‎Einstein‎

‎"EINSTEIN, ALBERT. - THE NOBEL LECTURE.‎

‎Grundgedanken und Probleme der Relativitätstheorie. (Fundamental ideas and problems of the theory of relativity). Vortrag gehalten an der Nordischen Naturforscherversammlung in Gotenburg den 11 Juli 1923. (Basic ideas and problems of the theory of rel...‎

‎Stockholm, Nordstedt & Fils, 1923. Orig. printed wrappers. Offprint from ""Les Prix Nobel en 1921-1922"". Pp. 1-10. Fine and clean.‎

‎First edition in the scarce offprint version of Einsteins Nobel lecture. The paper presents the Nobel lecture delivered in Göteborg on July 11, 1923. Because Einstein did not deliver the lecture at the same time as he received the award, it did not concern the prize topic, which was ""for his attainments in mathematical physics and especially for his discovery of the law of the photoelectrical effect.""In relation to his Nobel Prize, Einstein would have preferred to speak on unified field theory, but he followed Arrhenius proposal ""but it is certain that one would be most grateful for a lecture about your relativity theory."" On a very hot day in July, Einstein, dressed in a black redingote, addressed an audience of about two thousand in the Jubilee Hall in Göteborg on ""basic ideas and problems of the theory of relativity."" King Gustav V, who was present, had a pleasant chat with Einstein afterwards. Einstein later gave a second, more technical lecture at Chalmers Technical Institute for about fifty members of the Science Society.""(Pais, pp. 504-5).Weil: 135. - Boni: 136.‎

书商的参考编号 : 46478

‎"EINSTEIN, A. - THE REFRACTIVE INDEX FOR X-RAYS.‎

‎Lassen sich Brechungsexponenten der Körper für Röntgenstrahlen experimentell ermitteln ? (+) Bemerkung zu E. Gehrckes Notiz ""Über den Áther"". (2 Papers).‎

‎Braunschweig, Friedr. Vieweg & Sohn, 1918. Contemp. full cloth. Spine gilt and with gilt lettering. In: ""Verhandlungen der Deutschen Physikalischen Gesellschaft im Jahre 1918."", 20. Jahrgang. V,280 pp, textillustr. (Entire volume offered). Einstein's papers: pp. 86-87 and p. 261. Clean and fine.‎

‎First printing of the paper in which Einstein provided the first description of the nature of the refractive index for X-rays, that it has an imaginary component, and showing that phase contrast effects are significant. A century later, most x-ray microscopy and nearly all medical imaging remains based on absorption contrast, even though phase contrast offers orders of magnitude improvements in contrast and reduced radiation exposure at multi-keV x-ray energies.The second paper is Einstein's reply to Gehrcke's paper ""Über den Äther"" as printed in the offered volume pp. 165-169.Weil: 100 a.104 - Boni: 101.a. 102.The volume contains orher importent papers by MAX BORN, E. GOLDSTEIN, J. PETZOLDT, MAX BORN & A. LANDÉ, A. LANDÉ.‎

书商的参考编号 : 47167

‎"EINSTEIN, ALBERT.‎

‎Neue Möglichkeit für eine einheitliche Feldtheorie von Gravitation und Elektroicität.‎

‎Berlin, Gruyter u. Co., 1928. 4to. Orig. printed orange wrappers. Offprint/Sonderabdruck aus Sitzungsberichten....pp. (1)-6. Fine fresh copy.‎

‎First edition in the rare Offprint, still called ""Abdruck"", but having separate printed title and separate pagination. See Weil: 162, where this is not mentioned.Weil No. 162.The early Offprints from ""Sitzungsberichten..."" are called ""Sonderabdruck"" up to Weil No.165 (including this). From Weil 166 they are called ""Sonderausgabe..."". - Before 161 (up to 160) the Offprints do not have separate title and pagination (the pagination follows the numbering in the periodical). From 166 the Offprint has both separate printed title and pagination. - ( So Weil Nos 161-165 is still ""Abdruck"", but with separate title and pagination). These facts are not mentioned in the bibliographies.‎

书商的参考编号 : 28363

‎"EINSTEIN, ALBERT.‎

‎Newtons Mechanik und ihr Einsfluss auf die Gestaltung der theoretischen Physik.‎

‎Berlin, Julius Springer, 1927. 4to. Orig. printed wrappers. In ""Die Naturwissenschaften"", Heft 12, Fünfzehnter Jahrg. (Seite 273-296), textillustrations. Einstein's paper pp. 273-276. With one plate (portrait of Newton). Clean and fine.‎

‎First appearance of Einstein's Newton-paper, which was later included in ""Mein Weltbild"" and its translation in ""In the World as I see it""- Weil: 158 - Boni: 166.The issue contaions also a first-printing by Max von Laue ""Aus Newtons Optik"", pp. 276-280, textillustr.‎

书商的参考编号 : 46484

‎"EINSTEIN, ALBERT.‎

‎Notiz zu der Arbeit von A. Friedmann ""Über die Krümmung des Raumes"".‎

‎Berlin, Vieweg u. Sohn, 1923. 8vo. Bound in contemporary full cloth. In ""Zeitschrift für Physik. Hrsg. von Karl Scheel. 16. Band"", entire volume offered. Embossed stamp to title page. P. 228. [Entire volume: IV, [2], 409 pp].‎

‎First printing of Einstein commentary to Friedman's seminal papers in which he ""introduced into cosmology two concepts of revolutionary importance, the age og the world and the creation of the world""(Kragh, Cosmology and Controversy). Also contained in the volume are:BOTHE, W.: Eichmethoden für Emanationselektrometer (+) Über eine neue Sekundärstrahlung der Röntgenstrahlen. - First appearance of Bothe's early paper on the Compton effect which, together with his later paper (in Bd 32, Zeitschrift für Physik), awarded him the Nobel Prize in Physics ""for the coincidence method and his discoveries made therewith"".PAULI, JR. W. : Über die Gesetzmässigkeiten des anomalen Zeemaneffektes. LANDÉ, A.: Zur Theorie der Röntgenspektren.HEISENBERG, W. (+) M. BORN.: Die Elektronenbahnen im angeregten Heliumatom.Weil 122‎

书商的参考编号 : 49811

‎"EINSTEIN, ALBERT.‎

‎Riemann-Geometrie mit Aufrechtehaltung des Begreiffes des Fernparallelismus.‎

‎Berlin, Gruyter & Co., 1928. 4to. Orig. printed orange wrappers. Offprint/Sonderabruck aus Sitzungsberichten...pp. (1)-7. Fine fresh copy.‎

‎First edition of the rare Offprint, still called ""Abdruck"", but now having separate pagination and separate printed title, see Weil No. 161 where this is not mentioned.The early Offprints from ""Sitzungsberichten..."" are called ""Sonderabdruck"" up to Weil No.165 (including this). From Weil 166 they are called ""Sonderausgabe..."". - Before 161 (up to 160) the Offprints do not have separate title and pagination (the pagination follows the numbering in the periodical). From 166 the Offprint has both separate printed title and pagination. - ( So Weil Nos 161-165 is still ""Abdruck"", but with separate title and pagination). These facts are not mentioned in the bibliographies.‎

书商的参考编号 : 28361

‎"EINSTEIN, ALBERT.‎

‎Sur L'Électrodynamique des Corps en Mouvement. Traduit par M. Solovine. Avec un Portrait de L'Auteur.‎

‎Paris, Gauthier-Villars et Cie, 1925. Small8vo. Uncut in orig. printed wrappers. Portrait. (4),56,(2) pp. + Publisher's Cat. (6 pp.). 2 leaves with an insignificant small loss of upper right corner. A fine copy.‎

‎First French edition of the initials papers on Special Relativity. It is a translation of the 2 Einstein-papers which appeared in 1905, ""Elektrodynamik bewegter Körper"" and ""Ist die Trägheit eines Körpers von seinem Energieinhalt abhängig ?"". Published in the series ""Les Maitres de la Pensee scientifique"". - Weil: 9 c - Schielpp-Schields: 189. - Boni-Laurence: 9 B and 10 B.‎

书商的参考编号 : 39308

‎"EINSTEIN, A., L. INFELD, and B. HOFFMANN. - THE ROUND OFF OF GENERAL RELATIVITY - ASSOCIATION COPY.‎

‎The gravitational Equations and the Problem of Motion. (Part I). (Received June 16, 1937). (+) II. (Received May 29, 1939). 2 Papers (Paper II only Einstein and Infeld).‎

‎(Princeton, NJ.), Annals of Mathematics, 1938 a. 1940. Both papers in orig. printed wrappers. Offprints from ""Annals of Mathematics"", Vol. 39, No. 1, january, 1938 and Vol. 41, No. 2, April, 1940. Pp. 65-100 and pp. 455-464. Both clean and fine. This copy has belonged to Abraham Pais (1918-2000) - the famous Einstein scholar, theoretical physicist and Einsteins collegue at Princeton - and having his name on top of both frontwrappers ""A Pais"".‎

‎First editions, in the scarce offprint versions, of Einstein's last and highly important contributions to General relativity, and in which is shown that the equation of motion follows directly from the field equation that defined the geometry.""Einstein's last importent contribution to general relativity deals again with the problem of motion. It is the work done with Leopold Infeld and Banash Hoffmann on the N-body problem of motion. In these papers, the gravitational field is no longer treated as external. Instead, it and the motion of its (singular) sources are treated simultaneously. Anew approximationscheme is introduced in which the fields are no longer necessarily weak but in which the source velocities are small compared with the light velocity .... The equations obtained have found use in situations where Newtonian interaction must be included. '(These equations) are widely used in analyses of planetary orbits in the solarsystem. For example, the Cal Tech Jet Propulsion Laboratory uses them, in modified form, to calculate ephmerides for high-precision tracking of planets and spacecraft.""(Pais ""Subtle is the Lord"", p. 290-91).""The problem of the equation of motion of bodies is the following. The 1916 theory had a classical structure in the sense that there were both field equations (the curvature of space-time is determined by the mass and motion of bodies in space-time) and equations of motion of bodies (the world line of small mass is a geodesic). Are these two statements really separate? If the field equations were linear, they indeed would be. They are not linear, however, and Einstein showed (in the papers offered) that if matter is represented by a point singularity of the metric field, these singularities are located on world lines that are geodesics of space-time, provided its metric satisfies the equation of general relativity.""(DSB).Weil: 202 a. 295 (both with an asterix denoting a major paper). - Boni: 236 a. 236.1.‎

书商的参考编号 : 46475

‎"EINSTEIN, A. & N. ROSEN. - THE SILBERSTEIN-EINSTEIN CONTROVERSY.‎

‎Two-Body Problem in General Relativity Theory.‎

‎Lancaster, American Physical Society, 1936. 4to. In: ""The Physical Review"", Vol. 49, Second Series. X,971 pp. (Entire volume offered). Einstein & Rosen's paper: pp. 404-405.‎

‎First printing of Einstein and Rosen's answer to Silberstein's critique of Einstein's Theory of Relativity ..""Ludwik Silberstein, who initially was a supporter of the special theory, objected at different occasions against general relativity. In 1920 he argued that the deflection of light by the sun, as observed by Arthur Eddington et al. (1919), is not necessarily a confirmation of general relativity, but may also be explained by the Stokes-Planck theory of complete aether drag. However, such models are in contradiction with the aberration of light and other experiments (see ""Alternative theories""). And in 1935, Silberstein claimed to have found a contradiction in the Two-body problem in general relativity. However, also this claim was refuted by Einstein and Rosen (1935) (in the paper offered).""(Wikipedia).‎

书商的参考编号 : 47073

‎"EINSTEIN, A.‎

‎Zu Kaluzas Theorie des Zusammenhanges von Gravitation und Elektrizität. Erste und zweite Mitteilung.‎

‎Berlin, 1927. Orig. printed orange wrappers. Back strengthend with matching paper. Fresh copy. Offprint/Sonderabdr. aus ""Sitzungsberichte"". pp. 23-30.‎

‎First edition. Weil No. 156.‎

书商的参考编号 : 22776

‎"EINSTEIN, ALBERT.‎

‎Zum Kosmologischen problem der allgemeinen Relativitätstheorie.‎

‎Berlin, Gruyter & Co., 1931. 4to. Orig. printed orange wrappers. Offprint/Sonderausgabe aus Sitzungsberichten....pp.(1)-5. Fine fresh copy.‎

‎First edition in the rare Offprint with the separate printed title and separate pagination. See Weil No. 179, where this is not mentioned.The early Offprints from ""Sitzungsberichten..."" are called ""Sonderabdruck"" up to Weil No.165 (including this). From Weil 166 they are called ""Sonderausgabe..."". - Before 161 (up to 160) the Offprints do not have separate title and pagination (the pagination follows the numbering in the periodical). From 166 the Offprint has both separate printed title and pagination. - ( So Weil Nos 161-165 is still ""Abdruck"", but with separate title and pagination). These facts are not mentioned in the bibliographies.‎

书商的参考编号 : 28366

‎"EINSTEIN, ALBERT.‎

‎Zum gegenwärtigen Stande des Gravitationsproblems.‎

‎(Leipzig), 15. December 1913. 4to. ""Physikalische Zeitschrift No. 25, 15. December 1913. 14 Jahrgang"", pp. 1249-1312. Einsteins paper: 1249-1266 (Discussion pp. 1262-66).‎

‎First edition. This is the famous address that Einstein gave on the occasion on the 85th Congress ""Versammlung Deutscher Naturforscher und Aerzte zu Wien"" in their meeting September 23, 1913, together with the ensuing discussion. - Weil No. 54.‎

书商的参考编号 : 38802

‎"EINSTEIN, ALBERT - SCHRÖDINGER, ERWIN.‎

‎Zum kosmologischen Problem der allgemeinen Relativitätstheorie. (Withbound Schrödinger:) Spezielle Relativitätstheorie und Quantenmechanik.‎

‎Berlin, Akademie der Wissenschaften, 1931. 4to. Orig. printed wrappers. Small nicks to margin of wrapper. ""Sitzungsberichte der Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften"", issue XII, pp. 233-247. Einstein paper: pp. 235-237, Schrödinger paper: pp. 238-247.‎

‎Both papers first edition. - Weil No 179.‎

书商的参考编号 : 38899

‎"EINSTEIN, A.‎

‎Zum gegenwärtigen Stande des Gravitationsproblems.‎

‎Leipzig, S. Hirzel, 1913. Royal8vo. Uncut, unopened in the original wrappers. In ""Physikalische Zeitschrift"", Vol. 14, 1913. Entire issue offered. Front wrapper detached and lower right corner is missing. Extremities with nicks, otherwise very fine and clean. Rare unopened. Pp. 1249-1266. Discussion"" Pp. 1262-66. [Entire volume: XXXI, (1), 1312 pp. + LVI plates].‎

‎First printing the famous address that Einstein gave on the occasion on the 85th Congress ""Versammlung Deutscher Naturforscher und Aerzte zu Wien"" in their meeting September 23, 1913, together with the ensuing discussion. In it he compared the development of the various theories of gravitation with the development of successive concepts of electricity.Weil No. 54.‎

书商的参考编号 : 47060

‎"EINSTEIN, A.‎

‎Zur einheitlichen Feldtheorie.‎

‎Berlin, 1929. Orig. printed orange wrappers. Back strengthend with matching paper. Fresh copy. Offprint/Sonderabdr. aus ""Sitzungsberichte"". pp. 1-8.‎

‎First edition. Weil No. *165 - with asterics (denoting major work). Printing and the Mind of Man 416.‎

书商的参考编号 : 22771

‎"EINSTEIN, ALBERT.‎

‎Zur Theorie der Lichtfortpflanzung in dispergierenden Medien.‎

‎Berlin, Gruyter & Co., 1922. 4to. Orig.printed orange wrappers. Offprint/Sonderabdruck aus Sitzungsberichten... pp. 18-22. Fine fresh copy.‎

‎First edition in the rare Offprint, (still called ""Abdruck""). - Weil No. 120.The early Offprints from ""Sitzungsberichten..."" are called ""Sonderabdruck"" up to Weil No.165 (including this). From Weil 166 they are called ""Sonderausgabe..."". - Before 161 (up to 160) the Offprints do not have separate title and pagination (the pagination follows the numbering in the periodical). From 166 the Offprint has both separate printed title and pagination. - ( So Weil Nos 161-165 is still ""Abdruck"", but with separate title and pagination). These facts are not mentioned in the bibliographies.‎

书商的参考编号 : 28358

‎"EINSTEIN, ALBERT.‎

‎Zur Einheitlichen Feldtheorie.‎

‎Berlin, Gruyter & Co., 1929. 4to. Orig. orange printed wrappers. Offprint/Sonderabdruck aus Sitzungsberichten...pp. (1)-8. Fine fresh copy.‎

‎First edition in the rare Offprint, still called ""Abdruck"", but having separate printed title and separate pagination. See Weil No. 165, where this is not mentioned.Weil No. 165 with an asterix, denoting a major work. ""The Unified Field-Theory is one of the last importent works by Einstein. This paper presents a new development which was immediate news"" translations and abstracts of ite appeared at once, besides numerous articles in general periodicals"" (W. Alicke).The early Offprints from ""Sitzungsberichten..."" are called ""Sonderabdruck"" up to Weil No.165 (including this). From Weil 166 they are called ""Sonderausgabe..."". - Before 161 (up to 160) the Offprints do not have separate title and pagination (the pagination follows the numbering in the periodical). From 166 the Offprint has both separate printed title and pagination. - ( So Weil Nos 161-165 is still ""Abdruck"", but with separate title and pagination). These facts are not mentioned in the bibliographies.‎

书商的参考编号 : 28362

‎"EINSTEIN, ALBERT.‎

‎Zur Quantentheorie der Strahlung. - [FOUNDING LASER PHYSICS.]‎

‎Leipzig, S. Hirzel, 1917. Royal8vo. Bound in contemporary half calf with gilt lettering to spine and 5 raised bands with ornaments in gilt. In ""Physikalische Zeitschrift"", Bd. 18, 1917. Spine and hinges with wear, otherwise a fine and clean copy. Pp. 121-128. [Entire volume: XI, (1), 604 pp. + 14 plates.‎

‎The paper was first published in 1916 in Mitteilungen der Physikalischen Gesellschaft in Zürich, but here for the first time in Physikalische Zeitschrift. All subsequent research on absorption and emission of radiation and the entire discovery of the maser, later the laser, was based on the research presented in the present paper. The paper is also notable for introducing the concept (but not the name) of the photon"" Einstein argues that in the interaction of matter and radiation there must be, in addition to the processes of absorption and spontaneous emission, a third process of stimulated emission. If stimulated emission exists then he can derive the Planck distribution for blackbody radiation and without it the same argument implies the invalid Wien-distribution theory.""In this paper he derived Planck's original quantum law from a different starting point, he suggested that as well as spontaneous emission and absorption, there could also take place the process of stimulated emission. In 1917 this seemed mainly of theoretical interest"" forty years later it was utilized to provide the maser and laser of modern technology. In 1916, ""Einstein came back once more to blackbody radiation and made further progress. In November 1916 he wrote to Besso: 'A splendid light has fallen on me about the absorption and emission of radiation'. His reasoning is divided into three papers, two of which appeared in 1916 and the third one early in 1917 [the two papers above - note that these are the two papers of Einstein on radiation theory cited by Weil as ""principal works"""" a third paper from 1916 is not.] In these papers, Einstein proposed a statistical theory of the interaction between atoms and photons, gave a new demonstration of Planck's radiation theory and introduced the concept of 'stimulated emission', providing the basis for the discovery of masers and lasers "" (Bertolotti, The History of the Laser).""When Einstein returned to the radiation problem in 1916, the quantum theory had undergone a major change. Niels Bohr's papers had opened a new and fertile domain for the application of quantum concepts-the explanation of atomic structure and atomic spectra. In addition Bohr's work and its generalizations by Arnold Sommerfeld and others constituted a fresh approach to the foundations of the quantum theory of matter. Einstein's new work showed the influence of these ideas . He had found still another derivation of Planck's black-body radiation law, an ""astonishingly simple and general"" one which, he thought, mightproperly be called ""the derivation"" 12 of this important law. It was based on statistical assumptions about the processes of absorption and emission of radiation and on Bohr's basic quantum hypothesis that atomic systems have a discrete set of possible stationary states. The proof turned on the requirement that absorption and emission of radiation, both spontaneous and stimulated, suffice to keep a gas of atoms in thermodynamic equilibrium. (This paper introduced the concept of stimulated emission into the quantum theory and is therefore often described as the basis of laser physics.) Einstein himself considered the most important contribution of this work to be not the new derivation of the distribution law but rather the arguments he presented for the directional character of energy quanta. (DSB) Weil No 91 (with an asterix denoting major paper).‎

书商的参考编号 : 46895

‎"EINSTEIN, A. (+) S. N. BOSE.‎

‎Zur Theorie der Radiometerkräfte (+) (Addendum to Bose's paper:) [Einstein] (+) Über die Entwicklung des Drehkristallverfahrens. Bemerkung zu der Arbeit von Polanyi, Schiebold und Wissenberg.‎

‎Berlin, Springer, 1924. 8vo. Bound in contemporary half cloth. In ""Zeitschrift für Physik"", Bd. 27. Entire volume offered. Stamp to front free end paper. Fine and clean. [Einstein:] Pp. 1-6" P. 392. [Bose:] P. 392. [Entire volume: IV, 395, (1) pp].‎

‎First appearance of Einstein's paper on statistical mechanics and the physics of radiometers. Weil 139, 143a‎

书商的参考编号 : 49431

‎"EINSTEIN, ALBERT und W. MAYER.‎

‎Zwei strenge statische Lösungen der feldgleichungen der einheitlichen Feldtheorie.‎

‎Berlin, Gruyter & Co., 1930. 4to. Orig. printed orange wrappers. Offprint/Sonderausgabe aus Sitzungsberichten...pp. (1)-13. Fine fresh copy.‎

‎First edition in the rare Offprint with its separate printed title and separate pagination. Se Weil No. 170, not mentioning this.The early Offprints from ""Sitzungsberichten..."" are called ""Sonderabdruck"" up to Weil No.165 (including this). From Weil 166 they are called ""Sonderausgabe..."". - Before 161 (up to 160) the Offprints do not have separate title and pagination (the pagination follows the numbering in the periodical). From 166 the Offprint has both separate printed title and pagination. - ( So Weil Nos 161-165 is still ""Abdruck"", but with separate title and pagination). These facts are not mentioned in the bibliographies.‎

书商的参考编号 : 28376

‎"EINSTEIN, ALBERT.‎

‎Über die Möglichkeit einer neuen Prüfung des Relativitätsprinzips.‎

‎(Leipzig, Barth, 1907). 8vo. Extract from ""Annalen der Physik IV,23"", pp.197-198. Some slight browning to leaves.‎

‎First edition. Weil No. 17.‎

书商的参考编号 : 29338

‎"EINSTEIN, ALBERT.‎

‎Über eine Methode zur Bestimmung des Verhältnisses der transversalen und longitudinalen Masse der Elektrons:‎

‎Leipzig, J. A. Barth, 1906. Contemp. hcloth. Light wear to edges. A small tear at upper part of fronthinge. ""Annalen der Physik. Vierte Folge. Band 21. Hrsg. von W.Wien und M. Planck"". VIII,1056 pp.and 9 plates. Einstein paper: pp. 583-86. Internally clean and fine. The whole volume offered.‎

‎First edition. Einsten describes in this paper ""Method for the determination of the ratio of the transversal to the longitudinal mass of the electron"", an apparatus which would make it possible to determine with great accuracy the law according to which the mass of the electron changes with the velocity. - Weil No 14.‎

书商的参考编号 : 38833

‎"EINSTEIN, A. (+) E. RUPP.‎

‎Über die Interferenzeigenschaften des durch Kanalstrahlen emittierten Lichtes [Einstein] (+) Über die Interferenzeigenschaften des Kanalstrahllichtes [Rupp]. Offprint from ""Sitzungsberichte der Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften"", XXV, 1926. - [THE GREATEST SCANDAL IN PHYSICS - AUTHOR'S PRESENTATION OFFPRINT ISSUE]‎

‎1926. Royal8vo. Author's presentation offprint with the printed presentation statement on top of frontwrapper ""Überreicht von den Verfassern"" [i.e. ""Given by the authors""]. Original printed wrappers. Front wrapper loose, but fully intact. ""Chilpp 202"" and ""Recdese 160"" written in hand to top of front wrapper. A very fine and clean copy. Pp. 334-351.‎

‎First edition, in the scarce author's presentation offprint issue, of this important paper, which contains Einstein's theories on wave-particle duality and German physicist Rupp's work on the same subject, seemingly to corroborating Einstein's theories. Rupp's experimental results later turned out to have been falsifications, and today he is mainly known as the protagonist in one of the biggest scandals in physics in the 20th century.Rupp published a number of papers on the interference properties of light emitted by canal ray sources. These articles, particularly the present that came into being in close collaboration with Albert Einstein, attracted quite a lot of attention, as they probed the wave versus particle nature of light. They also significantly propelled Rupp's career, even though they were considered highly controversial to begin with.In April 1926, Albert Einstein proposed to Emil Rupp to carry out two experiments that were to prove the wave nature of light versus the particle nature of light: the so-called 'Wire Grid Experiment' and the 'Rotated Mirror Experiment', experiments that Einstein had worked on theoretically and now would like to gain confirmation of through experiments. Rupp, at the time regarded as one of the most important and most competent experimental physicists, gladly took up the challenge. Rupp's observations - though highly controversial - confirmed Einstein's theory. Due to the surprising outcome of the experiments, Einstein was interested in exactly how it they were conducted, as Rupp's initial descriptions did not convince him that the results were feasible.""Rupp stood by his observations and suggested yet other circumstances that might explain them. Did Einstein now realize that there was something rather dubious about Rupp's work? He had seen him change his data repeatedly-and each time in better accordance with his own criticism, and on one occasion in no less than two days. He had had to accept that Rupp claimed to earlier have ""unknowingly"" or ""unconsciously"" rotated a mirror, and he will likely have seen that Rupp's work was highly controversial amongst experimentalists, leading to very public criticism in Die Naturwissenschaften. He himself was now also convinced that, in fact, Rupp's results were incomprehensible. So, did Einstein choose to suspend the publication of Rupp's piece, so that an additional round of checks and balances could take place? The answer is no: Rupp's paper was presented by Einstein to the Prussian Academy in a session on 21 October 1926, and it appeared in print in the Academy's proceedings in November of 1926-the articles by Einstein and Rupp came out back to back, and reprints circulated with both papers bound together, with a joint cover page that displayed both titles. Einstein referred in his article to Rupp's claims and he had even written the abstract of Rupp's paper"" (Dongen: ""Emil Rupp, Albert Einstein and the Canal Ray Experiments on Wave-Particle"").The first clear indication that Rupp's work was impossible to recreate came in 1930 in a paper published by Staub - nothing was wrong with Einstein's theory but Rupp's work was simply impossible: ""Rupp immediately set out to respond to Straub's publication. On 12 July 1930 he sent a first draft to Einstein, to whom he also announced his intention of redoing his canal ray experiments-Straub was dismissed as a clumsy graduate student with a lousy apparatus. Einstein suggested inviting Straub once Rupp had his experiment up and running again, but cautioned him not to engage the polemic in too sharp a tone"". Rupp managed to convince the physics society and continued to publish the new few years. In 1934 various different physicians pointed out that Rupp's work was impossible to recreate, and in 1935 the final blow to Rupp's career came about, when the German Physical Society's decided not to allow any citations of Rupp's work. This seems to have had very severe consequences, as today it is almost impossible to find any quotations - or even mentioning of Rupp in general, let alone his fraud - in any historical studies of either quantum theory or of Einstein.Despite the unquestionable fraud by Rupp, his experiments and collaboration with Einstein might have had a positive influence on the further progression to quantum mechanics. The two present papers became of seminal importance in the discussions between Bohr and Heisenberg, which eventually in 1927 resulted in Heisenberg publishing his landmark thesis on the uncertainty principle. When Max Born received the Nobel Prize in physics he stated that: ""An idea of Einstein gave me the lead [From the present paper]. He had tried to make the duality of particles-light quanta or photons-and waves comprehensible by interpreting the square of the optical wave amplitudes as probability density for the occurrence of photons.""Boni 160" Weil 153.‎

书商的参考编号 : 46540

‎"EINSTEIN, ALBERT. - THE FIRST EXPLICIT STATEMENT OF THE ENERGY-MASS EQUATION !!‎

‎Über die vom Relativitätsprincip geforderte Trägheit der Energie. (On the Inertia of Energy Required by the Relativity Principle).‎

‎Leibzig, Johann Ambrosius Barth, 1907. 8vo. Contemp. hcalf. Spine gilt. Title-and tomelabels with gilt lettering. Slightly rubbed. In ""Annalen der Physik"", Vierte Folge, Band 23. VIII,1000 pp. a. 4 plates. (The entire volume offered). Einstein's paper: pp.371-384. A small stamp on titlepage (Gmelin.Institut.). Internally clean and fine.‎

‎First edition of the first explicit statement of Einstein's energy-mass equation E=mc2.Nearly all descriptions of Einstein's scientific work state that the mass-energy equivalence E=mc2 was first formulated in Einstein's 1907 review paper 'Über das Relativitätsprinzip und die aus demselben gezogenen.' published in 'Jahrbuch der Radioaktivität und Elektronik' (see Weil no. 21 and Dictionary of Scientific Biography, vol. 4 pp.323 for examples). However, in his paper 'Über die von Relativitätsprincip geforderte Trägheit der Energie' [the offered paper] which predates the former mentioned by six months, Einstein gave a clear statement of the mass-energy equivalence E=mc2. See Lanczos: The Einstein Decade, pp.149-150 and 153 as well as Volume 2 of 'The Collected Papers of Albert Einstein' pp. 428.Einstein's first paper regarding the relation E=mc2 is his fourth 1905 paper, 'Ist die Trägheit eines Körpers von seinem Energieinhalt abhängig?'. In this short paper Einstein showed that a body releasing the energy E in the form of radiation will have its mass decreased by E/c2, and concluded that the mass of a body is a measure of its energy content, e.g., that all energy has mass. The next time Einstein returns to the subject is in his 1906 paper 'Das Prinzip von der Erhaltung der Schwerpunkts Bewegung und die Trägheit der Energie.'. Here Einstein concluded that one must either ascribe the inertial mass E/c2 to any form of energy E or else give up the fundamental law mechanics regarding conservation of the motion of the center of gravity. Then finally in the 1907 paper 'Über die von Relativitätsprincip geforderte Trägheit der Energie.' [the offered paper] Einstein makes the decisive step of assuming that all mass has energy. On page 382 Einstein considers the total energy of a moving mass point as the sum of its kinetic energy and its rest energy. In classical mechanics it is most convenient to set the second term to zero but in relativistic mechanics one obtains the simplest expression by setting the rest energy equal to mc2. Einstein then continues to show that this stipulation cannot lead to a contradiction in any relativistic argument. In a footnote on page 382 Einstein states for the first time the equation E=mc2 and mentions that this equation is the expression of the principle of the equivalence of mass and energy - see Volume 2 of 'The Collected Papers of Albert Einstein' pp. 428.The volume contains another paper by Einstein ""Bemerkungen zu der Notiz von Hrn. Paul Ehrenfest: ""Die Translation deformierbarer Elektronen und der Flächensatz"""", pp.206-208. - Weil No. 18.Collected Works, Doc. 45. Weil 19. Boni 19.‎

书商的参考编号 : 47457

‎"EINSTEIN, A.‎

‎Über eine Methode zur Bestimmung des Verhältnisses der transversalen und longitudinalen Masse des Elektrons.‎

‎Leipzig, Ambrosius Barth, 1906. 8vo. In contemporary halv calf with four raised bands and gilt lettering to spine. In ""Annalen der Physik"", Vierte Folge, Band 21. Entire volume offered. Stamp to title page. Wear to extremities. Internally fine and clean. Pp. 583-86. [Entire volume: 1055, VIII pp.].‎

‎First printing of Einstein's paper on a method for the determination of the transversal and longitudinal mass of the electron. This eventually caused a major breakthrough in Weil no. 14‎

书商的参考编号 : 50324