and his team during a solar eclipse in 1919; the gravitational redshift was more difficult to measure but Einstein's prediction was confirmed by Pound & Rebka at Harvard in 1960 using a laboratory experiment not astronomical observations. "Thus in 1911 we discern the first glimpses of the new Einstein program: to derive the equivalence principle from a new theory of gravitation. This cannot be achieved within the framework of what he called the ordinary relativity theory the special theory. Therefore one must look for a new theory not only of gravitation but also of relativity. Another point made in this paper likewise bears on that new program. 'Of course one cannot replace an arbitrary gravitational field by a state of motion without gravitational field as little as one can transform to rest by means of a relativity transformation all points of an arbitrarily moving medium.' This statement would continue to be true in the ultimate general theory of relativity" Pais pp. 195-196. OCLC lists three copies: King's College London; Württembergische Landesbibliothek; Swiss National Library. RBH list only two other copies both sold by Christie's: the Plotnick copy in 2002 and that in Einstein's own collection of his offprints in 2008.</p> <br /> <p>Provenance: Arnold Sommerfeld 1868-1951 his characteristic numbering in red pencil '20' on front cover. "The son of a physician Sommerfeld was educated at the University of Königsberg. After teaching briefly at the universities of Göttingen Clausthal and Aachen he was appointed professor of physics at the University of Münich in 1906. Sommerfeld should have retired in 1936 in favour of his pupil Werner Heisenberg. Opposition from the Nazi party to Heisenberg's appointment prolonged Sommerfeld's tenure and it was not in fact until late 1939 that he finally retired to be succeeded not by Heisenberg but by Wilhelm Müller a Nazi aerodynamicist without a single publication in physics to his credit. Although Sommerfeld and Heisenberg were not Jewish they were regarded by the Nazis as Jewish sympathizers. Sommerfeld however survived the war and returned to his Münich chair in 1945 continuing to work at physics until he died in a car accident in 1951" Oxford Reference. "Arnold Sommerfeld was one of the most distinguished representatives of the transition period between classical and modern theoretical physics. The work of his youth was still firmly anchored in the conceptions of the nineteenth century; but when in the first decennium of the century the flood of new discoveries experimental and theoretical broke the dams of tradition he became a leader of the new movement and in combining the two ways of thinking he exerted a powerful influence on the younger generation. This combination of a classical mind to whom clarity of conception and mathematical rigour are essential with the adventurous spirit of a pioneer are the roots of his scientific success while his exceptional gift of communicating his ideas by spoken and written word made him a great teacher" Max Born p. 275. </p> <br /> <p>"In 1907 still working at the patent office in Bern Einstein began to study the laws of physics in reference frames with an accelerated relative motion. When he completed this work in 1915 he called it the General Theory of Relativity. At various occasions Einstein recalled his starting point in this project. It struck him that a man falling from the top of a roof he said did not feel his own weight. In the reference frame of the building it is the weight or gravitational force which make the man fall but in a reference frame moving with the man there is another force exactly counteracting the weight so that there is no net force. In that frame the man stays at rest. Einstein realized that acceleration and gravitation are equivalent to each other. That was later called the equivalence principle. If he would be able to extend his theory of relativity to accelerated reference frames he would be able to do for the theory of gravitation what he had done for electrodynamics with special relativity. He gave a first glimpse at his new topic in a review article on special relativity written in 1907 'Über das Relativitätprinzip und die aus demselben gezogenen Folgerungen' Jahrbuch der Radioaktivität und Elektronik Bd. 4 pp. 411-62" Brandt p. 105.</p> <br /> <p>"A few months before the Solvay Congress Einstein had returned to the questions concerning gravitation and accelerated frames of reference that he first raised in his 1907 review article on relativity. These subjects had gone unmentioned in his papers for four years and hardly ever appear in his correspondence during that time. But in June 1911 Einstein completed a short paper 'On the Influence of Gravitation on the Propagation of Light.' This was only a month after his letter to Besso announcing that he was abandoning his efforts to create a new theory of radiation. It looks as though his renunciation of that quest set him free to focus his attention once more on gravitation" Collected Papers p. xxix. </p> <br /> <p>"It is characteristic for Einstein that in the same paper he proposed a way to verify his predictions experimentally . From his formula for the gravitational redshift he computed that the frequency of a spectral line emitted by an atom on the surface of the sun would be reduced by two parts in a million when that light reached the earth. Thus a line spectrum originating from the sun is shifted to lower frequencies and therefore to longer wavelengths compared to a spectrum emitted in the laboratory. This redshift is difficult to measure because the surface of the sun is a nasty environment with high pressure storms and magnetic fields all influencing spectral lines. But with modern techniques it has been well established even in the laboratory with radiation climbing against the earth's gravitation for only a few meters.</p> <br /> <p>"Einstein also computed the bending of light by gravitation. If the light of a star passes near the surface of the sun and is then observed by an astronomer on the earth the star appears to be in a slightly different position because the light was attracted by the sun and thus the ray was bent on its way from star to the earth. Einstein found a bending angle of 0.83 seconds of an arc. This number was too small by a factor of two but nobody knew because the effect had not been measured. However Einstein himself realized that his theory had to be refined. For a homogeneous gravitational field a field that is constant everywhere he could replace gravitation by a single transformation to an accelerated coordinate system. For a more complicated field like that of the sun or that of all stars the transformation would have to be different for every point in space. That seemed a formidable problem" Brandt p. 106. The correct calculation of light bending was made only in 1915 when Einstein had the final version of general relativity.</p> <br /> <p>"His 1911 paper was specifically prompted by his new realization that it should be possible to observe the gravitational bending of light . One had to observe a star whose light would travel close by the sun on its way to the observer. This could be done during a total eclipse of the sun .</p> <br /> <p>"Einstein took the initiative in consulting experimental colleagues about the possibilities for checking these results. In August 1911 he began corresponding with W.H. Julius of Utrecht about the gravitational redshift among other matters. At about the same time he raised with Erwin Freundlich at Berlin the question of observing the deflecting of starlight by the gravitational field of the sun a subject on which he corresponded with George Ellery Hale at the Mount Wilson Observatory two years later. There would however be no reliable results on either of these subjects for years to come. But whether or not there were experimental results to help in guiding his work generalizing relativity and creating a new theory of gravitation became the problem that absorbed his attention for the next few years. 'I am just now lecturing on the foundations of that poor dead mechanics which is so beautiful' he wrote to Zangger a month after the Solvay Congress. 'What will its successor look like With that question I torment myself ceaselessly'" Collected Papers pp. xxix-xxx.</p> <br /> <p>"English interest in the bending of light developed soon after copies of Einstein's general relativity papers were sent from Holland by de Sitter to Arthur Stanley Eddington at Cambridge . a subsequent report by Eddington . stressed the importance of the deflection of light. In March 1917 the Astronomer Royal Sir Frank Watson Dyson drew attention to the excellence of the star configuration on May 29 1919 another eclipse date for measuring the alleged deflection . Two expeditions were mounted one to Sobral in Brazil led by Andrew Crommelin from the Greenwich Observatory and one to Principe Island off the coast of Spanish Guinea led by Eddington. Before departing Eddington wrote 'The present eclipse expeditions may for the first time demonstrate the weight of light i.e. the Newton value; or they may confirm Einstein's weird theory of non-Euclidean space which predicted twice the Newton value; or they may lead to a result of yet more far-reaching consequences - no deflection' . The expeditions returned. Data analysis began. According to a preliminary report by Eddington to the meeting of the British Association held in Bournemouth on September 9-13 the bending of light lay between 0.87 and double that value. Word reached Lorentz. Lorentz cabled Einstein . Then came November 6 1919 the day on which Einstein was canonized . the setting a joint meeting of the Royal Society and the Royal Astronomical Society resembled a Congregation of Rites. Dyson acted as postulator ably assisted by Crommelin and Eddington as advocate-procurators. Dyson speaking first concluded his remarks with the statement 'After a careful study of the plates I am prepared to say that they confirm Einstein's prediction. A very definite result has been obtained that light is deflected in accordance with Einstein's law of gravitation'" Pais pp. 304-305.</p> <br /> <p>The gravitational bending of light has recently found a new application - the search for extra-solar planets. ". the 'most curious effect' of the bending of starlight by the gravity of intervening foreground stars - now commonly referred to as 'gravitational microlensing' - has become one of the successfully applied techniques to detect planets orbiting stars other than the Sun while being quite unlike any other . Gravitational microlensing favours a range of orbital separations that covers planets whose orbital periods are too long to allow detection by other indirect techniques but which are still too close to their host star to be detected by means of their emitted or reflected light. Rather than being limited to the Solar neighbourhood a unique opportunity is provided for inferring a census of planets orbiting stars belonging to two distinct populations within the Milky Way with a sensitivity not only reaching down to Earth mass but even below with ground-based observations. The capabilities of gravitational microlensing extend even to obtaining evidence of a planet orbiting a star in another galaxy" Dominik.</p> <br /> <p>BRL 39; Parkinson p. 471; Weil 43. The Collected Papers of Albert Einstein vol. 3 The Swiss Years: Writings 1909-1911 Princeton: Princeton University Press 1994. Born 'Arnold Johannes Wilhelm Sommerfeld 1868-1951' Obituary Notices of Fellows of the Royal Society 8 1952 pp. 275-296. Brandt The Harvest of a Century Oxford: Oxford University Press 2009. Dominik 'Studying planet populations with Einstein's blip' Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical Physical and Engineering Sciences vol. 368 no. 1924 2010. Pais Subtle is the Lord Oxford: Clarendon Press 1982.</p> <br/> <br/> 8vo 222 x 144 mm pp. 1 blank 898-908. Original printed orange wrappers light vertical crease for posting. Johann Ambrosius Barth unknown‎

書籍販売業者の参照番号 : 6407

‎Einstein, Albert‎

‎Über die Entwickelung unserer Anschauungen über das Wesen und die Konstitution der Strahlung 20: pp.482-500.‎

‎1909. Verh. Dtsch. Physik. Ges. 11/ 1-24. - Hrsg. im Auftrage der Gesellschaft von Karl Scheel. - Braunschweig Druck und Verlag von Friedrich Vieweg und Sohn 1909 8° VII 749 pp. Abbildungen Halbleinenband d.Zt.; St.a.Tit.; feines Expl. First Edition! The true first printing see below of this paper which Wolfgang Pauli said "can be considered as one of the landmarks in the development of theoretical physics" Schilpp p. 154. This paper marks the introduction of the modern "photon" concept although the term itself was introduced much later in a 1926 paper by Gilbert N. Lewis. It contains "the first well-conceived promulgation of the wave-particle duality of light which had implications as profound as Einstein's earlier theoretical breakthroughs" Isaacson p.157. Einstein here anticipated the principle of complementarity one of the fundamental principles of quantum mechanics. His own proposal for a solution of the wave-particle paradox - that Maxwell's equations for electromagnetic fields be modified to allow wave solutions that are bound to singularities of the field - was never developed although it may have influenced Louis de Broglie's pilot wave hypothesis for quantum mechanics developed in his famous thesis Recherches sur la théorie des quanta 1924. The present paper was also published in Physikalische Zeitschrift Vol. 10 1909 but the Verhandlungen printing has priority: it was published on 30 October 1909 the Physikalische Zeitschrift printing appeared on 10 November. "This extensive paper given as lecture before the 81st assembly of the "Gesellschaft Deutscher Naturforscher" in Salzburg on 21st September 1909. He spoke on "The Development of Our View of the Nature and Constitution of Radiation" a topic that embraced both relativity and quanta. Among those who attended Einstein's lecture were some of the world's foremost physicists. In Einstein's austere opinion his address regarded strictly as a work of science was of little importance since as he writes to a co-worker it contained nothing new. Einstein was being overmodest. Besides to many in Einstein's audience and it should be born in mind that it was the year after Minkowski's stirring introduction of the concept of the fourth dimension this Lecture came as a revelation. The occasion was important for Einstein too. He had been working for years in a sort of scientific exile and his curiosity as to what great scientists were like in face-to-face discussion was at least as great as their curiosity about him. His confidence in himself was certainly not harmed when he found that he was able to hold his own easily in their company. Moreover at this congress Einstein first met Planck. In addition he made new'lasting friendships leading to a voluminous scientific correspondence. Amongst those attending the congress were Max von Laue Max Born. Arnold Sommerfeld Hasnohrl. Ladenburg. Max von Laue was to be the first to publish in 1911 the first text-book on relativity theory. All of them are present in this issue with scientific papers of their own." Walter Alicke 11. Jahrg. 30. Oktober 1909 Nr. 20 - Vorgetragen in der Sitzung der physiklaischen abteilung der 81. Versalung Deutscher Naturforscher und Ärzte zu Salzburg am 21. September 1909." Weil No. 30; Schilpp-Shields No. 30; Hoffmann Einstein p. 93. unknown‎

書籍販売業者の参照番号 : 52424

‎EINSTEIN, ALBERT & J LAUB‎

‎Über die elektromagnetischen Grundgleichungen für bewegte Körper Fundamental equations of the electromagnetism of moving bodies; And same authors: Über die elektromagnetischen Felde auf ruhende Körper ausgeübten ponderomotorischen Kräfte Ponderom.‎

‎Leipzig J.A. Barth 1908. 2 contemp. hcalf and hcloth. Spines slightly rubbed. In "Annalen der Physik. Hrsg. von W. Wien und M. Planck" vol. 26 and 27. VI1032 and plates pp. VIII1112 pp. and plates.- Einstein & Laub papers: pp.532-541 pp. 541-550 pp. p. 232. Whole volumes offered. <br/><br/><em>First editions of all three papers.- Volume 26 contains also a first printing of Max Planck. "Zur Dynamik bewegter Systeme". Pp. 1-34. Planck Akademie No 76. - Weil: 22 1-2 and 23. </em> hardcover‎

書籍販売業者の参照番号 : 39155

‎Einstein, Albert :‎

‎Über die Interferenzeigenschaften des durch Kanalstrahlen emittierten Lichtes.‎

‎Berlin Akademie der Wissenschaften 1926 In: Sitzungsberichte der Königl.Preuss. Akademie der Wissenschaften Band 1926. 4to. S.334-340. Anbei u.a.: Schrödinger E.: Die Energiestufen des idealen einatomigen Gasmodells. S.23-36; Planck Max: Ãœber die Begründung des zweiten Hauptsatzes der Thermodynamik. S.453-466. Halbleinenband der Zeit leicht berieben Bibl.-Nr.am Rücken Original-Broschur miteingebunden unaufgeschnitten gutes Exemplar. The Einstein and Rupp articles are the heart of the Einstein-Rupp scandal perhaps the most famous of all scientific scandals. unknown‎

書籍販売業者の参照番号 : H4008

‎Einstein, Albert‎

‎Über die Möglichkeit einer neuen Prüfung des Relativitätsprinzips; 2 Bemerkungen zu der Notiz von Hrn. Paul Ehrenfest: "Die translation deformierbarer Elektronen und der Flächensatz"; 3 Über die vom relativitätsprinzip geforderte Trägheit der Energie. In Annalen der Physik 23‎

‎Leipzig: Johann Ambrosius Barth 1907. Einstein explicitly establishes E=mc2.<p>Einstein Albert 1879-1955. 1 Über die Möglichkeit einer neuen Prüfung des Relativitätsprinzips. In Annalen der Physik 23 6: pp. 197-8. 2 Bemerkungen zu der Notiz von Hrn. Paul Ehrenfest: "Die translation deformierbarer Elektronen und der Flächensatz." In Annalen der Physik 23 6: pp. 206-8. 3 Über die vom relativitätsprinzip geforderte Trägheit der Energie. In Annalen der Physik 23 7: pp. 371-384. 8vo. Red cloth gilt lettering on spine. 214 x 140 mm. Whole volume: viii 1000 pp. 4 plates numbered Taf. I - IV. Tafs. I II and IV are folding Taf. III is b/w silver photograph tipped to sheet. Foot of the spine is repaired. Very good. </p> <br /> <br /> <p>Approximate English translations of titles: 1 "On the possibility of a new test of the principle of relativity." 2 "Remarks on Mr. Paul Ehrenfest's note: 'The translation of deformable electrons and the surface theorem.'" 3 "On the inertia of energy required by the principle of relativity." </p> In "On the inertia of energy required by the relativity principle" May 1907 "Using rather than m V rather than c and 0 rather than E0 Einstein wrote his famous equation for the first time as V2= 0 and he did it in a footnote. At the end of that paper he introduced the symbol E0 to denote energy in the rest frame and wrote the famous expression again this time as =E0/V2." -Eugene Hecht How Einstein confirmed E0 = mc2 </p> <p> In the third paper Einstein explicitly establishes his famous equation E=mc2 although with different symbols. In this paper Einstein discussed the relationship between inertial mass and energy arguing for their complete equivalence namely that every mass has an equivalent energy just as every form of energy has an equivalent mass. This relation says that a photon can convert for the equivalence of mass and energy his celebrated equation E = mc2 Calaprice The Einstein Almanac. </p> <br /> <br /> <p> Weil's Einstein Bibliography nos. 17 18 and 19 respectively. <br> Boni's Einstein Checklist nos. 17 18 and 19 respectively.</p> . Johann Ambrosius Barth unknown‎

書籍販売業者の参照番号 : 50420

‎EINSTEIN, ALBERT‎

‎Über die Möglichkeit einer neuen Prüfung des Relativitätsprinzips.‎

‎Leipzig Barth 1907. 8vo. Extract from "Annalen der Physik IV23" pp.197-198. Some slight browning to leaves. <br/><br/><em>First edition. Weil No. 17. </em> unknown‎

書籍販売業者の参照番号 : 29338

‎Einstein, Albert‎

‎Über die neueren Umwandlungen welche unsere Anschauungen über die Natur des Lichts erfahren haben. Diskusssion 2/1: p.41.‎

‎1909. Verh. Ges. Naturf. Ärzte 81/1. 2.T./1.2. - Versammlung Salzburg 1909 . - Leipzig F.C.W. Vogel 1910 8° 4 205 3; XII 234 4 pp.; XIV 317 1 39 Abbildungen im Text Halbleinenband Erstdruck! EINSTEIN und die Salzburger Naturforscherversammlung! "In das helle Rampenlicht der physikalischen Bühne trat das Quantenproblem erstmalig beim Auftritt EINSTEINS auf der 81. Versammlung der Deutschen Naturforscher und Ärzte die vom 19. bis 25. September 1909 in Salzburg stattfand. EINSTEIN war bislang nur einigen wenigen jüngeren Physikern die die Reise nach Bern nicht gescheut hatten persönlich bekannt geworden. Als EINSTEIN nun zum ersten Mal an einem Naturforscherkongreß teilnahm begegneten ihm viele Fachkollegen mit außergewöhnlichem Interesse; sein Auftreten war zweifellos ein Höhepunkt der Tagung. Die Versammlung blieb - was insbesondere die "stark besuchte physikalische Abteilung" betraf - allen Beteiligten als höchst glanzvoll in Erinnerung. So schrieb etwa LISE MEITNER: "This congress was altogether a very impressive experience. It was attended by theoretical and experimental physicists from the entire world . . It was really something quite out of the ordinary a most stimulating meeting". EINSTEINS Vortrag fand in der Abteilung Physik in Gemeinschaft mit der Abteilung Mathematik am 21. September 1909 zu Beginn der Nachmittagssitzung statt. Aus den angegebenen Zahlen kann man schließen daß über 100 Hörer EINSTEINS Referat beiwohnten unter ihnen ein Großteil der führenden Physiker des deutschen Sprachraumes. EINSTEINS Vortrag "Über die Entwicklung unserer Anschauungen über das Wesen und die Konstitution der Strahlung" beeindruckte die Hörer zumindest die jüngeren gewaltig. EINSTEIN vertrat und begründete die These daß weder die bisherige Wellentheorie noch eine naiv-korpuskulare Auffassung des Lichtes angemessen ist sondern daß "eine Art Verschmelzung von Undulations- und Emissionstheorie" die Wirklichkeit trifft. EINSTEIN hatte damit in die Optik das Dualitätsprinzip eingeführt welches nach einem Worte SOMMERFELDS "unter allen erstaunlichen Entdeckungen dieses Jahrhunderts die erstaunlichste ist". Wie MAX BORN registrierte wurde "von der versammelten Gelehrsamkeit EINSTEINS Leistung abgestempelt". EINSTEIN wurde sozusagen in den engen Kreis der führenden Physiker aufgenommen. Tatsächlich spricht aus PLANCKS Diskussionsbemerkung große Hochachtung wenn auch PLANCK den kühnen Ideen des jungen EINSTEIN was die Lichtquantenhypothese betraf gleichsam noch die offizielle Billigung versagte. Zweifellos muß der Auftritt EINSTEINS und PLANCKS Stellungnahme großes Aufsehen erregt haben. Unmittelbar vordergründig konnte EINSTEIN mit seiner Lichtquantenhypothese nicht durchdringen. FRITZ REICHE einer der zahlreichen jüngeren Teilnehmer berichtete: "I must say I was very much impressed by the appearance of the second term in the fiuctuation formula. Though it is of course a rather indistinct proof of photons'. I remember of course that people were opposed and tried to find another reason or tried to give the formula another form." Auch PAUL EPSTEIN glaubte nicht daß EINSTEIN mit seinem Vortrag allzuviele überzeugte: "HEILBRON: Do you recall whether that talk of EINSTEIN had a great effect' EPSTEIN: NO great effect. You see the chairman of the meeting was PLANCK and he immediately said that it was very interesting but he did not quite agree with it. And the only man who seconded at that meeting was JOHANNES STARK. You see it was too far advanced". Für EINSTEIN war die Salzburger Tagung nicht nur deshalb bedeutungsvoll weil er hier zum ersten Male vor einem großen Kreis seine Gedanken vortragen konnte sondern ihm hier auch die Möglichkeit gegeben war mit seinen Kollegen in einen persönlichen Gedankenaustausch zu treten. Dies gilt für MAX PLANCK für MAX BORN und besonders für ARNOLD SOMMERFELD. Die nach Herkommen und Veranlagung so verschiedenen Männer der Ostpreuße SOMMERFELD und der Weltbürger EINSTEIN begründeten in Salzburg eine auf gegenseitige Hochachtung basierende Zuneigung die den Wandel der Zeiten überdauerte. EINSTEIN schloß wie er an JOHANN JACOB LAUB schrieb SOMMERFELD stürmisch in sein Herz. Er sei "ganz verliebt" in ihn denn "er ist ein prachtvoller Kerl". Ähnlich hegte auch SOMMERFELD für EINSTEIN fortan das Gefühl der "Bewunderung und Verehrung". Konnte man EINSTEIN in der Lichtquantenhypothese auch nicht folgen mußte man seine Überlegungen doch als scharfsinnig anerkennen. Jedenfalls war nun seit dem ersten Hervortreten im Jahre 1905 EINSTEIN aus einem unbekannten "Experten III. Klasse" beim Eidgenössischen Patentamt zu einem Manne geworden dem ungewöhnlicher Respekt gezollt wurde. Wesentlich war daß EINSTEIN in seinem Salzburger Referat nicht nur über die Spezielle Relativitätstheorie vortrug "die er kleineren Propheten überließ" sondern hauptsächlich über das Quantenproblem. Vor dem Forum der großen Physikerversammlung wurde so die Bedeutung dieses weitgehend ungelösten Fragenkomplexes hervorgehoben. EINSTEINS Ansehen das er sich vor allem durch die Begründung der Speziellen Relativitätstheorie verschafft hatte veranlaßte nun manchen Kollegen doch sich auch mit dem Quantenproblem ernsthaft zu beschäftigen. Heute betrachten wir Relativitäts- und Quantentheorie als zuständig für getrennte Erfahrungsbereiche: Die Spezielle Relativitätstheorie basiert auf der Endlichkeit der Lichtgeschwindigkeit während die nichtrelativistische Quantentheorie als Konsequenz der Naturkonstanten h 4= 0 erscheint. Haben also die beiden wichtigsten physikalischen Theorien des beginnenden 20. Jahrhunderts auch keinen logischen Zusammenhang so war doch ihre Entwicklung historisch eng verknüpft. Die Erfolge der Relativitätstheorie bewirkten eine schnellere Entwicklung der Quantentheorie." Armin Hermann & Ulrich Benz Quanten- und relativitätstheorie im Speigel der Naturforscherversammlungen 1906-1920 pp.130-131 unknown‎

書籍販売業者の参照番号 : 37675

‎EINSTEIN, A(lbert).‎

‎Über die spezielle und die allgemeine Relativitätstheorie Gemeinverständlich.‎

‎Braunschweig Vieweg 1919. 4. Aufl. gr.-8°. IV 83 S. Mit 3 Textabb. OBrosch. Kanten berieb. - Sammlung Vieweg Tagesfragen aus den Gebieten der Naturwissenschaften und der Technik Heft 38 Braunschweig, Vieweg 1919. unknown‎

書籍販売業者の参照番号 : 1261-25

‎Einstein, A‎

‎Über Die Spezielle Und Die Allgemeine Relativitätstheorie‎

‎De Gruyter 1970. Hardcover. New. 21 reprint edition. 136 pages. German language. 5.00x0.44x8.00 inches. De Gruyter hardcover‎

書籍販売業者の参照番号 : __3112596013 ISBN : 3112596013 9783112596012

‎Einstein, Albert‎

‎Über die spezielle und die allgemeine Relativitätstheorie:‎

‎Braunschweig: Friedrich Vieweg 1917. Ninth printing. Acceptable. 23 cm; iv. 79 pages. Three figures in text along with numerous equations. In original printed wraps. Acceptable only with paper peeling from the spine and sewing tender. Paper cover is completely detached in front and hanging by a thread in back. The pages are yellowed. There is an ownership autograph of one E. Bodländer. That said a clean unmarked copy in original state. <br /><br />The original German edition of Einstein's epoch-making "On the Special and General Theory of Relativity. Friedrich Vieweg paperback‎

書籍販売業者の参照番号 : 6547

‎Einstein, Albert‎

‎Über die spezielle und die allgemeine Relativitätstheorie Gemeinverständlich German Edition‎

‎paperback. Good. Access codes and supplements are not guaranteed with used items. May be an ex-library book. paperback‎

書籍販売業者の参照番号 : 3322982726.G ISBN : 3322982726 9783322982728

‎Einstein, Albert‎

‎Über die spezielle und die allgemeine Relativitätstheorie: Gemeinverständlich: 10 Sammlung Vieweg 10‎

‎paperback. Good. Access codes and supplements are not guaranteed with used items. May be an ex-library book. paperback‎

書籍販売業者の参照番号 : 3663037754.G ISBN : 3663037754 9783663037750

‎Einstein, Albert‎

‎Über Die Spezielle Und Die Allgemeine Relativitätstheorie Gemeinverständlich‎

‎Vieweg Teubner Verlag 1921. Paperback. New. 11 edition. 98 pages. German language. 8.82x5.98x0.32 inches. Vieweg + Teubner Verlag paperback‎

書籍販売業者の参照番号 : x-3322982726 ISBN : 3322982726 9783322982728

‎EINSTEIN, A‎

‎Über die spezielle und die allgemeine Relativitätstheorie. Gemeinverständlich. Zweite Auflage.‎

‎Braunschweig Fridr. Vieweg. & Sohn 1917. "Heft 38 sammlung Vieweg" 8vo. Orig. printed wrappers. Title page with ink note and owners name. Some underlinings in ink. IV70 pp. <br/><br/><em>Second printing of the original from the same year. Weil No. 90. </em> unknown‎

書籍販売業者の参照番号 : 22780

‎EINSTEIN, ALBERT - THE FIRST EXPLICIT STATEMENT OF THE ENERGY-MASS EQUATION !!‎

‎Über die vom Relativitätsprincip geforderte Trägheit der Energie. On the Inertia of Energy Required by the Relativity Principle.‎

‎Leibzig Johann Ambrosius Barth 1907. 8vo. Contemp. hcalf. Spine gilt and with gilt lettering. Slightly rubbed and light wear to spineends. In "Annalen der Physik" Vierte Folge Band 23. VIII1000 pp. a. 4 plates. The entire volume offered. Einstein's paper: pp.371-384. Stamps on titlepage Allgemeine Electricitäts-Gesellschaft a. AEG Forschungsinstitut. Internally clean. <br/><br/><em>First edition of the first explicit statement of Einstein's energy-mass equation E=mc2.Nearly all descriptions of Einstein's scientific work state that the mass-energy equivalence E=mc2 was first formulated in Einstein's 1907 review paper 'Über das Relativitätsprinzip und die aus demselben gezogenen.' published in 'Jahrbuch der Radioaktivität und Elektronik' see Weil no. 21 and Dictionary of Scientific Biography vol. 4 pp.323 for examples. However in his paper 'Über die von Relativitätsprincip geforderte Trägheit der Energie' the offered paper which predates the former mentioned by six months Einstein gave a clear statement of the mass-energy equivalence E=mc2. See Lanczos: The Einstein Decade pp.149-150 and 153 as well as Volume 2 of 'The Collected Papers of Albert Einstein' pp. 428.Einstein's first paper regarding the relation E=mc2 is his fourth 1905 paper 'Ist die Trägheit eines Körpers von seinem Energieinhalt abhängig'. In this short paper Einstein showed that a body releasing the energy E in the form of radiation will have its mass decreased by E/c2 and concluded that the mass of a body is a measure of its energy content e.g. that all energy has mass. The next time Einstein returns to the subject is in his 1906 paper 'Das Prinzip von der Erhaltung der Schwerpunkts Bewegung und die Trägheit der Energie.'. Here Einstein concluded that one must either ascribe the inertial mass E/c2 to any form of energy E or else give up the fundamental law mechanics regarding conservation of the motion of the center of gravity. Then finally in the 1907 paper 'Über die von Relativitätsprincip geforderte Trägheit der Energie.' the offered paper Einstein makes the decisive step of assuming that all mass has energy. On page 382 Einstein considers the total energy of a moving mass point as the sum of its kinetic energy and its rest energy. In classical mechanics it is most convenient to set the second term to zero but in relativistic mechanics one obtains the simplest expression by setting the rest energy equal to mc2. Einstein then continues to show that this stipulation cannot lead to a contradiction in any relativistic argument. In a footnote on page 382 Einstein states for the first time the equation E=mc2 and mentions that this equation is the expression of the principle of the equivalence of mass and energy - see Volume 2 of 'The Collected Papers of Albert Einstein' pp. 428.The volume contains another paper by Einstein "Bemerkungen zu der Notiz von Hrn. Paul Ehrenfest: "Die Translation deformierbarer Elektronen und der Flächensatz"" pp.206-208. - Weil No. 18. Further with 2 importent papers by Max v. Laue.Collected Works Doc. 45. Weil 19. Boni 19. </em> unknown‎

書籍販売業者の参照番号 : 53408

‎Einstein, Albert‎

‎Über ein den Elementarprozeß der Lichtemission betreffendes Experiment. Offprint‎

‎1921. Offprint from Sitzungsberichte der preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften 1921. Single sheet pp. 882-883. 256 x 184 mm. Minor marginal tears one corner chipped but very good. First ediiton offprint issue. "Since after 1917 Einstein firmly believed that light-quanta were here to stay it is not surprising that he would look for new ways in which the existence of photons might lead to observable devations from the classical picture. In this he did not succeed. At one point in 1921 he thought he had found a new quantum criterion published in the present paper but it soon turned out to be a false lead" Pais Subtle is the Lord pp. 412-413. Weil Albert Einstein Bibliography 118. unknown‎

書籍販売業者の参照番号 : 43316

‎Einstein, Albert‎

‎Über eine Methode zur Bestimmung des Verhältnisses der transversalen und longitudinalen Masse des Elektrons‎

‎1906. <p>Einstein Albert 1879-1955. Über eine Methode zur Bestimmung des Verhältnisses der transversalen und longitudinalen Masse des Elektrons. Offprint from Annalen der Physik 21 1906. 583-586pp. 223 x 145 mm. Original printed wrappers chipped spine splitting minor spotting. Light toning but very good.</p> <p>First Edition Rare Offprint Issue. In his landmark 1905 paper on special relativity Einstein used the velocity-dependent concepts of transverse and longitudinal mass for the moving electron these terms have now been replaced with the concept of relativistic mass first defined by Lewis and Tolman in 1909. In the present paper Einstein proposed an experimental method for determining the ratio of the transverse to the longitudinal mass and invited experimentalists to verify his special theory of relativity. Einstein later abandoned velocity-dependent mass concepts stating in 1948 that "it is better to introduce no other mass concept than the 'rest mass' m" quoted in L. B. Okun "The concept of mass" Physics Today 1989: 31-36. Lavenda A New Perspective on Relativity pp. 7-8. Weil Albert Einstein Bibliography 14. </p> . unknown‎

書籍販売業者の参照番号 : 43289

‎EINSTEIN, ALBERT‎

‎Über eine Methode zur Bestimmung des Verhältnisses der transversalen und longitudinalen Masse der Elektrons:‎

‎Leipzig J. A. Barth 1906. Contemp. hcloth. Light wear to edges. A small tear at upper part of fronthinge. "Annalen der Physik. Vierte Folge. Band 21. Hrsg. von W.Wien und M. Planck". VIII1056 pp.and 9 plates. Einstein paper: pp. 583-86. Internally clean and fine. The whole volume offered. <br/><br/><em>First edition. Einsten describes in this paper "Method for the determination of the ratio of the transversal to the longitudinal mass of the electron" an apparatus which would make it possible to determine with great accuracy the law according to which the mass of the electron changes with the velocity. - Weil No 14. </em> hardcover‎

書籍販売業者の参照番号 : 38833

‎Einstein, Albert‎

‎Über einen Satz der Wahrscheinlichkeitsrechnung und seine Anwendung in der Strahlungstheorie with L. Hopf; Statistische Untersuchung der Bewegung eines Resonators in einem Strahlungsfeld with L. Hopf; and Theorie der Opaleszens von homogenen Flüssigkeiten und Flüssigkeitsgemischen in der Nähe des kritischen Zustandes. In Annalen der Physik und Chemie 33‎

‎Leipzig: Johann Ambrosius Barth 1910. <p>Einstein Albert 1879-1955. 1 Uber einen Satz der Wahrscheinlichkeitsrechnung und seine Anwendung in der Strahlungstheorie with L. Hopf. pp. 1096-1104. Weil 34 Boni 29. 2 Statistiche Untersuchung der Bewegung eines Resonators in einem Strahlungsfeld with L. Hopf. pp. 1105-1115. Weil 35 Boni 30. 3 Theorie der Opaleszens von homogenen Flüssigkeiten und Flüssigkeitsgemischen in der Nähe des kritischen Zustandes. pp. 1275-1298. Weil 36. In Annalen der Physik und Chemie 33. Red cloth with gilt lettering on the spine. Whole volume: viii 1584 pp. 6 plates. Text-figs. 210 x 130 mm. Very good copy. </p> <br /> <br /> <p>Approximate English translations of titles and brief explanations of papers:<br> <br /> <br /> 1 "On a theorem of probability calculus and its application in the radiation theory." "Einstein and Hopf wrote this paper to show that the failure of statistical mechanics vis-a-vis the radiation law cannot be ameliorated by proposing that individual statistical events in the emission of light from different points on the surface of a luminous body are not actually independent but instead are interdependent with each other. Even if one assumes a failure to be statistically independent one derives the same usual form of the radiation law as Fourier sum." p. 290. Calaprice Kennefick & Shulmann. An Einstein Encyclopedia. 2015.</p> <br /> <br /> <p>2 "Statistical investigation of the movement of a resonator in a radiation field." With: L. Hopf. "The authors make use of the results in no. 1 above demonstrating that the Rayleigh-Jeans law of radiation is an unavoidable consequence of statistics even if we avoid assumptions that we may think need correction. In other words we cannot blame statistics for a faulty result." p. 290. Calaprice Kennefick & Shulmann. An Einstein Encyclopedia. 2015. </p> <br /> <br /> <p>3 "Theory of the opalescence of homogenous liquids and liquid mixtures near the critical state"."Einstein explains the optical effects that occur near the critical point of a fluid at which liquid gas phases can coexist and of a binary mixture of liquids that can also explain the blue color of the sky. It adds to earlier stuidies that provided evidence for the atomistic constitution of matter and is one of the most difficult papers to understand." p. 290. Calaprice Kennefick & Shulmann. An Einstein Encyclopedia. 2015. </p> <br /> <br /> <p>"October 1910. E. completes a paper on critical opalescence his last major work in classical statistical physics." Pais Subtle is the Lord. 523. </p> <br /> <br /> <p>Weil's Einstein Bibliography nos. 34 35 and 36 respectively.</p> <br /> <p>Boni's Einstein Checklist nos. 29 30 and 31 respectively. </p> . Johann Ambrosius Barth unknown‎

書籍販売業者の参照番号 : 50336

‎EINSTEIN, ALBERT (+) L HOPF‎

‎Über einen Satz der Wahrscheinlichkeitsrechnung und seine Anwendung in der Strahlentheorie. Statistische Untersuchung der Bewegung eines Resonators in einem Strahlungsfeld Theorie der Opaleszenz von hogenen Flüssigkeitsgemischen in der Nähe de.‎

‎Leipzig Barth 1910. 8vo. Bound in contemporary half cloth with gilt lettering to spine. In "Annalen der Physik" Bd. 33 1910. Entire volume offered. Library stamp to verso of title page light wear to extremities. Otherwise fine and clean. pp. 1096-1104 and pp. 1105-1115; Pp. 1275-1298 Entire volume: VIII 1584 pp. 6 plates. <br/><br/><em>First appearance of all three papers. The purpose of "A theorem in probability and its application in the Theory of radiation" is to demonstrate that the failure of statistical mechanics with respect to the radiation law Rayleigh - Jeans law contradicted by experience cannot be removed by the conjecture that perhaps the individual statistical events should not follow the usual law of independence product of probabilities instead of assuming a certain interdependence between them. Lanczos. The second paper "Statistical investigation on of the motion of an oscillator in a radiation field" makes use of the results of the previous investigation. Einstein's aim is to demonstrate that the Rayleigh-jeans law of radiation contracdicted by the physical facts is an unavoidable consequence of statistics even if we avoid any kind of assumption which may be suspected of needing correction. Lanczos. The third paper "Theory of the opalescence of homogenous fluids and fluid mixtures near the critical state" is an importent investigation and one of the most difficult of all his papers to understand. The aim of the paper is to complement the work of Smoluchovski Ann. d. Physik25 1908 who gave a general explanation of the strong density fluctuations - and the opalescence thus generated - of two fluids near the critical state of mixture or a single fluid near the critical state of condensation on the basis of the kinetic theory of heat. he did notgive howeverthe quantitative details concerning the scattered light associated with this phenomenon. Lanczos. - Weil Nos 34 35 and 36 with an asterix denoting major work.Weil No. 34 35 & 36. </em> hardcover‎

書籍販売業者の参照番号 : 49714

‎Einstein, Albert‎

‎Über Friedrich Kottlers Abhandlung "Über Einsteins Äquivalenzhypothese und die Gravitation." In Ann. Phys. Lpz. 51‎

‎Leipzig: Johann Ambrosius Barth 1916. Einstein Albert 1879-1955. Über Friedrich Kottlers Abhandlung "Über Einsteins Äquivalenzhypothese und die Gravitation." In Annalen der Physik 51 638-642 pp. Red cloth with gilt lettering on the spine. Whole volume: 883 pp. 4 plates. Figs. Text-illust. 210 x 130 mm. A very good copy.<br /> <br /> <p>Weil's Einstein Bibliography no. 81. <br> <br /> Boni's Einstein Checklist no. 79. </p> . Johann Ambrosius Barth unknown‎

書籍販売業者の参照番号 : 50341

‎EINSTEIN, A. (Albert 1879-1955):‎

‎Sidelights on Relativity. I. Ether and Relativity. II. Geometry and Experience. Translated by G. B. Jeffery, D.Sc., and W. Perrett, Ph. D.‎

‎London: Methuen & Co.Ltd, 1922, sm. in-8vo, 2 leaves (halftitle & titlepage) + 56 p. + 2 leaves + 8 p. publicity on diff. paper, printed on heavy paper, slightly yellowed, Ex-Libris ‘Edward Wilder Playfair’, full cloth publisher’s binding, blind-stamped title to front, gilt title to spine, spine sunned.‎

‎This two lectures were delivered on May 5th, 1920, in the University of Leyden. Its importance was immediately recognized and it was translated into Italian, French, English, Polish, Russian and Hungarian in quick succession. for the first ed. in German cf. Weil 111; Schlipp-Shields n° 131; Alicke 97.‎

書籍販売業者の参照番号 : 106283aaf

‎Einstein, Albert‎

‎Albert through the looking glass. The personal papers of Albert Einstein. Von Ze'ev Rosenkranz.‎

‎Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 1998. 156 S. mit zahlr. Abb., gebundene Ausgabe.‎

‎Ein sehr gutes Ex. - Foreword by the President of The Hebrew University -- Foreword by the Director of The Jewish National & University Library. Preface -- The Albert Einstein Archives -- History of the Albert Einstein Archives -- The Importance of the Albert Einstein Archives.. -- Archival Holdings -- Current Activities -- Future Plans -- The Permanent Exhibition -- Einstein's Personal Life -- Family Background -- Education, -- Family Life -- Einstein's Personality -- Einstein's Scientific Achievements -- Einstein's Significance -- The Early Years -- The annus mirabilis -- The Special Theory of Relativity -- The Photoelectric Effect -- Brownian Motion -- E=mc2 -- The General Theory of Relativity -- The Nobel Prize Quantum Theory -- Unified Field Theory -- The Scientist and Society -- Einstein's Political Activities -- Einstein the Radical Pacifist -- Einstein and the Bomb -- The Nuclear Threat -- Einstein's Concern for Civil Liberties -- Einstein's Social and Economic Views. -- Einstein's Jewish Identity -- Einstein the Jew -- Einstein and Jewish Nationalism -- Einstein and the Holocaust -- Einstein and the Presidency of Israel Einstein and The Hebrew University -- Einstein at Leisure -- Music -- Sailing -- Correspondence with Children -- The Curiosity File.' -- The Einstein Myth -- The Creation of the Myth -- The Myth in the Nuclear Age -- The Einstein Timeline -- Bibliography -- Index. - This book offers a unique glimpse into the life and work of Albert Einstein, one of the most prominent and influential figures of the modern era. Based on a selection of fascinating documents and photographs from his personal papers, it provides a kaleidoscope - a looking-glass - through which to perceive this great scientist, humanist and Jew. Many items are published here for the first time. Einstein's papers reflect the complexity of his character and the exceptional quality of his genius. The repository of these papers is the Albert Einstein Archives, housed at The Jewish National & University Library at The Hebrew University of Jerusalem. Einstein was one of the founders of The Hebrew University. His special relationship to this institution found a lasting expression in the bequest of his literary estate and personal papers to the university in his Last Will and Testament. ISBN 9659017006‎

書籍販売業者の参照番号 : 917101

‎Einstein, Albert‎

‎Autobiographie scientifique‎

‎Champs‎

‎LIVRE A L’ETAT DE NEUF. EXPEDIE SOUS 3 JOURS OUVRES. NUMERO DE SUIVI COMMUNIQUE AVANT ENVOI, EMBALLAGE RENFORCE. EAN:9782080144171‎

書籍販売業者の参照番号 : 9782080144171