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John Boyd Kinnear; Women Labor & EmploymentBiblio.com

Women's Employment John Boyd Kinnear's The Right of Women to Labour on Work Industrialization and Trade Union Rights 1873

1873réf. 165671873. Kinnear John Boyd. The Right of Women to Labour 1873 argues against restrictions on women's employment and examines the economic consequences of industrialization for women who depended upon paid work. Kinnear a Scottish lawyer writer and later Liberal politician rejects occupational exclusion based on sex writing "there are other things which women can do at least as well as men.Then why should women not do it" His argument extends beyond access to employment to the conditions under which women worked including their difficulty in "forming effective trade unions to secure their rights." The pamphlet thus addresses both women's right to enter occupations and their limited power to protect themselves collectively once employed. Kinnear John Boyd. The Right of Women to Labour. Being Portions of an Essay Re-printed by Permission from "Woman's Work and Woman's Culture." London: Printed by Frederick Bell & Co. Chelsea S.W. 1873. First edition. 14 pages. The text reprints portions of Kinnear's contribution to Josephine Butler's Woman's Work and Woman's Culture first published in 1869 a collection addressing women's education employment legal status suffrage and professional opportunities. Kinnear argues that mechanization and the movement of production from households into factories had eliminated forms of work traditionally performed by women while exposing those who remained in industrial employment to increased competition. He answers these changes by demanding access to work according to ability rather than sex and by identifying workers' collective organization as a means of defending wages and employment rights. Published amid nineteenth-century campaigns to expand women's access to education professions property rights and political participation Kinnear's pamphlet concentrates specifically on economic independence and the organization of women workers. One pamphlet 14 pages in original paper wrappers measuring 8 x 5 1/4 inches. Very good condition. Its discussion of occupational exclusion mechanization and trade union organization records an early argument that women's economic rights required both access to paid employment and the ability to defend their position within the labor market. unknown

Max Rambod Inc. · États-Unis225,00 $US≈ 200,62 €

Vigilance Association for the Defense of Personal Rights; Women's Labor & EmploymentBiblio.com

Women's Employment Legislative Restrictions on Women's Labour and Opposition to Protective Factory Legislation 1874

1874réf. 165761874. Vigilance Association for the Defence of Personal Rights. Legislative Restrictions on Women's Labour 1874 opposes proposed factory legislation that would prevent women from returning to industrial employment for six months after childbirth. The Association argues that a measure presented as protection would fall most heavily on women whose families depended upon their wages asking "Who in thousands of cases where there is no helper will assure them and their children bread" Its objections connect employment restrictions to married women's precarious legal and economic position particularly women deserted or unsupported by husbands and left without an enforceable claim upon their husbands' earnings. Vigilance Association for the Defence of Personal Rights. Legislative Restrictions on Women's Labour. Extract reprinted by kind permission from the Manchester Examiner and Times of Saturday June 20th 1874. London: Vigilance Association for the Defence of Personal Rights 1874. First edition extract. 4 pages. Original paper wrappers. 8 1/2 x 5 inches. The pamphlet challenges legislation directed specifically at working women while leaving wealthier women free from comparable interference. Addressing married workers it notes that there are ".many married women deserted or uncared for by their husbands" and argues that "no marriage law secures to the wife a share in the earnings of the father of her children." The text consequently treats freedom to work not as an abstract principle but as an immediate question of food wages and support for women and children and calls upon women themselves to oppose the proposed restriction. The pamphlet belongs to the Vigilance Association's campaign against statutory limitations imposed specifically upon adult women's labor during the parliamentary debates surrounding the Factory Acts in 1874. Its argument exposes a central conflict in nineteenth-century labor reform: legislation intended to protect women workers could also restrict their access to wages without providing an alternative means of family support. At the time this description was prepared no copies were located in American institutions through the OCLC search consulted; institutional records are subject to revision and should be reconfirmed. Condition information was not supplied. The four-page tract records an organized women's-rights response to factory regulation that linked employment freedom directly to marriage law household income and women's economic dependence. unknown

Max Rambod Inc. · États-Unis225,00 $US≈ 200,62 €

Whately Cooke Taylor; Women's Labor & EmploymentBiblio.com

Women's Labor History: Whately Cooke Taylor Defends Married Women's Right to Factory Employment and Economic Independence 1874

1873réf. 165661873. Taylor Whately Cooke. The Employment of Married Women in Manufacture 1874. First edition of a paper delivered at the Social Science Congress in Norwich in October 1873 opposing proposed legislation that would restrict or prohibit married women's employment in British manufacturing. Taylor challenges the argument that married women should be excluded from factory labor because of their maternal and domestic responsibilities emphasizing the financial consequences for working-class families dependent upon women's earnings. He condemns the inconsistency of restricting married women's industrial employment while permitting women in agriculture and domestic service to continue working without comparable legal limitations. His argument addresses a central dispute in Victorian labor reform: whether legislation intended to protect women from industrial exploitation could instead deprive them of economic independence and impose unequal restrictions upon their employment. Taylor Whately Cooke. The Employment of Married Women in Manufacture. A Paper Read at the Social Science Congress Held at Norwich October 1873. London: Frederick Bell & Co. Steam Printers King's Rd. Chelsea 1874. First edition. 12 pages. Original paper wrappers measuring 8 x 5¼ inches. Reprinted for the Vigilance Association for the Defence of Personal Rights the pamphlet develops an economic and legal argument against restricting married women's factory employment. Taylor writes: "It is at first sign a very humane sentiment no doubt to assert that married women should be relieved from all hard work because of the duties which maternity casts upon them; but when as that the same time you relieve them of some fifteen shillings a-week without providing any substitute you must not be surprised if they themselves do not view your condescension in the same light." His reference to fifteen shillings a week places the loss of wages rather than the stated benevolence of protective legislation at the center of his objection. The pamphlet appeared during parliamentary debates preceding the Factory Act of 1874 which further regulated the working hours of women and young persons in textile factories. The Vigilance Association for the Defence of Personal Rights opposed legislation that restricted adult women's freedom to contract for employment particularly when comparable restrictions did not apply to men. Taylor's comparison of factory workers with women employed in agriculture and domestic service exposes the unequal treatment of female occupations under proposed labor regulations. His paper documents opposition to sex-specific industrial legislation within the nineteenth-century movement for women's legal and economic rights. Very good condition. unknown

Max Rambod Inc. · États-Unis225,00 $US≈ 200,62 €

Women Factory Workers Safety And Earning Power ; Women's Labor & EmploymentBiblio.com

Women's Labor History: British Women Workers Petition Parliament Against Restrictions on Female Employment 1871

1871réf. 165651871. To the Right Honorable Richard Assheton Cross M.P. Secretary of State for the Home Department dated 1871 in the supplied description. Petition by British women workers opposing proposed factory legislation that threatened to restrict women's paid employment particularly that of married women and mothers. The petitioners object to proposals that would "restrict the paid labour of all women.or even make all married women half-timers" arguing that legislation presented as protecting female workers could instead deprive them of wages and economic independence. Their objections distinguish between protections against dangerous industrial conditions and restrictions imposed specifically because of sex or marital status. The petition documents women's direct intervention in nineteenth-century labor legislation challenging the assumption that Parliament could protect married women by limiting their right to earn wages. To the Right Honorable Richard Assheton Cross M.P. Secretary of State for the Home Department. 1871 date requires verification. 4 pages. Measuring 8 x 5 inches. The memorialists argue that regulations imposed upon married women would discriminate against unmarried women as well establishing different legal rights to employment according to marital status. They declare "Your Memorialists assert that it is unjust to place restriction son the labour of unmarried women for the presumed protection of married women or mothers" and further maintain that "any special restrictions upon the labour of married women is practically a penalty imposed on marriage as regards to the woman." These statements identify the economic consequences of proposed restrictions and insist that marriage and motherhood should not diminish a woman's right to paid employment. The petition belongs to Victorian debates over factory regulation women's industrial employment and the distinction between protective legislation and unequal treatment under labor law. While reformers sought shorter hours and safer working conditions for women and children opponents of sex-specific restrictions argued that compulsory limits could reduce women's earnings exclude them from certain occupations and reinforce their financial dependence upon men. The memorialists articulate this objection in their own words documenting women's resistance to legislation that treated marital status as grounds for restricting employment. Chipping with small losses along the upper and right edges repairs to two tears on page 2 and loss to the upper left corner. Good condition. unknown

Max Rambod Inc. · États-Unis225,00 $US≈ 200,62 €

Women's Labor & EmploymentBiblio.com

Women's Employment Society for Promoting the Employment of Women Annual Report on Vocational Training and Paid Work 1880

1880réf. 165711880. Society for Promoting the Employment of Women. The Twenty-First Annual Report of the Society for Promoting the Employment of Women 1880 documents an organization established to expand women's access to vocational training and paid employment in occupations beyond the limited fields conventionally open to them in nineteenth-century Britain. Founded in 1859 through the work of women's rights reformers including Jessie Boucherett Barbara Bodichon and Adelaide Anne Procter the Society connected demands for women's economic independence with practical programs for training and placement. Its purpose is stated directly in the report: "The Society is formed for promoting the Training of Women and their employment in industrial pursuits." Society for Promoting the Employment of Women. The Twenty-First Annual Report of the Society for Promoting the Employment of Women April 1880. London: Printed by John Bale & Sons 1880. First edition. The thirty-page report records the Society's work in preparing women for specific occupations and discusses the training required to enter fields including wood carving hospital nursing and hairdressing among others. Rather than arguing only for women's abstract right to employment the report records the practical means by which the Society attempted to open occupations through instruction and professional preparation. Its annual accounting of such programs shows how an organization founded by members of the mid-century women's rights movement addressed the economic restrictions confronting women through vocational initiatives maintained over more than two decades. The report appeared twenty-one years after the Society's establishment and shortly after its incorporation in 1879 when campaigns for women's property rights education professional access and suffrage were expanding the legal and economic questions surrounding women's independence. The Society's emphasis on training addressed one concrete barrier to entry into skilled occupations: women could not compete for work from which they had also been excluded from acquiring the necessary preparation. 30 pages. Original paper wrappers measuring 8 x 5 inches. Light pencil marks in the margins; otherwise very good condition. At the time this description was prepared no copies were recorded in American institutions in the OCLC search consulted; institutional holdings and OCLC records remain subject to revision. unknown

Max Rambod Inc. · États-Unis225,00 $US≈ 200,62 €

Women's Labor & EmploymentBiblio.com

Women's Employment Jessie Boucherett on Factory Regulation Maternal Labor and Women's Economic Independence 1873

1873réf. 165771873. Boucherett Jessie. Legislative Restrictions on Women's Labour 1873 challenges proposed factory legislation limiting the hours and conditions under which women including mothers of young children could work arguing that such measures deprived adult women of authority over their own employment while providing no substitute for lost wages. Boucherett identifies the principle underlying the legislation as itself objectionable: "Another objection is that the Bill confirms the principle that women are not capable of deciding for themselves." Her opposition arose from the practical circumstances of women whose earnings supported themselves and their children placing employment restrictions within a larger debate over women's legal independence wages and control of their own labor. Boucherett Jessie. Legislative Restrictions on Women's Labour. London: Frederick Bell & Co. 1873. First edition. Reprinted by kind permission from the Englishwoman Review for the Vigilance Association for the Defence of Personal Rights. 12 pages. Original paper wrappers. 8 x 5 inches. Boucherett acknowledges the protective rationale behind the proposed measures writing "It has caused some surprise that Bills framed for so benevolent a purpose should have met with opposition from an unexpected quarter" before detailing their possible consequences for working women. She argues that reducing women's access to factory employment without guaranteeing family maintenance could produce "much suffering and some crime" since "it would always be difficult and sometimes impossible for a woman to provide sufficient food for herself and four or five little children." Her argument therefore distinguishes between women with independent means and wage-earning women for whom statutory restrictions could immediately reduce the household's supply of food and other necessities. Boucherett had founded the Society for Promoting the Employment of Women in 1859 and spent much of her career seeking expanded training and occupations for women; this pamphlet applies the same concern for economic independence to parliamentary attempts to regulate female industrial labor. Its publication also formed part of a contemporary controversy over proposals associated with Alexander Mundella and John Lubbock to extend restrictions governing women's factory employment. Rather than opposing regulation solely in the name of laissez-faire principles Boucherett bases her case on women's need to earn wages their responsibility for dependent children and their right to make employment decisions for themselves. Toning to front wrapper with a few chips and losses along the right edge. Good condition. unknown

Max Rambod Inc. · États-Unis245,00 $US≈ 218,46 €

Feminism and Women's Rights; Women's Labor & EmploymentBiblio.com

Women's Rights and Labor National Woman's Party on Minimum Wage Laws and the Equal Rights Treaty 1936

1936réf. 160251936. National Woman's Party. Equal Rights March 15 1936 documents the organization's campaign for legal equality at a time when women's workplace legislation divided American feminists over whether sex-specific protections advanced or restricted women workers. Founded in 1916 by Alice Paul and Lucy Burns during the suffrage campaign the National Woman's Party continued after ratification of the Nineteenth Amendment by advocating the Equal Rights Amendment then commonly associated with the Lucretia Mott Amendment and by opposing laws that imposed legal distinctions based solely on sex. This issue addresses the New York minimum wage controversy international equal-rights efforts and proposed workplace protections for women and children. National Woman's Party. Equal Rights. Vol. 22 No. 6. March 15 1936. 4 pages. 8 1/2 x 11 inches. Official organ of the National Woman's Party. The issue reports on the New York minimum wage case after the New York Court of Appeals struck down the state law regulating minimum wages for women; the United States Supreme Court subsequently affirmed that judgment in Morehead v. New York ex rel. Tipaldo on June 1 1936. It also discusses the Equal Rights Treaty signed at Montevideo by Cuba Ecuador Paraguay and Uruguay part of the National Woman's Party's effort to establish sex equality in international law. Another article addresses workplace hygiene and a resolution requiring employers to provide women with separate quarters for washing changing clothes and general use as well as seats for women and children when the work did not require them to remain standing. Published two years before enactment of the Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938 the issue records a central dispute in interwar women's rights politics: whether legislation written specifically for women offered necessary labor protection or created legal distinctions that could restrict women's employment and undermine demands for equal rights. The National Woman's Party pursued the latter argument while simultaneously campaigning internationally for legal equality between the sexes. The March 1936 issue therefore preserves contemporary evidence of the relationship among the Equal Rights Amendment campaign minimum wage litigation international treaty advocacy and debates over sex-specific workplace regulation. In excellent condition. unknown

Max Rambod Inc. · États-Unis250,00 $US≈ 222,92 €

Feminism and Women Rights; Women's Labor & EmploymentBiblio.com

Women's Labor History National Federation of Business and Professional Women's Clubs Founding Plaque 1919

1919réf. 149951919. National Federation of Business and Professional Women's Clubs plaque 1919 commemorates the founding year of a national organization created to coordinate and advance the interests of business and professional women. Established on July 16 1919 after wartime efforts to identify women's professional skills and experience the Federation developed from organizing associated with the Women's War Council and the mobilization of women workers during World War I. Its formation preceded ratification of the Nineteenth Amendment in 1920 and placed questions of women's employment professional advancement and political participation within a national organizational structure. Large bronze embossed seal of the National Federation of Business and Professional Women's Clubs mounted on wood and dated 1919. The Federation was organized at its first national convention in St. Louis in July 1919 under the leadership of Lena Madesin Phillips with Gail Laughlin elected its first national president. Early Federation work included a national survey of business and professional women addressing their status qualifications opportunities and working conditions providing an organized basis for advocacy concerning women's economic and professional life. The plaque dates from the Federation's founding year when women were entering professional occupations in greater numbers while still lacking federally protected voting rights nationwide. The organization continued to advocate on issues affecting working women and to promote professional development leadership and economic opportunity. The bronze seal mounted on wood survives as an organizational artifact from the Federation's establishment in 1919 one year before ratification of the Nineteenth Amendment extended constitutional protection for women's suffrage nationwide. unknown

Max Rambod Inc. · États-Unis255,00 $US≈ 227,37 €

Bessie Rayner Parkes; Women Labor & EmploymentBiblio.com

Women's Employment Bessie Rayner Parkes on Education Skilled Work and Women's Economic Independence 1859

1859réf. 165681859. Parkes Bessie Rayner. The Market for Educated Female Labor 1859 argues that girls and young women should receive education or vocational training sufficient to support themselves rather than being prepared exclusively for marriage. Parkes wrote amid organized efforts to expand employment opportunities for middle-class women and in the same year that the Society for Promoting the Employment of Women was established. She rejects the assumption that marriage guaranteed lifelong financial support observing "The daughter may marry but her husband may die.or be too poor to support her and her children; let her at least be trained beforehand to some possible way of getting her bread." Her argument treats women's preparation for paid work as an ordinary parental responsibility rather than an emergency measure reserved for poverty. Parkes Bessie Rayner. The Market for Educated Female Labor. 1859. First edition. 6 pages present of an original 8 lacking the final two pages. Unbound measuring 8 1/4 x 5 inches. The text was delivered as a paper at the 1859 Bradford meeting of the Association for the Promotion of Social Science. Parkes states "We lay it down as a primary social law conceded by all political economists that a father ought to provide for all his children or give them the means of providing for themselves." She further counters the idea that paid employment among middle-class women was exceptional: "Probably every person present has a female relative or intimate friend whom trade-failure the exigencies of a numerous household or the early death of husband or father has compelled to this course; it is the experience of every family." The surviving text consequently links women's education to specific economic contingencies including business failure large households widowhood and the death of a father or husband. Parkes was then a central figure in the Langham Place circle and a founding editor of the English Woman's Journal established in 1858 to address women's employment education legal disabilities and related reforms. Her paper appeared as these activists were moving from publication and debate toward practical employment initiatives; the Society for Promoting the Employment of Women was founded in 1859 to train women and open additional occupations to them. At the time this description was prepared no copies were recorded in American institutional holdings consulted; OCLC search results remain subject to cataloging changes and should be reconfirmed. Repairs to the upper right corner and right edge of page 1 and a small repair to the left edge of page 6. Lacking the final two pages; good condition. The surviving six pages preserve Parkes's direct argument that women's education should provide the means for economic self-support in circumstances she described as common within middle-class families. unknown

Max Rambod Inc. · États-Unis270,00 $US≈ 240,75 €

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