18.494 risultati
2026rif. x-1032584491Taylor & Francis Ltd 2026. Paperback. New. 656 pages. 7.00x1.38x10.00 inches. Taylor & Francis Ltd paperback
1798rif. 181876London: printed for J. Wright 1798-1800. Mixed editions as usual. The work is formed of a collection of letters written by soldiers in Napoleon's army in Egypt published by the British as a propaganda exercise. The contents include the private accounts of foot soldiers in the campaign reports from General Damas to General Kleber and Napoleon complaining about his wife to his brother. Each letter is translated with additional footnotes. Facsimiles of both Napoleon's and Nelson's handwriting can be found on the folding plate. Provenance: from the library of Clive Richards although unmarked as such. Richards owned "the finest collection of Nelson letters in private hands" according to The Telegraph. He served as vice president of the Nelson Society and was a member of the 1805 Club for 30 years. 3 vols bound in one octavo 217 x 132 mm pp. xxiv 248 4; iv xxxii 236 4; ii xx 182. Vol. 1 bound with half title. Engraved tissue-guarded folding plate and folding map tables in text; text in English and French. With 8 pp. of publisher's advertisements. Contemporary mottled quarter calf red spine label smooth spine with flat bands ruled in gilt marbled boards edges yellow. Inscribed on half-title "Chas J. Clarke April 19th 1799" verses 10-13 of Horace's Ode 1.37 inscribed in pencil on front free endpaper recto. Spine a little stripped head chipped extremities slightly rubbed tips bumped contents a little toned and foxed: a very good copy. ESTC T148911; T122998; T121981; Sandler 853. "Clive Richards City financier and owner of the finest collection of Nelson letters in private hands - obituary" The Telegraph 23 April 2021. hardcover
1928rif. 179529Primarily Egypt: 15 December 1927 - 19 January 1928. Mummies rather too plentiful An animated account of an Essex family's winter getaway in Egypt comprising lively descriptions of Cairo's many sights and sounds humorous observations and a detailed record of their itinerary. The writer Arthur George Aldous 1867-1942; his signature appears on the first page pursued a career with the civil service in North Borneo before retiring to Dedham in Essex. He was accompanied to Egypt by his wife Alice Maud Mackenzie Young 1870-1944 and their daughter Elizabeth 1906-1964 whom he calls "A and B." Embarking the P&O vessel SS Narkunda they reached Port Said shortly after Christmas their time onboard recorded in enjoyable detail. "Cook's people deserved full marks for the way they saw us through customs nothing examined!. Port Said seems to have grow quite a lot and on the surface at least to be somewhat more respectable than of yor" 28 December. They reached Cairo the same day and 20 pages of the journal describe their time in the city up to their departure on 7 January 1928 during which period no day was uneventful. A trip to the bazaar gave his daughter the chance to buy a "Turkish harem lady's costume" 29 December and in each shop they were plied with Persian tea. They took day excursions to Memphis and to see statues of Ramesses and other historic sites "The Sphinx rather disappointed us" - 31 December and a highlight was a trip to the Egyptian Museum to see the recently installed Tutankhamun relics. "The whole museum was well worth a visit. and mummies rather too plentiful" 30 December. The holiday concludes with a visit to Italy and the journal ends on their arrival back in London. Octavo. With approx. 70 pages of neat manuscript leaves mostly written one side only several blank leaves at end. Original red roan marbled endpapers and edges. Bookplate of Charles Benson 1933-2017 of Kent UK. Light rubbing mark on rear cover otherwise well-preserved. unknown
1903rif. 65432Leipzig 1903. 8vo. Rødt originalt shirtingbind. clxxxiv 407 s. Med karter og oversiktsplaner.8vo. Publishers red cloth. clxxxiv 407 pp. With maps and plans. Karl Baedeker Éditeur Norsk. Hinrichsen F 222.Bindet noe slitt. Navn på forsatsbladet og tittelbladet. Binding a bit worn. Name on front free endpaper and title. hardcover
1998rif. x-0306458209Plenum Pub Corp 1998. Hardcover. New. 1st edition. 883 pages. 10.50x7.25x2.25 inches. Plenum Pub Corp hardcover
1653rif. 136102Alexandria: 1916-53. Politics power and position under empire A rich document of empire pageantry and elite education in British Egypt bearing some 150 dated signatures of leading political military and cultural figures from the first half of the 20th century. Among them are successive British High Commissioners - McMahon Wingate and Allenby - alongside royalty senior officials diplomats and figures from commerce and the press reflecting Victoria College's status as a focal point of imperial authority and social power. Founded in 1902 with the backing of Sir Evelyn Baring Lord Cromer Victoria College educated the sons of the Anglo-Egyptian elite and staged annual speech days that became ritualized displays of British rule. Before the Second World War when British influence was at its height the college was regularly visited by high commissioners and their entourages even during wartime. Early entries include Sultan Hussein Kamal's visit of June 1916 followed by Sir Henry McMahon and senior military and diplomatic figures connected to Kitchener and the Cairo administration. McMahon's successor Reginald Wingate contributed a full-page endorsement of the school in 1917 and Prince Arthur Duke of Connaught visited in 1918 during Allenby's Egyptian campaign. In the interwar years Victoria remained a symbol of British cultural power despite Egypt's formal independence. Edmund Allenby signed repeatedly between 1919 and 1922 later joined by his successors George Lloyd and Percy Loraine often alongside Egyptian ministers. The book also records visits connected to major political developments including members of the Milner Mission in 1920 Gilbert Clayton Sultan Fuad I and George Antonius a former pupil and later a key Arab nationalist intellectual. Other signatories range from the Sultan of Zanzibar to senior churchmen naval officers journalists artists publishers and statesmen underscoring the college's place at the intersection of British and Middle Eastern elites. The final entries chart the end of the imperial era. A 1949 inscription by Said Taha Bey marked "Visit of the Hero of Faluja" poignantly closes this compendium - a compact first-hand chronicle of shifting power personalities and allegiances in modern Middle Eastern history. Quarto. Original brown buckram ledger spine and covers ruled in black grey-green endpapers joints lined with green linen tape as issued marbled and rounded edges pages with printed blue rules approximately 65 pages with one or more signatures nearly all in ink remaining pages blank. Binding sturdy boards and contents soiled in places leaves with light foxing and browning signatures well preserved: an excellent example. Samir Raafat "Victoria College - Educating the Elite 1902-1956" Egyptian Mail 30 March 1996. hardcover
rif. B9781018606514Hardback. New. hardcover
1802rif. 60653London: W. Bulmer & Co. for G. & W. Nicol 1802. First U.K. Edition. First printing. Quarto 27cm. Contemporary sprinkled calf gold roll around outer perimeter of boards board edges tooled in blind titled in gilt on red leather spine label; plain endpapers; ivxxvi1951pp with postscript leaf paginated "188" inserted after p.188; 3 maps 2 folding with routes traced in color compiled by J. Rennell and engraved by J. Walker. Bookplate of John Bacon Lawrey Morritt Rokeby Park. Sound and clean mild rubbing to board edges spine leather dry and cracking internally with a few scatted spots of foxing one folding map with small tear at center fold but otherwise Very Good. Collated and complete. First English translation of Hornemann's travels previously published in German Weimar 1801. Hornemann a student at Göttingen was "engaged by the African Association in London with instructions to reach the River Niger by crossing the Sahara from Egypt." When Napoleon's army took Cairo Hornemann managed to gain Napoleon's patronage for his journey. He joined a caravan heading toward Marzuq and visited several oases before turning north to Tripoli. There he "sent despatches back to London" then joined a caravan heading south and disappeared. Later information suggested that he had successfully crossed the Sahara but died of dysentery just north of the Niger. HOWGEGO I H100. W. Bulmer & Co. for G. & W. Nicol unknown
rif. 11Bolton England: Tillotson & Son. Original soft Covers. Very Good. 38 pages illustrated bibliography fold out map in rear and three colored map on rear cover inset. Booklet issued to promote tourism in the area. Laid inside rear cover is a list of other special books on Egypt from WH Smith in London. Tillotson & Son unknown
1930rif. ZB375114Cairo 1930-53. volumes 23-41 43-46 partly bound illustrated ex library still textually very good PRICE IS FOR THE LOT:. - If you are reading this this item is actually physically in our stock and ready for shipment once ordered. We are not bookjackers. Buyer is responsible for any additional duties taxes or fees required by recipient's country. Photos available upon request. Cairo unknown
1999rif. 011824London: Headline 1999. 1st ed. Complete number line begining with one. Fine in dj. SIGNED COPY signed by Doherty at title page. Historical. 2nd title in the Ancient Egypt series. Reader is taken alongside Lord Amerotke Pharaoh's Chief Judge in all of his investigations of murdered victims. In 2000 Doherty won The HERODOTUS AWARD for Lifetime Achievment presented by the Historical Mystery Appreciation Society for best historical writing . Signed by Author. First Edition. Hardcover. Fine/Fine. Book. Headline
1992rif. 100744Chicago: The Oriental Institute of The University of Chicago 1992. No. 4 one of 200 copies. 3 vols. Folio. 30 photographic prints from original glass plate negatives each print mounted 16 x 20 inches. viii pp. booklet with explanatory text and list of plates for each volume text by Peter F. Dorman John Coleman Darnell and Susan Lezon. Housed in three cloth clamshell boxes by Claudia Cohen. Small dampstain to volumes II & III box with some staining in vol. III to mounts and booklet confined to margin some fading to clamshell boxes prints fine with extraordinary detail and tonal gradation. A portfolio of limited edition photographic prints from the Epigraphic Survey's archive of over eight hundred large-format glass plate negatives taken in Egypt between 1880 and 1930 for the tourist trade by photographers such as Antonio Beato and the Zangaki brothers. Printed at Chicago House the field headquarters of the Survey in Luxor. "Unlike other methods of reproduction in which an artificial light source is used on a mass-production basis the glass negatives have been exposed individually to direct sunlight on printing-out-paper resulting in minuscule differences among the prints. Each print was then toned in a gold chloride solution. Great care has been taken to produce prints that would have resembled closely those that one might have purchased while journeying through Egypt in the nineteenth century" p. vi. Images include ruins of ancient monuments details of carved and painted temple walls fleets of feluccas palm groves and formal salon poses and ethnographic portraits of Egyptians and Nubians. The three volumes retailed at $2000 each when published in 1992. The Oriental Institute of The University of Chicago hardcover
2000rif. SBBI-mon0000140218EGYPT EXPLORATION SOCIETY 2000. paperback. Acceptable. Please see the condition note after this for details if this is missing please consider Acceptable to mean poor quality that could include major staining water damage writing missing dustjacket etc etc. Our books are dispatched from a Yorkshire former cotton mill. We list via barcode/ISBN so please note that the images are stock images and may not be the exact copy you receive furthermore the details about edition and year might not be accurate as many publishers reuse the same ISBN for multiple editions and as we simply scan a barcode or enter an ISBN we do not check the validity of the edition data when listing. If you're looking for an exact edition please don't order at least not without checking with us first although we don't always have time to check. We aim to dispatch prompty the service used will depend on order value and book size. We can ship to most countries see our shipping policies. Payment is via Abe only. EGYPT EXPLORATION SOCIETY paperback
rif. 2115753London Egypt Travel Bureau c. 1930s. 8vo. Illustrated paper wrappers printed in brown which is continued throughout text; pp. 22 2 wrapper panels inlcuded in pagination; with various maps and photographs in the text; with a loosely inserted card Provenance: Tourist Development Association of Egypt; oxidation to staples with some subsequent light ofsetting; a few oxidation marks to lower panel and pages; else a very good early travel guide.This very rare guide includes a variety of destinations across Egypt. With tourist activities such as tours of the Pyramids and Sphinx by motorcar p. 6 as well as other day trips to Luxor Aswan and Khartoum. unknown
rif. 2112323Loose original gelatin silver photos measuring c. 11 x 16 cm mounted on card measuring c. 20 x 27. All photos with period pencil or ink captions in French on recto or verso of the mounts; most photos with period ink or pencil numbers on the mounts; two photos dated ""1905"" on the mounts. Several images mildly faded or with mild silvering several mounts with minor creases small tears or chipping on the extremities but overall a very good collection of interesting and unusual photos.Original large vernacular not commercial as more often encountered photos of Egypt taken by a French traveller in the early 20th century. Unlike most collections of Egyptian travel photos from this period these ones don't cover ancient temples and sites but instead focus on the life of contemporary Arabic Egypt. An unusual collection showing everyday life of Egypt with evocative street scenes in the early 20th century.Twenty-one photos depict Cairo and environs showing the Nile with feluccas and buildings on the banks narrow streets and shops of old Cairo the gate to the Delta Barrage Al-Rifa'I Mosque mausoleums and tombs of the Mamluks in Cairo Necropolis mud-brick buildings in Cairo environs and scenes with the local people. Four photos show native mud-brick houses in Memphis and local people; two photos depict Muslim inhabitants of Ismailia and their huts made of dried grass. Eight depict the beach at Attaka modern-day Suez Governorate of Egypt the Red Sea and steamers coming in or out of the Suez Canal and a native camel rider portrayed near Attaka. unknown
2020rif. AME_9781774071939Delve 2020. UNKNOWN. Hardcover. New/New. Delve hardcover
1954rif. 000369Cairo: The government press 1954 Book. Very Good. Hardcover. Signed by Authors. 8vo - over 7¾ - 9¾" tall. PRIVATELY BOUND AS PRESENTATION COPY IN 29-5-1954 TO "OUR SON MR. ABDUL HAMID IBRAHIM ABD UR RAHMAN" FROM GENERAL MUHAMMAD NAGUIB. FRONTIS OF M. NAGUIB SIGNING THE TREATY OF SUDAN 12 FEB. 1953. TITLE PAGE WITH MANUSCRIPT DEDICATION SIGNED BY M. NAGUIB THE FIRST PRESEDENT OF EGYPT AFTER THE REVOLUTION OF 1952. FRONTIS OF M. NAGUIB WHEN HE WAS IN KHARTUM IN 1921 IN HIS MILITARY UNIFORM. ERRATA PREFACE BY AHMAD ATIYYATULLAH 96PP OF ARABIC TEXT WITH 7 FINE PHOTOGRAPHIC PLATES AND 1 PLAN. 1 PHOTOGRAPHIC PLATE OF GENERAL M. NAGUIB PRESEDENT IN 20-2-1954. THE BRITISH POLICY AND OCCUPATION IN SUDAN AND THE QUESTION OF SEPARATING DARFUR. ONE OF FOUR BOOKS BY PRESEDENT MUHAMMAD NAGUIB. SCARCE SIGNED COPY. The government press hardcover
rif. 8This official programme commemorates the historic state visit of King Abdulaziz Al Saud the founder of modern Saudi Arabia to Egypt in 1946. The visit marked an important milestone in strengthening political and diplomatic relations between the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and Egypt following the Second World War. The programme outlines the official schedule of ceremonies receptions and meetings held during the royal visit. Such publications were produced in limited numbers for officials and invited guests making surviving copies increasingly scarce. Today they are valued as significant historical documents that reflect one of the most important royal visits in modern Arab history.
rif. PE84Elephant Folio ca. 40.5 x 30 cm or 15 ¾ x 11 ¾ in. 29 black cardstock leaves two blank. Over 50 mounted real photo postcards ca. 13.5 x 8.5 cm 5 ¼ x 3 ¼ in. Four watercolours and three ink drawings ca. 13.5 x 8.5 cm 5 ¼ x 3 ¼ in. Over 25 mounted printed photo postcards ca. 13.5 x 8.5 cm 5 ¼ x 3 ¼ in. Four images with period ink German captions on recto; 38 images captioned in negative/with print English or German captions on recto. Period red cloth album fastened with string with generic title “Aegypten” on front cover. Spine mildly rubbed; but overall a very good album of interesting photos. An attractive collection of postcards real photo and printed showing Egypt including Cairo Luxor Karnak and Aswan. There are also eight original sketches three ink drawings and four watercolours of Egyptian archeological sites and landscapes. Over 50 real photo postcards show Cairo Mena Home Hotel street scenes the Great Pyramids and Sphinx of Giza statues of the Egyptian Museum Luxor Luxor Temple Colossi of Memnon Mortuary complex of Hatshepsut Karnak Temple Medinet Habu and the Philae temple complex. Print photo postcards show reliefs from the Pyramids of Giza and several artifacts displayed at the Egyptian Museum. Also included are three ink drawings two of the mortuary complex of Hatshepsut one of the Savoy Hotel in Luxor and five watercolours four landscapes from Aswan and one showing a gate at Karnak. Overall an interesting and attractive collection of postcards and art showing Egypt during the early 20th century. hardcover
rif. PD80Oblong Folio ca. 38 x 27 cm or 15 x 10 ½ in. 88 stiff paper leaves one blank. 87 mounted gelatin silver photographs ca. 22 x 17 cm 8 ½ x 6 ½ in. All but three images with period ink or pencil French captions on mounts. Period olive quarter morocco album with green pebbled cloth boards and spine with raised bands. Mounts slightly age-toned with minor tearing and creases on extremities not affecting photos; a few photos mildly faded but overall a very good album of interesting photos. An interesting and extensive collection of 87 large amateur gelatin silver photographs of Egypt before World War I. The album was likely compiled by French travellers on their journey up the Nile River in the early 1910s. Over 15 photographs show views from along the Nile. They include the compiler’s boats their dahabeah a river boat for use on the Nile and a small boat with two sails the First Cataract of the Nile the island of Elephantine near Aswan the river steamer Ibis villages along the Nile including a “Marabout” village and El Balyana a cable ferry a load of goglets crossing the river peasants standing on the banks women collecting water and irrigation devices. Over 20 photographs show ancient sites in Egypt including the Philae temple complex Medinet-Abou the Dendera temple complex Karnak Luxor Temple the Temple of Edfu Abydos and Esna. One photograph shows the interior of the tomb of Rameses V. Two photographs show a group of Arab women in front of a temple. Several photographs are views of Cairo including the Mosque-Madrasa of Sultan Hasan the Cairo Citadel the Mosque of Ibn Tulun the funerary complex of Sultan Qaytbay and the French Legation building. Other photographs show the Abu Haggag Mosque in Luxor built on top of ancient ruins and a quarry near Aswan. Other photographs are snapshots of daily life in Egypt. They include street scenes a Mawlid celebration “Fete des prophets” a demonstration in the streets a market in Aswan a public square in Esna a group of men sitting on the side of the road to the Pyramids of Giza a group of “fellahs” Egyptian peasants “au passage du bateau postal” and cane harvesting. Overall a very interesting collection of photographs of Egypt in the early 1910s. hardcover
rif. MC41Watercolour on paper ca. 17x22 cm 6 ¾ x 8 ¾ in. Period ink caption on verso. A very good watercolour mounted in a recent mat. This attractive bright watercolour by an unknown artist shows one of the Mamluk mausoleums in Cairo known as "the Tombs of the Caliphs. " "The Mamluk sultans and elites were eager patrons of religious and scholarly life commonly building religious or funerary complexes whose functions could include a mosque madrasa khanqah for Sufis water distribution centers sabils and mausoleum for themselves and their families. Among the best-known examples of Mamluk monuments in Cairo are the huge Mosque-Madrasa of Sultan Hasan the Mosque of Amir al-Maridani the Mosque of Sultan al-Mu'ayyad whose twin minarets were built above the gate of Bab Zuwayla the Sultan Al-Ghuri complex the funerary complex of Sultan Qaytbay in the Northern Cemetery and the trio of monuments in the Bayn al-Qasrayn area comprising the complex of Sultan al-Mansur Qalawun the Madrasa of al-Nasir Muhammad and the Madrasa of Sultan Barquq. " Wikipedia. unknown
rif. MC45Watercolour on paper ca. 6x11 cm 4 ¼ x 2 ½ in. Initialed ‘A.B.’ in the lower right corner. Period ink inscription on verso “With love and all good wishes for happier times in the near future. From Peggie”. Recently matted very good watercolour. Nice watercolour view of the Great Pyramids of Giza taken at sunset with the waters of Nile in the foreground reflecting the tender colours of the evening sky. unknown
rif. ria9780856982491_inpHardcover. New. New Book; Fast Shipping from UK; Not signed; Not First Edition; This volume contains editions of forty-one texts theological literary subliterary and documentary. The theological section includes large fragments of the First Apocalypse of James 5533 an early Christian narrative of conversatio hardcover
rif. PD23Oblong folio ca. 325x42 cm 13 x 16 ½ in. Six grey card album leaves. With 56 mounted gelatin silver prints including a three-part panorama ca. 65x325 cm 2 ½ x 12 ¾ in. the other photos are ca. 7.5 x 13 cm 3 x 5 ¼ in. or slightly smaller. All photos captioned and many dated in period manuscript blue ink on the mounts. Recent brown cloth album with embossed design on front cover. One image partially detached and folded one with repaired tear a few photographs with mild rubbing or fading and many photographs showing the traces of the adhesive otherwise a very good album with strong sharp photographs. Album with interesting snapshot photographs of the villages and cities located on the Nile River banks from Ibrim Lower Nubia Egypt to Kosti present-day White Nile state of Sudan. Apparently taken by a young British military man on service in the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan the album includes views of the Abu Simbel rock temple before it was moved in 1968 during the construction of the Aswan High Dam Wadi Halfa Khartoum White Nile bridge to Omdurman under construction British barracks – with two images of a sand storm closing over the barracks native boats on the Blue Nile in Khartoum the White Nile in flood the junction point of the White and Blue Nile nearby Moghren village Khartoum-Omdurman ferry boat Omdurman native market buildings on the Nile bank a street in the native quarter Ad Douiem local people on the Nile bank British Governor’s house native market prison cart White Nile Police officers Wad-Alzaky Kosti railway station mosque bridge under construction native village native market “S.S. Fateh alongside at Kosti” and others; there are also photos of the local fishermen and children and several views of the White Nile with two photos showing the felucca race on July 15 1924. The album closes with a three-part panorama of Port Said harbour taken in 1926 from the “Fleet Frozen meat store” showing the Navy House destroyed during the 1956 Suez Crisis the Suez Canal Company Office and naval cruisers docked nearby. Overall a nice photo collection of views of Egypt and Sudan along the banks of the Nile River. hardcover
rif. PA86Oblong Folio album ca. 355x385 cm 14 x 15 ¼ in. 12 card stock leaves with tissue guards. With 174 mounted gelatin silver photos from ca. 85x11 cm 3 ¼ x 4 ¼ in to ca. 9x85 cm 3 ½ x 3 ¼ in. No captions. Period dark green pebbled sheep album. Front board with a gilt-lettered title and date and a gilt-tooled decorative border; moire endpapers all edges gilt. Binding slightly rubbed on extremities corners slightly bumped several tissue guards with tears or losses several photos with mild silvering but overall a very good album of strong interesting photos. Attractive extensive collection of original gelatin silver photos illustrating a leisure trip to Egypt and up the Nile to Aswan taken in 1912 most likely by French tourists. The album opens with a portrait of the three travellers on board a steamer and three views of a port – most likely Alexandria. There is also a photo of the Egyptian State Railways train which apparently took the party to Cairo and then to Aswan. Over thirty images of Cairo and its environs show city streets with passers-by cart drivers processions a general panorama with the Citadel in the background Tombs of the Caliphs in the Cairo Necropolis travellers visiting Giza Zoo resting in their hotel looking at a traditional water wheel &c. Twenty photos illustrate their visit to the Great Pyramids of Giza showing the Pyramids and the Sphinx still partly covered in sand local guides and their camels the tourists climbing the Pyramids posing in the mummification temple &c. The photos of the Giza Pyramids are followed by eighteen views of the Philae Island and Temple in Aswan where the travellers apparently arrived by train. The photos show the temple grounds the First Pylon and Colonnade the Kiosk of Trajan bas-relief of Isis &c. partly inundated after the completion of the Aswan Low Dam in 1902. The temple complex continued to experience regular floods until it was dismantled and moved to nearby Agilika Island in 1970 before the completion of the Aswan High Dam. An interesting photo portrays a local guide carrying one of the tourists across the flooded part of the temple. Several photos show the Aswan Low Dam and the visiting tourists. On the way back the travellers apparently went down the Nile on board “Cook & Son’s” steamer “Amenartas” two photos show the steamer docked on a Nile bank. The photos include scenes of the party visiting the temples at Esna the temple of Khnum Luxor the First Pylon statues of Ramesses II Colonnade of Amenhotep III &c. and Karnak Gate and the First Pylon the Hypostyle Hall the Avenue of Sphinxes &c. There are also several images from the tour to the Valley of the Kings and two photos of the interior of ancient Egyptian tombs one featuring the three travellers. The other images portray Egyptian farmers desert nomads with camels sellers at the site of Nile steamer landings et al. The album closes with views of Mediterranean ports taken on the way back to Europe. Overall an attractive collection of lively original photos illustrating tourism in Egypt in the pre-WW1 years. unknown
