Esclavage

Esclavage — marelibri

[British Empire – Mauritius – Slavery] Unknown AuthorBiblio.com

1830 Letter Written from Mauritius Describing Economic and Social Conditions on the “Ebony Isle”

1830réf. List2931Mahébourg Mauritius 1830. Single unsigned fourteen-page letter measuring 8 x 12 ¾ inches. Folded with some stains and pencil marks. Overall near fine. In 1830 Mauritius was a British colony captured from the French in 1810 during the Napoleonic Wars. It was originally a Dutch colony and the Dutch had introduced enslaved labor to the islands. Enslaved people were imported from Madagascar India and Southeast Asia to harvest the valuable ebony trees and later to farm sugarcane. It became a French colony in 1715 and among other provisions the French government awarded upper-class colonists large land grants each with twenty enslaved people to work them. Slavery was abolished in 1835 under British rule after which the planters still farming sugarcane turned to indentured servant labor from India and China alongside illegal slavery.1 Offered here is a lengthy single letter written by an unknown author to an unknown recipient from Mahébourg in 1830 shortly before this radical change. The letter describes the lives and economic circumstances of the planters and merchants and of the non-white population particularly Malabar people and free and enslaved Black people. Noting that “every inch of ground that will produce sugar cane is planted with it” including “the former fine gardens to some of the Habitations” the author reports on the situation for sugar planters: “The price of sugar here is not more than 20/per Cwt. for the best quality which does not now remunerate the Planter as his expenses are becoming every day more heavy in consequence of their slaves diminishing . The want of Slaves induced many of the Planters to send for Chinese Labourers and several hundreds were imported at a great expense but unfortunately they did not answer and were obliged to be reshipped for their native Country again at the charge of those who sent for them.” The author later notes that “nearly everyone of the Planters have heavy mortgages on their Estates and are obliged to pay this immense Interest which keeps them poor and will I fear ultimately ruin them”. In fact the planters in British Mauritius had extra duties on their sugar exports compared with their Caribbean counterparts. The shopkeepers on the other hand “calculate on retiring with a fortune in five years– therefore you will fancy what must be their prices also their profits.” Though writing from Mahébourg the author describes the capital city of Port Louis at length especially its Malabar Indian and free Black residents—the lives of the latter particularly the free Black women seem especially grim. They write: “The Centre of Port Louis is inhabited by all the respectable people and many most excellent houses buildings– the Catholic Chapel the English Church amongst the number. The Suburbs to the West is the part occupied by about 3000 Malabars called ‘Malabar Town.’ – They are dressed mostly in white with Turbans ear rings c c and the females with ornaments in their noses and on their Toes as they generally go bare foot. – Once a year they have what is called a ‘Yamsee’ or a festival in honor of Mehomet which lasts for about a fortnight during which time they seem to get no sleep a continual beating of tom toms – jingling of bells – carrying pagodas which are made of various coloured paper and most richly ornamented followed by all the population of their Caste with their faces daubed with red white c and which has a most ludicrous appearance. The Suburbs to the South is called ‘black Camp’ – the Houses being very small and poor and inhabited by all the free blacks as well as many Mulattoes. – Also a certain class of females of the population of colour – who are visited immediately on the Arrival of a Ship the Crews soon enquiring the way to the ‘Camp.â€™” As regards relations between the races the author recounts an incident that followed the 1828 abolition of the color bar which would ostensibly give the free non-white population the same rights as the whites: “The Theatre is a very good one but has been closed for several months past the Actors Actresses gone to Bourbon in consequence of the promulgation of the act ‘causing all free people of the population of Colour’ to have the same laws – the same privileges as the Whites’ fearing they ought come to the Theatre which they had hitherto been forbidden thereby cause disturbances as the French Whites detest them wd. not sit in the same box it was considered best to shut the Theatre which is a great loss to the Place it being the chief public amusement and indeed the only one we have here.” Overall a detailed letter giving insight into life in a slave colony at a time when significant changes were on the horizon. Of interest to scholars of the colonial history of Mauritius and the second wave of British colonialism. 1 Truth and Justice Commission Report of the Truth and Justice Commission Vol. 1 Mauritius: Government Printing 2011. unknown

Auger Down Books · États-Unis950,00 $US≈ 847,08 €

[SLAVERY] CLARKSON, Thomas (1760-1846)Biblio.com

An essay on the Slavery and Commerce of the Human Species particularly the African translated from a Latin Dissertation which was Honoured with the First Prize in the University of Cambridge for the year 1785 with additions

1786réf. 40654Philadelphia: London printed: Philadelphia: re-printed by Joseph Crukshank 1786. 8vo. 8 1/2 x 5 inches. xix 2 22-155 pp. Publisher's advertisement at rear. Original blue paper wrappers Exceedingly rare first American edition of Clarkson's first work. A landmark work by the writer who helped abolish slavery in the British Empire. First American edition of Clarkson's rare first published work preceded by the same years first English edition his famous prize essay on the abolition of slavery igniting the campaign for one of the fundamental rights of man PMM 232. In 1770s England as "rebellious Americans were severing ties with their former British motherland a strenuous battle occurred that spawned the noble civil- and human-rights fight that eventually ended Britain's participation in the African slave trade." With this Essay on the Slavery and Commerce of the Human Species Thomas Clarkson "became the official whistle-blower of the horrors of transatlantic slavery the driving force behind the abolition of African slavery and the slave trade" Smith Thomas Clarkson 17. Clarkson's "famous prize essay was the prelude to parliamentary action" on the abolition of slavery. Clarkson together with William Wilberforce led the "campaign carried on by word of mouth and by means of the printing press for one of the fundamental rights of man" PMM 232. Clarkson had been completing his studies at Cambridge when he entered an essay competition and came across an "advertisement for Benezet's Historical Account of Guinea. He was profoundly struck by the title and 'hastened to London to buy it'. Overwhelmed by the horror and brutality of transatlantic slavery his goal of merely winning the prize for its own sake" shifted to creating a work of wider impact. On winning the 1785 Cambridge prize Clarkson translated the essay his Latin dissertation into English for publication. He documents the long history of slavery the devastating Middle Passage and the inhumanity of slavery in the colonies. Clarkson is renowned as "the man who spawned the British Abolitionist Movement and the first Briton to devote his entire adult life to ending African slavery… the moral conscience of American slavery proponents well into the 19th century" Smith 9-30 43. "He never ceased to work for anti-slavery lending his pen and his prestige particularly to the cause of abolition in the United States" DNB. Evans 19561; Library Company of Philadelphia. Afro-Americana 1553-1906 2nd ed. 2384; Kress B1028; ESTC W32021; PMM 232a; Sabin 13484. London, printed: Philadelphia: re-printed by Joseph Crukshank unknown

Donald Heald Rare Books · États-Unis2 200,00 $US≈ 1 961,66 €

SLAVERY - CRESSON, Elliott (1796-1854)Biblio.com

Autograph letter signed to Member of Parliament Benjamin Hawes concerning the Spanish slave market in Sierra Leone and the colony at Liberia

1834réf. 31598Philadelphia 1834. 3pp. Later annotation at head of first page. Scarce letter on the Liberian colonization movement by one of its founders. Writing to Hawes a member of Parliament and a committee member of the Society for the Extinction of the Slave Trade Cresson wishes for success in the British anti-slavery action off the coast of Sierra Leone writing "I hope that you may yet enjoy the satisfaction of crushing one of the worst & most unacceptable of the slave markets in existence that at Gallinas." After mentioning the travels of the colonial governor of Liberia he writes: ". I have been gratified to learn from several highly respectable sources that such a Colony as you propose located either at the mouth of the Cape Mount River or even a little more to the Northward say at Sugaree & provided with a good supply of trade goods to exchange with the natives would have a powerful tendency to break up the monopoly now enjoyed by the Spanish Slavers. My letters from Africa state that the demand is so great in Cuba from the ravages of Cholera among their ill-fed human cattle as to have rendered the shipments from the Gallinas during the past year almost unprecedented. It appears that the benevolent efforts of your Govt. are not likely to extirpate the evil until commercial & agricultural colonies shall be substituted for cruisers." The letter continues with news from their consul at Liberia before turning to American politics: ". political affairs engrossing the entire energies of the nation. The excitement is painfully great . Our military chieftan Jackson by his acts of unauthorized assumption has called forth a burst of indignation which cannot subside until we get rid of the offender." The letter concludes with an introduction for Gerard Ralston. Cresson a noted Philadelphia businessman and philanthropist was among the most ardent supports of colonization the movement to relocate former slaves and free African Americans to colonies in Liberia. In 1833 Cresson and the Philadelphia Young Men's Colonization Society a branch of the American Colonization Society founded Port Cresson in Liberia. However the colony was attacked in 1835 by Bassa tribesmen incited by Spanish slave traders and destroyed. unknown

Donald Heald Rare Books · États-Unis2 500,00 $US≈ 2 229,16 €

[SLAVERY]. CRESSON, Elliott (1796-1854)Biblio.com

Autograph letter from Elliott Cresson to Member of Parliament Benjamin Hawes with a resolution titled "Proposition for a Society to co-operate with the Colony of Liberia" along with discussion of abolitionist William Lloyd Garrison's opposition

1833réf. 31599England: Elliott Cresson 1833. Bi-folded folio. 3 pp. 12 1/3 x 7 1/2 inches. Important autograph letter from Elliott Cresson one of the foremost proponents of the American Colonization Society and its colony in Liberia to Member of Parliament Benjamin Hawes presenting a resolution to found the British African Colonization Society. Discusses the famed abolitionist William Lloyd Garrison's opposition to the colonization movement. The letter begins with the two-page text of a resolution to establish the British African Colonization Society under the patronage of the Duke of Sussex: "That Colonies composed of fair settlers of African race established on judicious principles on the Coast of Africa appear calculated beyond any other plan to put an effectual stop to the slave trade . . . Resolved that a Society be formed to be called the British African Colonization Society and that its objects be to cooperate with the American Colonization Society and with the several missionaries and other religious and charitable societies in Great Britain and the United States of America in such measures as may promote the total abolition of the slave trade and the establishment of Christianity and Civilization among the Natives of Africa chiefly by the employment of Free Persons of African birth or descent . . ." In the letter which follows Cresson writes of William Lloyd Garrison's opposition to the colonization movement: "I send the list of officers as far as accepted several others have not yet answered but I trust we shall present a bold front. I have just heard thru his Chaplain from the Duke. Garrison has written to poison his mind and probably will annoy our meeting. I trust that as the notice has been so short our friends will bring many with them . . . My letter to the Times in answer to Garrison they have not yet noticed so that it will be put in the Globe whose Editor has offered it a place in his columns." Cresson a noted Philadelphia businessman and philanthropist was among the most ardent supporters of colonization the movement to relocate formerly enslaved people and free black Americans to colonies in Liberia. In 1832 he traveled to England to promote international support for the movement. The following year Cresson and the Philadelphia Young Men's Colonization Society a branch of the American Colonization Society founded Port Cresson in Liberia. However the colony was attacked in 1835 by Bassa tribesmen incited by Spanish slave traders and destroyed. Although initially in favor of colonization William Lloyd Garrison changed his mind and decried the efforts of the American Colonization Society as a perpetuation of slavery. For Garrison's 28 June 1833 letter to the Duke of Sussex referenced above see The Letters of William Lloyd Garrison I:107. Elliott Cresson unknown

Donald Heald Rare Books · États-Unis3 000,00 $US≈ 2 674,99 €

Collyer, Robert (1823-1912). English-born American Unitarian clergyman who supported the abolition of slavery and women's suffraBiblio.com

SLIP OF PAPER INSCRIBED WITH A QUOTATION AND SIGNED BY UNITARIAN PASTOR ROBERT COLLYER WHO SUPPORTED THE ABOLITION OF SLAVERY AND WOMEN'S SUFFRAGE.

1880réf. 37129Circa 1880. 1880. Good. - A slip of paper 2-3/8 inches high by 4-3/8 inches wide is inscribed & signed in black ink: "Let us thank God for the Saxon Grit / Robert Collyer". The paper is mounted on a piece of cream-colored card of approximately the same size. The card is unevenly cut & both paper & card are slightly rippled from the mounting. Good. "Saxon Grit" is the title of an 1880 poem by Collyer about the Norman conquest of England in which the phrase recurs in each verse. Robert Collyer 1823-1912 was an English-born American Unitarian clergyman. He became a Methodist minister in England in 1849. Emigrating to The United States in the following year he found employment as a hammer maker in Pennsylvania and soon began preaching on Sundays while still employed at the factory. His earnest rugged simple style of oratory won him great popularity but his advocacy for the antislavery cause then frowned upon by the Methodist authorities aroused opposition. He was tried for heresy and his license was revoked. Continuing as an independent preacher he joined the Unitarian Church in 1859. In 1860 he organized and became pastor of the Unity Church the second Unitarian Church in Chicago. The church grew to become one of the strongest Unitarian churches in the West and Collyer was regarded as one of the foremost pulpit orators in the country. He left Chicago in 1879 and became pastor of the Church of the Messiah now renamed the Community Church in New York City. In 1883 he was a featured speaker at the convention of the American Woman Suffrage Association where he spoke movingly about his deceased wife and their struggles over "the woman question". Circa [1880]. unknown

Blue Mountain Books & Manuscripts, Ltd. · États-Unis75,00 $US≈ 66,87 €

[Slavery]. Various authorsBiblio.com

Daily National Intelligencer. Saturday June 25 1859

1859réf. 017039Washington DC: Gales and Seaton 1859. Tabloid. Good. Side folding large tabloid newspaper. A single issue of this long running newspaper published in Washington DC first published in 1800 and publishing until 1870 with an eventual bias toward conservative Whig policies. Besides the usual ads and political news this issue contains two "Was Committed" notices last page bottom right one pertaining to Mary Norris George Park and Sally King the other pertaining to Lewis West. All four were African-Americans with Mary Norris George Park and Lewis West being enslaved people from enslaver Robert E. Lee. According to the US National Park Service website devoted to Robert E. Lee's Arlington House Memorial Mary Norris George Parks and another man Wesley Norris believed they were free based on a provision in the will of George Washington Custis. Based on this knowledge the three emancipated themselves traveling to Pennsylvania. They were all captured in Maryland. According to contemporary newspaper accounts New York Tribune in June 1859 Lee had the re-captured African-Americans whipped. Wesley Norris himself wrote an article in the Anti-Slavery Standard in 1866 which provides his account of the whipping. Early historians and biographers dismissed both accounts considering them to be accounts used for anti-slavery propaganda. Lee himself was silent on the subject with many of his contemporaries and historians taking his silence as a denial. However modern research suggests the accounts of Wesley Norris and others were true dispelling the myth of Lee as benevolent enslaver perpetuated by earlier historians. The first notice states that Norris Park and West were committed to jail on May 26th and that "George and Mary say they belong to Col. Robert Lee of Fairfax County Virginia." The complexion and height of all three are given as well as descriptions of the clothing they wore. Sally King asserted that she was free living in Washington with a Mrs. D. Bread. According to the piece they all initially left Washington on May 22nd 1859. The second notice contains the same information as the first although it appears Lewis West was jailed on May 27th but also asserted he "belongs to Col. Robert Lee." Both notices request that the "owner or owners" come forward and pay all charges due. Also present is a notice of "young servants for sale" indicating the availability of several girls from ages 11 to 15 as well as young men from 21 to 25 years old. All were apparently located in Georgetown. The newspaper is in GOOD condition. Paper split chipped and deteriorating along the spine with very slight loss of letters to some of the "was committed" ads. Horizontal and vertical fold creases present. Moderate toning along the spine edge. Small hole worn through at the intersection of the fold creases. Some wrinkling and creasing to the paper. Several small tears along the extremities. Gales and Seaton unknown

Mare Booksellers · États-Unis810,00 $US≈ 722,25 €

Thompson, George (1804-1878). British orator and activist who worked towards the abolition of slaveryBiblio.com

CLOSE OF A LETTER SIGNED BY ORATOR AND ABOLITIONIST GEORGE THOMPSON.

1830réf. 94792Circa 1830s. 1830s. Good . - The close of a letter on a 3-1/4 inch high by approximately 6 inch wide piece of note paper is signed "Geo Thompson". The paper is darkened with some staining not affecting the signature. The paper is mounted on a sheet of yellow paper and has been folded twice for mailing. Good. The British antislavery orator and activist George Donisthorpe Thompson 1804-1878 worked toward the abolition of slavery through lecture tours and by introducing legislation while serving as a member of Parliament. An able orator he was hired by the London Anti-Slavery Society in 1831. While in Scotland in 1832 where he became interested in abolishing slavery in the United States as well as other parts of the world he met William Lloyd Garrison and the African-American abolitionist Nathaniel Paul. Invited to visit New England by Garrison he traveled to the US in 1834 where he drew the attention of pro-slavery supporters and was forced to flee for his life. The Hobart Town Courier later printed a letter in which Thompson stated that he had ".left the United Sates to escape the assassins knife." the editor noting that attempts had been made to "burn and murder" him in several US towns. He returned to the US following the passing of the Fugitive Slave Law in 1850. By then the abolitionist movement having substantially grown and gained in influence Thompson found a warmer welcome. Returning to London he and his son founded the London Emancipation Society which supported the Union during the Civil War. Returning to America he allied himself with William Wells Brown and met President Abraham Lincoln. Throughout his life Thompson was a powerful voice for emancipation. He supported East Indian reform free trade Chartism non-resistance and the peace movement often protesting legislation that offered only limited restrictions on slavery. RARE. Circa [1830s]. unknown

Blue Mountain Books & Manuscripts, Ltd. · États-Unis350,00 $US≈ 312,08 €

(Virginia Slavery). Faulkner, Charles JBiblio.com

To the Voters of Frederick County. Fellow Citizens:--I have consented to have my name placed before you as a candidate to represent you in the next congress of the United States Caption title & partial text

1833réf. 713Winchester Va. 1833. Broadside 4to. 290 x 160 mm. 11 ¼ x 6 ¼ inches. Printed in two columns signed in type by Charles J. Faulkner at Winchester dated March 8 1833 at conclusion. Lightly dust-soiled pale stain affecting perhaps one-third of the left-hand margin and column of text. Neatly silked on verso. Withal about very good. Following the August 1831 Nat Turner rebellion in Southampton County a last effort was made by moderate Virginians to gradually abolish slavery. Faulkner a 26-year-old lawyer and assemblyman along with Thomas Jefferson Randolph sponsored legislation to free all children born of slave parents after July 4 1840. His speech emphasized the evil of slavery for Southern white labor noting that slavery "converts the energy of the community into indolence--its power into imbecility--its efficiency into weakness.Shall society suffer that the slave-holder may continue to gather his crop of human flesh" As the Assembly was malapportioned in favor of the Tidewater slaveocracy the proposal lost rather narrowly and nearly thirty years later the Confederacy was assured of Virginia's succession. It is perhaps not surprising that Faulkner "comparatively a stranger" to the county but a member of the Virginia House of Delegates at this time 1831-34 was not successful in his campaign to represent Virginia in the U.S. Senate. However Faulkner was elected to three terms in Congress from Virginia in the 1850s. He was elected to Congress from West Virginia after the Civil War. In the interim he served as Minister to France during the Buchanan administration and on the staff of Stonewall Jackson. Dictionary of American Biography. Not in Hummel. Not found in American Imprints for 1833 and not in the 1830-1839 title index. OCLC records four copies at The Library of Virginia University of Virginia Virginia Historical Society and American Antiquarian Society. unknown

De Simone Company, Booksellers · États-Unis750,00 $US≈ 668,75 €

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