Vulgate

rif. 124923 — England c.1260-1275. . 579ll on very thin parchment; early foliation in roman numerals with errors top outer corner recto supplemented by modern foliation in pencil; horizontal catchword centre lower margin in quire 2 traces in quires 12 16 18 19 quires signed at the beginning very bottom inside corner in an Arabic numeral many trimmed presumably by the 19th-century binder ruled in lead sometimes with the top two middle two and bottom two horizontal lines full across full-length vertical bounding lines inside outside and between the columns and with an extra set of double rules at the top and bottom of the page justification 94-90 x 68-64 mm. Written by many scribes below the top line in very small formal gothic bookhands in two columns ff. 546-575v the Interpretation of Hebrew Names in three columns of 49-45 lines majuscules within the text stroked with red red and blue running titles and chapter numbers occasional red rubrics often blank spaces for the rubrics remain one-line alternately red and blue initials chapters begin with two-line with extensions up to fifteen lines alternately red and blue initials with pen decoration in the other colour approximately sixty-eight 6- to 25-line parted red and blue initials with red and/or blue pen work parted initials on f. i and iv verso opening prologue and Genesis extend the full-length of the page. With ten illuminated initials 7-lines high pink or mauve with white highlights infilled with pink and blue rinceaux some terminating with animal heads on highly polished gold grounds or on contrasting grounds of dark blue or pink heavily edged in black overall in very good condition f. 1 darkened and repaired in the inner margin f. 32 modern repair with slight loss of text f. 490 erasure with some damage to a few lines of text ff. 539-545 damage from damp top outer corner f. 544 top outer corner repaired with loss of text generous margins but trimmed some loss at the edges of the added text on ff. 544-545 the ink on some pages has faded or been abraded. Bound in early 19th-century red roan spine elaborately tooled in gilt and lettered 'Biblia/Sacra/M.S.S' expertly rebacked with old spine laid down boards with a single gilt rule speckled edges with yellow glazed endpapers lower board and edges lightly scuffed; a very handsome binding with 20th-century slipcase with paper label to spine lettered in ink and matching chemise. Dimensions 153 x 105 mm. Small portable Bibles containing the complete Old and New Testaments were one of the greatest achievements of 13th-century book production transforming the use and ownership of the Bible. This English example was copied by numerous scribes and decorated in a number of styles. The ten handsome illuminated initials decorate the Minor Prophets an unusual choice. Textual evidence links it to both the Dominicans and Franciscans. Notable here are the numerous additions that show how this was used including the contemporary table of introits and Mass lections and numerous marginal notes from the thirteenth to the fifteenth centuries. The first portable Bibles may have been copied in Paris at the end of the 1220s or early 1230s. Many of them were products of the commercial booksellers of Paris. English examples of this type of Bible however appear at almost the same time and 13th-century England was an important centre for the production of Bibles although in smaller numbers than France. However the text of English 13th-century Bibles is often quite distinct from contemporary Bibles from Paris. Centralised production in Paris resulted in numerous Bibles that share the same text the text modern scholars call the Paris Bible. In England a much more diffuse production meant that there is a much greater variety in the text of the Bibles; there is no 'typical' English text. The Psalms have been omitted here. This is fairly common in 13th-century Bibles and possibly more common in England than elsewhere. This Bible does show some influence of the Paris Bible. In particular the biblical books are arranged according to the 'new' Paris order the same order used today with the Gospels followed by the Pauline Epistles rather than by Acts and the books are divided according to the modern chapters although as noted above with many variations including some that Paul Saenger has identified as English Saenger 2013 and it includes the Interpretation of Hebrew Names. The many different scribes who copied this book and the variety of different styles found in the pen decoration are certainly of great interest. There are many intriguing bits of evidence that tell us how this Bible was put together. The rubricator for example made fairly frequent errors confusing prologues and biblical books and in one case inserting the wrong running title calling the book usually known as 2 Ezra in 13th-century Bibles and 3 Ezra by modern scholars Stegmüller 941 'Osee' i.e. the minor prophet Hosea. A corrector changed it to 'iosias' not the usual name for this book although it does begin 'Et fecit iosias …' The foliation in Roman numerals is also noteworthy most books in the Middle Ages do not include page or folio numbers with numerous mistakes in the series including large gaps despite the text being complete. Ten biblical books begin with finely executed illuminated initials by a well-trained but provincial or idiosyncratic artist freely interpreting more mainstream initials from commercial centres such as Oxford or Paris; most of the initials are pink or a distinctive mauve shade with white highlights infilled with tightly curled vine scrolls that terminate in simple leaves or animal-heads on contrasting grounds or on highly polished gold all heavily edged in black. The 'I' on f. 397v extends 30-lines and is infilled with a distinctive geometric lattice-pattern. The evidence of the script and decorations supports an origin in the second half of the thirteenth century probably c.1260-1275. It was used very early in its history in England and many small details fit best with an origin in England including the lack of a Psalter the Interpretation of Hebrew Names copied in three columns variations in the beginnings of some of the chapters Saenger 2013 p. 60 n. 104 and the quire structure especially the quires of sixteen and twenty leaves Ruzzier 2013 p. 116. None of these details by themselves would be an argument for an English origin but together they are highly suggestive. Moreover the main style of the penwork decoration although unusually exuberant and perhaps idiosyncratic and the style of the illuminated initials also suggest England. Evidence of the script however is more difficult to interpret. There are numerous hands in the volume and the rounded bookhands used by some of the scribes suggest they may have been from Southern France. It is worth remembering that Aquitaine was English throughout the thirteenth century. A full description with further information on the text and the provenance with a full bibliography is available on request. Branner Manuscript Painting in Paris during the Reign of St. Louis 1977; Burke Heraldic Register 1850 p. 83; De Hamel The Book. A History of the Bible 2001 chapter 5 'Portable Bibles of the Thirteenth Century'; Light The Bible and the Individual: The Thirteenth-Century Paris Bible. England, c.1260-1275]. hardcover