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1978Best.-Nr. 91155Washington DC: U. S. Government Printing Office 1978. Presumed First Edition First printing. Wraps. Good. 175 pages. Wraps. Publication No. 95-140. Small hole in title page which is also curling at the bottom right corner. The FY 1979 budget request for Natural Resources particularly within the Department of the Interior and related agencies emphasized expanding environmental protection energy conservation and research. Key areas included doubling toxic substance control funding increasing pesticide management and focusing on strategic petroleum reserves with overall federal energy funding increasing by 23%. The 1979 EPA proposal requested over billion for operating programs with significant increases for toxic substances doubling to million and pesticide programs. The budget pushed for a National Energy Plan to reduce dependence on foreign oil heavily emphasizing conservation non-nuclear R&D and nuclear waste management. The overall federal budget was designed to strengthen economic recovery with total spending of approximately billion with a major focus on energy education and national defense. Hearings: The U.S. Senate Committee on Energy and Natural Resources held hearings in 1978 specifically regarding the FY 1979 request for Natural Resources. A detailed discussion covering these hearings can be found in the 1978 hearing record. U. S. Government Printing Office paperback
1982Best.-Nr. 91154Washington DC: U. S. Government Printing Office 1982. Presumed First Edition First printing. Wraps. Very good. iii 1 67 1 pages. Wraps. Tabular data. Erasure residue on front cover. Serial No. 97-105. This hearing was part of the legislative process to authorize appropriations for the NSF for the 1983 fiscal year. The United States National Science Foundation NSF is an independent agency of the United States federal government that supports fundamental research and education in all the non-medical fields of science and engineering. Its medical counterpart is the National Institutes of Health. With an annual budget of about $9.9 billion fiscal year 2023 the NSF funds approximately 25% of all federally supported basic research conducted by the United States' colleges and universities. In some fields such as mathematics computer science economics and the social sciences the NSF is the major source of federal backing. NSF's director and deputy director are appointed by the president of the United States and confirmed by the United States Senate whereas the 24 president-appointed members of the National Science Board NSB do not require U.S. Senate confirmation. The director and deputy director are responsible for administration planning budgeting and day-to-day operations of the foundation while the NSB meets six times a year to establish its overall policies. The U.S. National Science Foundation NSF was established by the National Science Foundation Act of 1950.8 Its stated mission is "to promote the progress of science to advance the national health prosperity and welfare and to secure the national defense".9 The NSF's scope has expanded over the years to include many areas that were not in its initial portfolio including the social and behavioral sciences engineering and science and mathematics education. The NSF is the only U.S. federal agency with a mandate to support all non-medical fields of research. Since the technology boom of the 1980s the U.S. Congress has generally embraced the premise that government-funded basic research is essential for the nation's economic health and global competitiveness and for national defense. This support has manifested in an expanding National Science Foundation budget from $1 billion in 1983 to $8.28 billion in 2020. NSF has published annual reports since 1950 which since the new millennium have been two reports variously called "Performance Report" and "Accountability Report" or "Performance Highlights" and "Financial Highlights"; the latest available FY 2013 Agency Financial Report was posted December 16 2013 and the six-page FY 2013 Performance and Financial Highlights was posted March 25 2013. More recently the NSF has focused on obtaining high return on investment from their spending on scientific research. Various bills have sought to direct funds within the NSF. In 1981 the Office of Management and Budget OMB introduced a proposal to reduce the NSF social sciences directorate's budget by 75%. Economist Robert A. Moffit suggests a connection between this proposal and Democratic senator William Proxmire's Golden Fleece Award series criticizing "frivolous" government spending — Proxmire's first Golden Fleece had been awarded to the NSF in 1975 for granting $84000 to a social science project investigating why people fall in love. Ultimately the OMB's 75% reduction proposal failed but the NSF Economics Program budget did fall 40%. In 2012 political science research was barred from NSF funding by the passage of the Flake Amendment breaking the precedent of granting the NSF autonomy to determine its own priorities. U. S. Government Printing Office paperback
1980Best.-Nr. 91170Washington DC: U.S. Government Printing Office 1980. Presumed First Edition First printing. Wraps. Good. iii 1 141 7 pages. Wraps. Illustrations. Tabular Data. Serial NO. 96-H50 Front cover and several early pages creased at lower front corner. The National Maximum Speed Law NMSL established in 1974 55 mph and modified in 1987/1988 65 mph was repealed in 1995 returning speed limit authority to states. The original law enforced compliance by withholding federal highway funds which was heavily debated with studies showing it saved 2000–4000 lives annually. Signed by President Nixon in 1974 Public Law 93-239 in response to the 1973 oil crisis to conserve fuel not primarily for safety. The federal government forced compliance by threatening to withhold federal-aid highway funding from states that did not adhere to the 55 mph limit. Congress passed the National Highway System Designation Act of 1995 signed by President Clinton on December 8 1995 which formally repealed the National Maximum Speed Limit returning control to states. Current debates often focus on "safety-conscious" planning rather than national caps with some current legislation such as the DRIVE Act aiming to prevent federal mandates for speed-limiting technology on commercial trucks. Historically Senate hearings and committees often focused on the balance between state autonomy fuel conservation and safety statistics e.g. studies on the 55 mph limit reducing fatalities. The 1974 National Maximum Speed Limit NMSL of 55 mph was enacted to conserve fuel during the oil embargo and reduce traffic fatalities. Congress forced state compliance by threatening to withhold federal highway funds. States monitored compliance using sensors and enforcement with the NMSL repealed in 1995. This law was enacted to conserve fuel and improve safety with the 55-mph limit estimated to have saved thousands of lives. The Emergency Highway Energy Conservation Act of 1974 mandated a 55 mph limit withholding federal-aid highway funds from states that did not comply. The Federal Highway Administration FHwA monitored compliance requiring states to submit data on speed enforcement. States used marked patrol cars near monitoring sensors to slow traffic and ensure reported speeds met federal requirements. The NMSL was repealed in 1995 returning authority to set speed limits to individual states. Compliance often met resistance particularly in Western states and enforcement was sometimes criticized as ineffective according to the Hoover Institution and The Heritage Foundation. U.S. Government Printing Office paperback
1979Best.-Nr. 91168Washington DC: U. S. Government Printing Office 1979. Presumed First Edition First printing. Wraps. Good. iii 1 49 3 pages. Wraps. Distribution label residue on the front cover. Publication No. 96-19. Front cover has a soft crease. The Impact Reduction of Energy Resources Act of 1979 H.R. 3771 was a proposed legislative measure from the 96th Congress 1979-1980 designed to protect coal transportation infrastructure during rail bankruptcies. The Act tasked the Secretary of Energy with evaluating the impact of rail abandonments on coal shipments providing financial assistance to maintain such services and opposing actions that curtail coal transportation. The purpose was to prevent the reduction of energy resources specifically coal caused by bankruptcy reorganization or abandonment of railroad lines. The text directed the Secretary of Energy to study rail abandonment petitions/reorganizations and intervene if they negatively impact coal shipments. It provided for loans or grants to applicants for the maintenance of coal transportation services. This bill would have amended the Railroad Revitalization and Regulatory Reform Act of 1976 and the Powerplant and Industrial Fuel Use Act of 1978 to make railroads eligible for assistance under this Act. The Act was subject to Senate hearings on S.267 before the Committee on Energy and Natural Resources. The bill was introduced on April 26 1979 during a period focused on managing energy supply interruptions occurring shortly after the Emergency Energy Conservation Act of 1979. U. S. Government Printing Office paperback
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