Emploi

Emploi — marelibri

1919Best.-Nr. 163201919. Ministry of Reconstruction Women's Advisory Committee. Report of the Sub-Committee Appointed to Consider the Position after the War of Women Holding Temporary Appointments in Government Departments 1919 addresses the status of women recruited into temporary government service during World War I and the terms under which they might remain in public employment after demobilization. The report concerns the transition from wartime labor to the permanent Civil Service including questions of women's eligibility for continued appointment equality of treatment with male colleagues pay and the assignment of clerical duties. Produced as the British government confronted the employment consequences of women's expanded wartime service it records official consideration of whether women who had entered departments under emergency conditions should retain a place in the postwar state workforce. Ministry of Reconstruction. Women's Advisory Committee. Report of the Sub-Committee Appointed to Consider the Position after the War of Women Holding Temporary Appointments in Government Departments. Presented to Parliament by Command of His Majesty. London: Published by His Majesty's Stationery Office 1919. Folio. 8 pages. The sub-committee consisted of six women and two men and was charged specifically with examining the position of women holding temporary government appointments after the war. Its recommendations address routes by which women might become permanent government employees and argue for treatment on terms comparable to male colleagues including questions of equal pay and the expectation that women should not automatically be assigned additional clerical work because of their sex. As an official parliamentary publication rather than an outside campaign tract the report documents how women's wartime employment had become an administrative question within government itself. Women entered British government departments in substantially increased numbers during World War I filling posts created or expanded by wartime administration while large numbers of men were serving in the armed forces. The end of the war raised immediate questions about whether these appointments would be terminated converted into permanent positions or reorganized along sex-segregated lines. This report preserves the Women's Advisory Committee's intervention in that process and records specific arguments over permanence pay duties and women's place in the postwar Civil Service. Modern blue card wrappers with paper label. Very good condition. An official 1919 statement of the employment claims advanced for women whose wartime government service had demonstrated their capacity to perform work previously reserved largely for men. unknown

Women's EmploymentBiblio.com

Women's Employment York YWCA Employment Agency Regulations for Female Job Placement 1890s

1890Best.-Nr. 164641890. Young Women's Christian Association. Employment Agency Branch 1890s an organizational pamphlet documenting the policies governing a YWCA employment agency in York and the institutional mechanisms used to connect women seeking paid work with prospective employment. By the late nineteenth century YWCA branches had expanded beyond religious fellowship to provide practical services including housing vocational instruction and employment placement for women; YWCA histories record the establishment of employment bureaus and typewriting training during this period. The present pamphlet shows that employment-assistance system in practice through formal agency policies providing primary-source evidence for the study of women's labor charitable and religious social-service networks vocational placement and the changing economic position of women in late Victorian Britain. Young Women's Christian Association. Employment Agency Branch. York: Young Women's Christian Association 1890s. Self-wrappers. Pagination and dimensions not supplied. The pamphlet sets forth policies for the Association's Employment Agency Department defining the administrative framework through which the branch managed employment assistance. Its significance lies in the practical structure it records: rather than merely advocating women's economic independence the agency created a formal mechanism through which applicants and employers could be brought into contact under organizational supervision. This activity belongs to a broader late nineteenth-century transformation in women's work when employment opportunities were still strongly divided by gender but were beginning to expand into clerical professional retail medical and other occupations previously less accessible to women. The York employment agency belongs to the wider history of women's voluntary organizations intervening directly in the labor market by providing placement services training and institutional support. Such services were particularly significant for women navigating an employment landscape in which occupational options and wages remained constrained by gender. The pamphlet therefore offers evidence not simply of YWCA philanthropy but of the administrative infrastructure developed to facilitate women's entry into paid work. No specific physical defects are supplied; overall very good. A concise primary source documenting how a late Victorian women's organization translated social-service aims into a structured employment-placement program. unknown

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Women Factory Workers Safety And Earning Power ; Women's Labor & EmploymentBiblio.com

Women's Labor History: British Women Workers Petition Parliament Against Restrictions on Female Employment 1871

1871Best.-Nr. 165651871. To the Right Honorable Richard Assheton Cross M.P. Secretary of State for the Home Department dated 1871 in the supplied description. Petition by British women workers opposing proposed factory legislation that threatened to restrict women's paid employment particularly that of married women and mothers. The petitioners object to proposals that would "restrict the paid labour of all women.or even make all married women half-timers" arguing that legislation presented as protecting female workers could instead deprive them of wages and economic independence. Their objections distinguish between protections against dangerous industrial conditions and restrictions imposed specifically because of sex or marital status. The petition documents women's direct intervention in nineteenth-century labor legislation challenging the assumption that Parliament could protect married women by limiting their right to earn wages. To the Right Honorable Richard Assheton Cross M.P. Secretary of State for the Home Department. 1871 date requires verification. 4 pages. Measuring 8 x 5 inches. The memorialists argue that regulations imposed upon married women would discriminate against unmarried women as well establishing different legal rights to employment according to marital status. They declare "Your Memorialists assert that it is unjust to place restriction son the labour of unmarried women for the presumed protection of married women or mothers" and further maintain that "any special restrictions upon the labour of married women is practically a penalty imposed on marriage as regards to the woman." These statements identify the economic consequences of proposed restrictions and insist that marriage and motherhood should not diminish a woman's right to paid employment. The petition belongs to Victorian debates over factory regulation women's industrial employment and the distinction between protective legislation and unequal treatment under labor law. While reformers sought shorter hours and safer working conditions for women and children opponents of sex-specific restrictions argued that compulsory limits could reduce women's earnings exclude them from certain occupations and reinforce their financial dependence upon men. The memorialists articulate this objection in their own words documenting women's resistance to legislation that treated marital status as grounds for restricting employment. Chipping with small losses along the upper and right edges repairs to two tears on page 2 and loss to the upper left corner. Good condition. unknown

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John Boyd Kinnear; Women Labor & EmploymentBiblio.com

Women's Employment John Boyd Kinnear's The Right of Women to Labour on Work Industrialization and Trade Union Rights 1873

1873Best.-Nr. 165671873. Kinnear John Boyd. The Right of Women to Labour 1873 argues against restrictions on women's employment and examines the economic consequences of industrialization for women who depended upon paid work. Kinnear a Scottish lawyer writer and later Liberal politician rejects occupational exclusion based on sex writing "there are other things which women can do at least as well as men.Then why should women not do it" His argument extends beyond access to employment to the conditions under which women worked including their difficulty in "forming effective trade unions to secure their rights." The pamphlet thus addresses both women's right to enter occupations and their limited power to protect themselves collectively once employed. Kinnear John Boyd. The Right of Women to Labour. Being Portions of an Essay Re-printed by Permission from "Woman's Work and Woman's Culture." London: Printed by Frederick Bell & Co. Chelsea S.W. 1873. First edition. 14 pages. The text reprints portions of Kinnear's contribution to Josephine Butler's Woman's Work and Woman's Culture first published in 1869 a collection addressing women's education employment legal status suffrage and professional opportunities. Kinnear argues that mechanization and the movement of production from households into factories had eliminated forms of work traditionally performed by women while exposing those who remained in industrial employment to increased competition. He answers these changes by demanding access to work according to ability rather than sex and by identifying workers' collective organization as a means of defending wages and employment rights. Published amid nineteenth-century campaigns to expand women's access to education professions property rights and political participation Kinnear's pamphlet concentrates specifically on economic independence and the organization of women workers. One pamphlet 14 pages in original paper wrappers measuring 8 x 5 1/4 inches. Very good condition. Its discussion of occupational exclusion mechanization and trade union organization records an early argument that women's economic rights required both access to paid employment and the ability to defend their position within the labor market. unknown

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Women's EmploymentBiblio.com

Women's Associational Culture The Y.W.C.A. Crescent with "Our Aim is Progress" Motto 1892

1892Best.-Nr. 164651892. Young Women's Christian Association. The Y.W.C.A. Crescent July 1892 an early organizational newsletter carrying the motto "Our Aim is Progress" and documenting the public identity of the Young Women's Christian Association during the late nineteenth-century expansion of women's religious educational employment and associational activity. The emphatic language of "progress" places the publication within a culture of organized female self-improvement and collective advancement providing contemporary evidence of how a women-led Christian association presented its aims to members and readers. Without further description of the issue's internal articles its strongest interpretive value lies in this representation of YWCA community identity and the language through which women's organized activity was framed in the 1890s. The Y.W.C.A. Crescent. Vol. 2 No. 4. Young Women's Christian Association July 1892. Newsletter bearing the slogan "Our Aim is Progress." Pagination place of publication dimensions and specific internal contents are not supplied. As the fourth number of the publication's second volume the issue demonstrates an established serial publishing effort by the Association and provides material evidence of the periodical culture through which women's voluntary organizations maintained a recognizable institutional voice. An exact surviving example is independently cataloged under this title volume number and date. The issue belongs to the broader history of women's associational print culture at the close of the nineteenth century when newsletters and organizational periodicals helped sustain communities formed around religious fellowship education employment assistance and women's social development. The phrase "Our Aim is Progress" is particularly evocative of the aspirational vocabulary used by women's organizations seeking to define expanded roles for women within modern urban and professional life although the specific contents of this issue should not be inferred without examination. Covers loose or separated from the body of the newsletter; otherwise no specific defects supplied; overall very good. An early YWCA periodical useful for the study of women's organizational culture institutional publishing and the rhetoric of female advancement in the 1890s. unknown

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Women's Labor & EmploymentBiblio.com

Women's Employment Society for Promoting the Employment of Women Annual Report on Vocational Training and Paid Work 1880

1880Best.-Nr. 165711880. Society for Promoting the Employment of Women. The Twenty-First Annual Report of the Society for Promoting the Employment of Women 1880 documents an organization established to expand women's access to vocational training and paid employment in occupations beyond the limited fields conventionally open to them in nineteenth-century Britain. Founded in 1859 through the work of women's rights reformers including Jessie Boucherett Barbara Bodichon and Adelaide Anne Procter the Society connected demands for women's economic independence with practical programs for training and placement. Its purpose is stated directly in the report: "The Society is formed for promoting the Training of Women and their employment in industrial pursuits." Society for Promoting the Employment of Women. The Twenty-First Annual Report of the Society for Promoting the Employment of Women April 1880. London: Printed by John Bale & Sons 1880. First edition. The thirty-page report records the Society's work in preparing women for specific occupations and discusses the training required to enter fields including wood carving hospital nursing and hairdressing among others. Rather than arguing only for women's abstract right to employment the report records the practical means by which the Society attempted to open occupations through instruction and professional preparation. Its annual accounting of such programs shows how an organization founded by members of the mid-century women's rights movement addressed the economic restrictions confronting women through vocational initiatives maintained over more than two decades. The report appeared twenty-one years after the Society's establishment and shortly after its incorporation in 1879 when campaigns for women's property rights education professional access and suffrage were expanding the legal and economic questions surrounding women's independence. The Society's emphasis on training addressed one concrete barrier to entry into skilled occupations: women could not compete for work from which they had also been excluded from acquiring the necessary preparation. 30 pages. Original paper wrappers measuring 8 x 5 inches. Light pencil marks in the margins; otherwise very good condition. At the time this description was prepared no copies were recorded in American institutions in the OCLC search consulted; institutional holdings and OCLC records remain subject to revision. unknown

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Women Employment in Civil ServiceBiblio.com

Women's Employment in Britain Higher Appointments Open to Women in the Civil Service 1928

1928Best.-Nr. 162621928. Council of Women Civil Servants Higher Grades. Higher Appointments Open to Women in the Civil Service 1928 publicized routes into senior British government employment three years after women became eligible for direct recruitment into the Administrative Class of the Home Civil Service. The Council founded in 1920 to represent women in administrative professional and executive grades campaigned during the interwar period for equal opportunity and equal pay and against restrictions including the marriage bar. This pamphlet addressed a practical obstacle to women's advancement: insufficient knowledge of the senior Civil Service careers then available to female applicants. Its publication belongs to the Council's broader campaign to increase women's access to government positions beyond the clerical grades. Council of Women Civil Servants Higher Grades. Higher Appointments Open to Women in the Civil Service. London: P. S. King & Son Ltd. 1928. 8½ x 5½ inches. Eight-page pamphlet in paper wrappers staple bound. The Council begins from its belief that the "number and the importance of the careers in the Civil Service open to women are not fully recognized" then supplies information intended to acquaint prospective applicants with higher appointments and the procedures for obtaining them. The text describes opportunities in administrative executive and clerical work making the pamphlet both a recruitment document and evidence of the methods used by an organization of women civil servants to encourage women to pursue positions within the government's higher grades. A contemporary listing records another copy as formerly held by the Board of Education library. The pamphlet appeared during a period when formal access to higher Civil Service employment had expanded without eliminating sex-based restrictions within government employment. Women gained access to direct recruitment into the Administrative Class in 1925 yet women civil servants continued to encounter unequal pay restricted advancement and the marriage bar; the Council subsequently presented evidence to the Royal Commission on the Civil Service in 1929-1931 and remained active in campaigns concerning equal pay and women's eligibility for government posts. The present copy has light thumb-soiling stamps on the front wrapper a library sticker on the rear and rusting to the staple binding; good condition. Its eight pages preserve the Council's own effort to translate newly available avenues of advancement into concrete information about careers and application procedures for women seeking higher appointments in the inter war British Civil Service. unknown

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Women Industrialized Labor ;Early Women Employment CensusBiblio.com

Women's Labor History The Occupations of Women and Women's Employment in England and Wales 1914

1914Best.-Nr. 162641914. Papworth L. Wyatt and Dorothy M. Zimmern comps. The Occupations of Women According to the Census of England and Wales 1911 1914 uses government census data to quantify women's participation in the British labor force and identify occupations offering employment to women. Published by the Women's Industrial Council an organization concerned with women's working conditions and economic opportunities the pamphlet converts the 1911 Census into tables comparing male and female employment and distinguishing women workers according to marital and occupational status. Appearing before the First World War substantially altered women's employment in Britain the study provides a statistical record of the labor market immediately preceding wartime expansion into occupations from which women had previously been excluded or employed only in limited numbers. Papworth L. Wyatt and Dorothy M. Zimmern comps. The Occupations of Women According to the Census of England and Wales 1911. London: Women's Industrial Council 1914. Paper wrappers. The compilers arrange census figures into tables analyzing the occupations of men and women the marital status of women workers and the number of retired women workers among other categories. The statistics were assembled not simply to enumerate existing employment but to determine which industries were open to women and where further employment opportunities might be developed. By separating workers according to sex and marital status the pamphlet supplies contemporary evidence of how women's paid labor was measured and classified immediately before the economic disruptions of the First World War. This copy bears provenance from the Women's Service Library at Millicent Fawcett House connecting it to an institution devoted to collecting documentation on women's political social and economic history. The library developed from the collections of the London Society for Women's Service and was named for suffrage leader Millicent Garrett Fawcett whose work also encompassed women's educational and employment opportunities. The association is particularly pertinent to a Women's Industrial Council publication concerned with expanding women's economic participation. Handling creases and soiling to wrappers with creased corners to front wrapper and small loss at lower right corner of rear wrapper and several leaves; overall good condition. A census-based record of women's employment immediately before the First World War with provenance linking the copy to a major British collection devoted to the history of women's rights and work. unknown

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Feminism and Women's Rights; Women's Labor & EmploymentBiblio.com

Women's Rights and Labor National Woman's Party on Minimum Wage Laws and the Equal Rights Treaty 1936

1936Best.-Nr. 160251936. National Woman's Party. Equal Rights March 15 1936 documents the organization's campaign for legal equality at a time when women's workplace legislation divided American feminists over whether sex-specific protections advanced or restricted women workers. Founded in 1916 by Alice Paul and Lucy Burns during the suffrage campaign the National Woman's Party continued after ratification of the Nineteenth Amendment by advocating the Equal Rights Amendment then commonly associated with the Lucretia Mott Amendment and by opposing laws that imposed legal distinctions based solely on sex. This issue addresses the New York minimum wage controversy international equal-rights efforts and proposed workplace protections for women and children. National Woman's Party. Equal Rights. Vol. 22 No. 6. March 15 1936. 4 pages. 8 1/2 x 11 inches. Official organ of the National Woman's Party. The issue reports on the New York minimum wage case after the New York Court of Appeals struck down the state law regulating minimum wages for women; the United States Supreme Court subsequently affirmed that judgment in Morehead v. New York ex rel. Tipaldo on June 1 1936. It also discusses the Equal Rights Treaty signed at Montevideo by Cuba Ecuador Paraguay and Uruguay part of the National Woman's Party's effort to establish sex equality in international law. Another article addresses workplace hygiene and a resolution requiring employers to provide women with separate quarters for washing changing clothes and general use as well as seats for women and children when the work did not require them to remain standing. Published two years before enactment of the Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938 the issue records a central dispute in interwar women's rights politics: whether legislation written specifically for women offered necessary labor protection or created legal distinctions that could restrict women's employment and undermine demands for equal rights. The National Woman's Party pursued the latter argument while simultaneously campaigning internationally for legal equality between the sexes. The March 1936 issue therefore preserves contemporary evidence of the relationship among the Equal Rights Amendment campaign minimum wage litigation international treaty advocacy and debates over sex-specific workplace regulation. In excellent condition. unknown

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Women's Labor & EmploymentBiblio.com

Women's Employment Jessie Boucherett on Factory Regulation Maternal Labor and Women's Economic Independence 1873

1873Best.-Nr. 165771873. Boucherett Jessie. Legislative Restrictions on Women's Labour 1873 challenges proposed factory legislation limiting the hours and conditions under which women including mothers of young children could work arguing that such measures deprived adult women of authority over their own employment while providing no substitute for lost wages. Boucherett identifies the principle underlying the legislation as itself objectionable: "Another objection is that the Bill confirms the principle that women are not capable of deciding for themselves." Her opposition arose from the practical circumstances of women whose earnings supported themselves and their children placing employment restrictions within a larger debate over women's legal independence wages and control of their own labor. Boucherett Jessie. Legislative Restrictions on Women's Labour. London: Frederick Bell & Co. 1873. First edition. Reprinted by kind permission from the Englishwoman Review for the Vigilance Association for the Defence of Personal Rights. 12 pages. Original paper wrappers. 8 x 5 inches. Boucherett acknowledges the protective rationale behind the proposed measures writing "It has caused some surprise that Bills framed for so benevolent a purpose should have met with opposition from an unexpected quarter" before detailing their possible consequences for working women. She argues that reducing women's access to factory employment without guaranteeing family maintenance could produce "much suffering and some crime" since "it would always be difficult and sometimes impossible for a woman to provide sufficient food for herself and four or five little children." Her argument therefore distinguishes between women with independent means and wage-earning women for whom statutory restrictions could immediately reduce the household's supply of food and other necessities. Boucherett had founded the Society for Promoting the Employment of Women in 1859 and spent much of her career seeking expanded training and occupations for women; this pamphlet applies the same concern for economic independence to parliamentary attempts to regulate female industrial labor. Its publication also formed part of a contemporary controversy over proposals associated with Alexander Mundella and John Lubbock to extend restrictions governing women's factory employment. Rather than opposing regulation solely in the name of laissez-faire principles Boucherett bases her case on women's need to earn wages their responsibility for dependent children and their right to make employment decisions for themselves. Toning to front wrapper with a few chips and losses along the right edge. Good condition. unknown

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UK Parliament; Women's Labor & Employment U KBiblio.com

Women's Labor History: Factory Owners Oppose A. J. Mundella's Proposed Restrictions on Women's and Children's Working Hours 1873

1873Best.-Nr. 165641873. Association of Factory Occupiers in the Four Counties of Lancaster York Chester and Derby. Mr. Mundella's Bill for Limiting the Hours of Labour in Factories 1873. First edition of a response by northern English factory owners to Liberal Member of Parliament Anthony John Mundella's campaign to reduce working hours for women and children in British textile mills. Following Mundella's speech before the House of Commons on June 11 1873 the employers challenged his allegations of dangerous working conditions excessive hours and elevated mortality among female and child workers. Mundella condemned the "shameful treatment" of factory laborers and drew particular attention to infant deaths associated with mothers returning to industrial employment shortly after childbirth declaring that "the return of the mother to the mill was a sentence of death on the child." The employers countered his arguments with statistics intended to demonstrate improvements in workers' health and living conditions documenting organized industrial opposition to legislation intended to protect women and children. Association of Factory Occupiers in the Four Counties of Lancaster York Chester and Derby. Mr. Mundella's Bill for Limiting the Hours of Labour in Factories. Observations of the Employers upon the Speech of Mr. Mundella M.P. Made in the House of Commons on Wednesday the 11th of June 1873. Manchester: John Heywood Excelsior Printing Works 1873. First edition. 32 pages. Original paper wrappers measuring 8¼ x 5 inches. The pamphlet reproduces passages from Mundella's parliamentary speech alongside the employers' corresponding rebuttals allowing direct comparison of the competing arguments. Three statistical tables in the appendix present mortality data employed in the controversy. Issued on behalf of the regional factory owners' association the response is dated July 24 1873 and identifies Richard Haworth as chairman Joseph Simpson as treasurer and Henry Whitworth as secretary. The dispute preceded the Factory Act of 1874 which restricted the working hours of women and young persons in textile factories and established a ten-hour working day. Mundella's campaign connected industrial working conditions with public health childhood education and infant mortality while manufacturers resisted further statutory limits by disputing the medical and statistical evidence supporting reform. The pamphlet preserves the employers' organized response to proposed labor protections including their use of mortality statistics to challenge parliamentary testimony about the consequences of factory employment. Very good condition. unknown

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Vigilance Association for the Defense of Personal Rights; Women's Labor & EmploymentBiblio.com

Women's Employment Legislative Restrictions on Women's Labour and Opposition to Protective Factory Legislation 1874

1874Best.-Nr. 165761874. Vigilance Association for the Defence of Personal Rights. Legislative Restrictions on Women's Labour 1874 opposes proposed factory legislation that would prevent women from returning to industrial employment for six months after childbirth. The Association argues that a measure presented as protection would fall most heavily on women whose families depended upon their wages asking "Who in thousands of cases where there is no helper will assure them and their children bread" Its objections connect employment restrictions to married women's precarious legal and economic position particularly women deserted or unsupported by husbands and left without an enforceable claim upon their husbands' earnings. Vigilance Association for the Defence of Personal Rights. Legislative Restrictions on Women's Labour. Extract reprinted by kind permission from the Manchester Examiner and Times of Saturday June 20th 1874. London: Vigilance Association for the Defence of Personal Rights 1874. First edition extract. 4 pages. Original paper wrappers. 8 1/2 x 5 inches. The pamphlet challenges legislation directed specifically at working women while leaving wealthier women free from comparable interference. Addressing married workers it notes that there are ".many married women deserted or uncared for by their husbands" and argues that "no marriage law secures to the wife a share in the earnings of the father of her children." The text consequently treats freedom to work not as an abstract principle but as an immediate question of food wages and support for women and children and calls upon women themselves to oppose the proposed restriction. The pamphlet belongs to the Vigilance Association's campaign against statutory limitations imposed specifically upon adult women's labor during the parliamentary debates surrounding the Factory Acts in 1874. Its argument exposes a central conflict in nineteenth-century labor reform: legislation intended to protect women workers could also restrict their access to wages without providing an alternative means of family support. At the time this description was prepared no copies were located in American institutions through the OCLC search consulted; institutional records are subject to revision and should be reconfirmed. Condition information was not supplied. The four-page tract records an organized women's-rights response to factory regulation that linked employment freedom directly to marriage law household income and women's economic dependence. unknown

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Bessie Rayner Parkes; Women Labor & EmploymentBiblio.com

Women's Employment Bessie Rayner Parkes on Education Skilled Work and Women's Economic Independence 1859

1859Best.-Nr. 165681859. Parkes Bessie Rayner. The Market for Educated Female Labor 1859 argues that girls and young women should receive education or vocational training sufficient to support themselves rather than being prepared exclusively for marriage. Parkes wrote amid organized efforts to expand employment opportunities for middle-class women and in the same year that the Society for Promoting the Employment of Women was established. She rejects the assumption that marriage guaranteed lifelong financial support observing "The daughter may marry but her husband may die.or be too poor to support her and her children; let her at least be trained beforehand to some possible way of getting her bread." Her argument treats women's preparation for paid work as an ordinary parental responsibility rather than an emergency measure reserved for poverty. Parkes Bessie Rayner. The Market for Educated Female Labor. 1859. First edition. 6 pages present of an original 8 lacking the final two pages. Unbound measuring 8 1/4 x 5 inches. The text was delivered as a paper at the 1859 Bradford meeting of the Association for the Promotion of Social Science. Parkes states "We lay it down as a primary social law conceded by all political economists that a father ought to provide for all his children or give them the means of providing for themselves." She further counters the idea that paid employment among middle-class women was exceptional: "Probably every person present has a female relative or intimate friend whom trade-failure the exigencies of a numerous household or the early death of husband or father has compelled to this course; it is the experience of every family." The surviving text consequently links women's education to specific economic contingencies including business failure large households widowhood and the death of a father or husband. Parkes was then a central figure in the Langham Place circle and a founding editor of the English Woman's Journal established in 1858 to address women's employment education legal disabilities and related reforms. Her paper appeared as these activists were moving from publication and debate toward practical employment initiatives; the Society for Promoting the Employment of Women was founded in 1859 to train women and open additional occupations to them. At the time this description was prepared no copies were recorded in American institutional holdings consulted; OCLC search results remain subject to cataloging changes and should be reconfirmed. Repairs to the upper right corner and right edge of page 1 and a small repair to the left edge of page 6. Lacking the final two pages; good condition. The surviving six pages preserve Parkes's direct argument that women's education should provide the means for economic self-support in circumstances she described as common within middle-class families. unknown

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Early Massachusetts Women Teachers; Women's Education; Women's Labor & EmploymentBiblio.com

Women's Education Emily L. Goddard's Teaching Certifications in Western Massachusetts 1847 to 1853

1847Best.-Nr. 162581847. Goddard Emily L. Archive of thirteen letters of recommendation and certification 1847-1853 documents a woman teacher establishing her professional qualifications across the common schools of western Massachusetts. Written by school officials and other individuals in Barre Wilbraham New Salem Athol Petersham and surrounding communities the letters certify Goddard's eligibility to teach in particular districts or attest to her general qualifications for common-school instruction. Spanning six years the correspondence records the repeated process by which a woman teacher obtained written approval and recommendations as she sought successive teaching positions in antebellum New England. Thirteen manuscript letters 1847-1853 concerning Emily L. Goddard's qualifications and employment as a teacher in western Massachusetts. The documents originate from multiple towns including Barre Wilbraham New Salem Athol and Petersham and consist principally of certifications and recommendations addressing Goddard's ability to teach a common school. The individual letters preserve the assessments she carried between districts as evidence of her preparation and prior work. Their geographic range and successive dates trace a professional record extending beyond a single appointment or school and show how recommendations from local authorities could accompany a teacher seeking employment elsewhere. Goddard's papers date from the expansion of the Massachusetts common-school movement when public education reform increased demand for teachers and teaching became an increasingly important occupation for women. Women's employment in common schools expanded substantially during the nineteenth century although hiring certification salaries and continued employment remained subject to local school authorities. This archive records those practices through one teacher's surviving credentials: thirteen documents produced over six years as Goddard accumulated certifications and endorsements in several Massachusetts communities. Fold lines and creases with very little foxing; handwriting remains clear and legible throughout. All thirteen letters in very good condition. A sustained documentary record of a woman building a teaching career within the local certification and recommendation practices of antebellum Massachusetts. unknown

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American League Against War and Fascism ; Women's Labor & EmploymentBiblio.com

Women and Labor in the American Anti Fascist Movement 1935

1935Best.-Nr. 153591935. American League Against War and Fascism. Women War and Fascism 1935 links women's labor conditions in the United States to the League's broader campaign against militarism and fascism during the Depression. The pamphlet protests the employment of women as low-paid labor in factories and offices describes dangerous work performed by women in munitions plants condemns long hours and unequal wages and calls for the defeat of discriminatory legislation and equal pay for equal work. Founded in 1933 the American League Against War and Fascism brought communists socialists liberals labor activists and clergy into a national coalition opposed to war and the expanding power of fascist governments. Its appeal for supporters to "defend peace democracy and the rights of the working people" joined opposition to fascism abroad with labor and civil-liberties campaigns in the United States. American League Against War and Fascism. Women War and Fascism. New York: The American League Against War and Fascism 1935. Original paper wrappers. 18 pages. The text identifies women's low wages as both a labor issue and a feature of militarized industrial production drawing particular attention to women employed at hazardous tasks in munitions plants for long hours and inadequate pay. Its demand that "women's wages be made equal with men's for equal work" places wage discrimination alongside discriminatory laws as conditions requiring organized political opposition. Published as Hitler consolidated Nazi rule in Germany Mussolini prepared and commenced Italy's invasion of Ethiopia and Japanese military expansion continued in Asia the pamphlet shows how the League connected developments abroad with domestic labor organizing and resistance to American militarization. The pamphlet was issued during the growth of Popular Front anti-fascist organizing several years before the United States entered the Second World War and records an effort to place women workers within campaigns against both economic exploitation and militarism. Its combination of equal-pay demands criticism of dangerous industrial labor and anti-fascist politics documents an early convergence of women's labor activism and organized opposition to fascism in the United States. Light edgewear and faint toning to wrappers with a small closed tear at the spine fold; overall Very Good. Buhle 372; Seidman M182. unknown

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Royal Medical College of Romania; Women's Labor & EmploymentBiblio.com

Women in Medicine 1942 Romanian License Authorizing a Woman to Practice Medicine

1942Best.-Nr. 154741942. Royal Medical College of Romania. 1942 license to practice medicine issued to a woman documenting the formal admission of a female physician to professional medical practice in wartime Romania. The license records the institutional process by which medical credentials were recognized and permission to practice was conferred placing an individual woman within Romania's developing twentieth-century medical profession. Romanian women had entered medical education before the First World War but female physicians remained a minority within the country's medical establishment during the interwar period. Royal Medical College of Romania. License to Practice Medicine. Romania 1942. The document formally licenses a woman to practice medicine. Its date places the authorization during the Second World War when Romania was governed by the Antonescu regime and participating in the war alongside the Axis powers. The license provides direct evidence of a woman receiving professional medical authorization within this wartime institutional setting. Women's entry into Romanian medicine had expanded after the First World War: women increasingly studied medicine and obtained positions in hospitals maternity facilities schools and other public-health institutions although men continued to predominate in medical administration and practice. The 1942 license records the continuation of that professional development into the wartime period. The history was not confined to Romania; historian Mary Roth Walsh documented a comparable early twentieth-century contraction in women's participation in American medicine where women's share of the physician workforce declined substantially after 1900. This Romanian license supplies a specific documentary record of female medical practice during the same period of uneven access to the profession internationally. unknown

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Feminism and Women Rights; Women's Labor & EmploymentBiblio.com

Women's Labor History National Federation of Business and Professional Women's Clubs Founding Plaque 1919

1919Best.-Nr. 149951919. National Federation of Business and Professional Women's Clubs plaque 1919 commemorates the founding year of a national organization created to coordinate and advance the interests of business and professional women. Established on July 16 1919 after wartime efforts to identify women's professional skills and experience the Federation developed from organizing associated with the Women's War Council and the mobilization of women workers during World War I. Its formation preceded ratification of the Nineteenth Amendment in 1920 and placed questions of women's employment professional advancement and political participation within a national organizational structure. Large bronze embossed seal of the National Federation of Business and Professional Women's Clubs mounted on wood and dated 1919. The Federation was organized at its first national convention in St. Louis in July 1919 under the leadership of Lena Madesin Phillips with Gail Laughlin elected its first national president. Early Federation work included a national survey of business and professional women addressing their status qualifications opportunities and working conditions providing an organized basis for advocacy concerning women's economic and professional life. The plaque dates from the Federation's founding year when women were entering professional occupations in greater numbers while still lacking federally protected voting rights nationwide. The organization continued to advocate on issues affecting working women and to promote professional development leadership and economic opportunity. The bronze seal mounted on wood survives as an organizational artifact from the Federation's establishment in 1919 one year before ratification of the Nineteenth Amendment extended constitutional protection for women's suffrage nationwide. unknown

Max Rambod Inc. · Vereinigte Staaten255,00 $≈ 227,37 €

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