Colbert

1695 · Best.-Nr. 110113AB — 1695. First english edition. London Printed for R. Bentley 1695. Small Octavo. Frontispiece 14 246 8 pages. Hardcover / Rare original 17th-century or early 18th-century leather. Original binding with stronger signs of rubbing to rear board. Pastedowns loosened. Interior and frontispiece very good. Needs minor attention from bookbinder. Very rare in this original binding ! Jean-Baptiste Colbert 29 August 1619 – 6 September 1683 was a French politician who served as the Minister of Finances of France from 1665 to 1683 under the rule of King Louis XIV. His relentless hard work and thrift made him an esteemed minister. He achieved a reputation for his work of improving the state of French manufacturing and bringing the economy back from the brink of bankruptcy. Historians note that despite Colbert's efforts France actually became increasingly impoverished because of the King's excessive spending on wars. Colbert worked to create a favourable balance of trade and increase France's colonial holdings. Colbert's market reforms included the foundation of the Manufacture royale de glaces de miroirs in 1665 to supplant the importation of Venetian glass forbidden in 1672 as soon as the French glass manufacturing industry was on sound footing and to encourage the technical expertise of Flemish cloth manufacturing in France. He also founded royal tapestry works at Gobelins and supported those at Beauvais. Colbert worked to develop the domestic economy by raising tariffs and by encouraging major public works projects and to ensure that the French East India Company had access to foreign markets so that they could always obtain coffee cotton dyewoods fur pepper and sugar. In addition Colbert founded the French merchant marine. Colbert issued more than 150 edicts to regulate the guilds. One such law had the intention of improving the quality of cloth. The edict declared that if the authorities found a merchant's cloth unsatisfactory on three separate occasions they were to tie him to a post with the cloth attached to him. He created the seigneurial system. Colbert took much interest in art and literature. He possessed a remarkably fine private library which he delighted to fill with valuable manuscripts from every part of Europe and the Near East where France had placed a consul. He employed Pierre de Carcavi and Étienne Baluze as librarians. Colbert's grandson sold the manuscript collection in 1732 to the Bibliothèque Royale. Colbert founded a number of institutions: in 1663 the Academy of Inscriptions and Medals in 1666 the Academy of Sciences now part of the Institut de France in 1667 the Paris Observatory which he employed Claude Perrault to build and brought Giovanni Domenico Cassini 1625–1712 from Italy to superintend in 1671 the Academy of Architecture the Academy of Music the French Academy at Rome and Academies at Arles Soissons Nîmes and many other towns He reorganised the Academy of Painting and Sculpture which Mazarin had established. Wishing to increase the prestige of the image of France and the French royal family Colbert played an active role in bringing the great Italian architect-sculptor Gian Lorenzo Bernini to Paris June–October 1665 in order to design the new East Facade of the Louvre and sculpt a marble portrait bust of Louis XIV. This was quite an international diplomatic-artistic coup because Bernini who had never left Rome or its vicinity was personal architect to the pope whom Louis was attempting to humiliate. However the relations between the two strong-willed men Colbert and Bernini proved melodramatically stormy and Colbert ultimately rejected Bernini's Louvre design though the Italian artist's bust of the king housed today in the Versailles palace won Louis's appreciation. Colbert himself became a member of the Académie française; and proposed one very characteristic rule with the intention of expediting the great Dictionary in which he had a great interest: no one could count as present at any meeting unless he arrived before the hour of commencement and remained till the hour for leaving. In 1673 Colbert presided over the first exhibition of the works of living painters; and he enriched the Louvre with hundreds of pictures and statues. He gave many pensions to men of letters among whom we find Molière Corneille Racine Boileau P D Huet 1630–1721 and Antoine Varillas 1626–1696; and even foreigners as Huygens Carlo Dati the Dellacruscan. Evidence exists to show that by this munificence he hoped to draw out praises of his sovereign and himself; but this motive certainly does not account for all the splendid if in some cases specious services that he rendered to literature science and art. Colbert worked incessantly hard until his final hours. Work was his religion; he once pondered whether it was better to rise early and work or retire very late and work. He concluded that rising early and retiring late would be the ideal combination. Towards the end of his life he suffered from stomach aches which caused him much distress. He was reduced to eating moist bread dipped in chicken broth for his meals. By 64 he was bedridden and died shortly after his birthday. The surgeons who examined him found that he had been suffering from kidney stones. A huge stone was found in his urinary tract which would explain his pain. Wikipedia hardcover