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United States Senate, Committee on Interior and Insular Affairs, Subcommittee on Public LandsBiblio.com

Nuclear Stimulation of Natural Gas; Hearing before the Subcommittee on Public Lands of the Committee on Interior and Insular Affairs United States Senate Ninety-Third Congress first Session on Use of Public Lands for Nuclear Stimulation of Natural Gas May 11 1973

1973Best.-Nr. 80200Washington DC: U. S. Government Printing Office 1973. Presumed First Edition First printing. Wraps. Fair. v 1 890 pages. Statements. Communications. Maps. Illustrations. References. Additional Information. Appendix Some damp stains noted. Project Rio Blanco was an underground nuclear test that took place on May 17 1973 in Rio Blanco County Colorado approximately 36 miles 58 km northwest of Rifle. Three 33-kiloton nuclear devices were detonated nearly simultaneously in a single emplacement well at depths of 5838 6230 and 6689 feet 1779 1899 and 2039 m below ground level. The tests were conducted in fine-grain low-permeability sandstone lenses at the base of the Fort Union Formation and the upper portion of the Mesaverde Formation. This was the third and final natural-gas-reservoir stimulation test in the Plowshare program which was designed to develop peaceful uses for nuclear energy. The two previous tests were Project Gasbuggy in New Mexico and Project Rulison in Colorado. The United States Atomic Energy Commission conducted the test in partnership with CER Geonuclear Corporation and Continental Oil Company. A placard erected in 1976 now marks the site where the test was conducted. The site is accessible via a dirt road Rio Blanco County Route 29. Peaceful nuclear explosions PNEs are nuclear explosions conducted for non-military purposes. Proposed uses include excavation for the building of canals and harbors electrical generation the use of nuclear explosions to drive spacecraft and as a form of wide-area fraking. PNEs were an area of some research from the late 1950s into the 1980s primarily in the United States and Soviet Union. In the U.S. a series of tests were carried out under Project Plowshare. Some of the ideas considered included blasting a new Panama Canal the use of underground explosions to create electricity and a variety of geological studies. The largest of the excavation tests was carried out in the Sedan nuclear test in 1962 which released large amounts of radioactive gas into the air. By the late 1960s public opposition to Plowshare was increasing and a 1970s study of the economics of the concepts suggested they had no practical use. Plowshare saw decreasing interest from the 1960s and was officially canceled in 1977. The Soviet program started a few years after the U.S. efforts and explored many of the same concepts under their Nuclear Explosions for the National Economy program. The program was more extensive eventually conducting 239 nuclear explosions. Some of these tests also released radioactivity including a significant release of plutonium into the groundwater and the polluting of an area near the Volga River. A major part of the program in the 1970s and 80s was the use of very small bombs to produce shock waves as a seismic measuring tool and as part of these experiments two bombs were successfully used to seal blown-out oil wells. The program officially ended in 1988. As part of ongoing arms control efforts both programs came to be controlled by a variety of agreements. Most notable among these is the 1976 Treaty on Underground Nuclear Explosions for Peaceful Purposes PNE Treaty. The Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty of 1996 prohibits all nuclear explosions regardless of whether they are for peaceful purposes or not. Since that time the topic has been raised several times often as a method of asteroid impact avoidance. U. S. Government Printing Office paperback

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