‎Discovery‎

‎ARAGO DOMINIQUE FRANCOIS. THE DISCOVERY OF MAGNETIZATION BY WAY OF THE VOLTAIC CURRENT.‎

‎Exp�riences relatives � l'aimantation du fer et de l'acier par l'action du courant volta�que.‎

‎Paris Crochard 1820. No wrappers as extracted fron 'Annales de Chimie et de Physique' Volume 15 2e Series. Pp. 93-102. � First appearance of this importent paper in which Arago gives an account of his discovery of how iron and steel could be magnetized by the action of the voltaic current THE FIRST STEP TOWARDS THE ELECTRIC TELEGRAPH.<br> <br>"Arago . made several important contributions to electromagnetism on his own. On 20 September 1820 he announced the discovery of the temporary magnetization of soft iron by an electric current which suggested to Amp�re a theory about the nature of magnetic "currents" and provided the technological key to the electric telegraph. Amp�re calculated that the magnetic power could be multiplied by twisting the current-carrying wire into a helix and with Arago he carried out the first experiments on primitive solenoids. In his historical articles Arago was always careful to credit Amp�re with the major share of this discovery which ultimately depended upon Amp�re�s mathematical theory."DSB.<br><br>Arago formed a close freinship with Fresnelwhose views on the nature of light he ardently supported. He assisted Fresnel in some of his most importent work and made original discoveries in the same field.<br><br>Magie "A Source Book in Physics" p. 443 ff. unknown‎

Bookseller reference : 44807

‎PROUST JOSEPH LOUIS THE DISCOVERY AND ISOLATION OF GRAPE SUGAR.‎

‎Memoire sur le Sucre de raisin; Suite du M�moire.sur le sucre de raisin. 2 Parts.‎

‎Paris Chez Bernard 1806. No wrappers. Ectracts from "Annales de Chimie ou Recueil de M�moires." Vol. 57. Pp. 131-174 a. pp. 225-272. With the titlepage to volume 57. � First appearance of a classic paper in which Proust describes his discovery of Grape.Sugar and the identificationof this with glucose. He investigated the varieties of sugar that occur in sweet vegetable juices distinguishing three kinds and he showed that the sugar in grapes of which he announced the existence to his classes at Madrid is identical with that obtained from honey by the Russian chemist J. T. Lowitz.<br>Proust is famous for his work on the steadiness of composition of chemical compounds.<br><br>"In chemistry the law of definite proportions sometimes called Proust's Law states that a chemical compound always contains exactly the same proportion of elements by mass. An equivalent statement is the law of constant composition which states that all samples of a given chemical compound have the same elemental composition. For example oxygen makes up 8/9 of the mass of any sample of pure water while hydrogen makes up the remaining 1/9 of the mass. Along with the law of multiple proportions the law of definite proportions forms the basis of stoichiometry."Wikipedia. unknown‎

Bookseller reference : 45517

‎BERRY MV. MICHAEL VICTOR THE DISCOVERY OF THE "BERRY PHASE" M. V.‎

‎Quantal phase factors accompanying adiabatic changes.‎

‎London Royal Society 1984. Royal8vo. Full buckram gilt lettering to spine.In: "Proceedings of the Royal Society of London" Series A vol. 392. IV478 pp. Entire volume offered. Berry's paper: pp. 45-57. Clean and fine. � First printing of the paper in which Berry describes his discovery of the "Berry phase" a unifying concept in quantum mechanics.<br><br>"In 1983 Berry made the surprising discovery that a quantum system adiabatically transported round a closed circuit in the space of external parameters acquires besides the familiar dynamical phase a non-integrable phase depending only on the geometry of the circuit. This Berry phase which had been overlooked for more than half a century provides us a very deep insight on the geometric structure of quantum mechanics and gives rise to various observable effects. The concept of the Berry phase has now become a central unifying concept in quantum mechanics with applications in fields ranging from chemistry to condensed matter physics. <br>In particular the Berry phase plays an important role in modern magnetism an allows to reach a deeper understanding of a broad range of phenomena such as the spin-orbit coupling the Aharonov-Bohm effect the quantum Hall effect the anomalous Hall effect the magnon dynamics the tunneling of magnetization in molecular magnets etc. Further in the light of the Berry phase a number of new phenomena can be predicted in ferromagnets with a textured magnetization or in semiconductors with spin-orbit coupling." Patrick Bruno. hardcover‎

Bookseller reference : 47169

‎DAVY HUMPHRY THE DISCOVERY OF HYDROGEN TELLURIDE.‎

‎The Bakerian Lecture for 1809. On some new Electrochemical Researches on various Objects particularly the metallic Bodies from the Alkalies and Earth and on some Combinations of Hydrogene. Read November 16 1809.‎

‎London W. Bulmer and Co. 1810. 4to. No wrappers as extracted from "Philosophical Transactions" 1810 - Part I. Pp. 16-74 and 2 engraved plates showing Davy's electrochemical apparatus for decomposing substances Davy's versions of the Voltaic-pile. Plates a bit brownspotted otherwise clean and fine wide-margined. � First appearence of this historical chemical paper Davy' fifth Bakerian Lecture in which he announced his discovery of hydrogen telluride.<br><br>"Mr. Davy having from the commencement of his electro-chemical researches communicated the several steps of his progress to the Society The Royal Society takes the present opportunity of reporting the results of his further inquiries under four principal heads. First on the nature of the metals of the fixed alkalis. Second on the nature of Hydrogen and composition of ammonia. Thirdly on the metals of the earth; and Fourthly he makes a comparison between the antiphlogistic doctrine and a modified phlogistic hypothesis."Abstract. He further gives arguments for considering potassium and sodium which he discovered in 1808 as a element.<br><br>"Humphry Davy was one of the most brilliant chemists of the early nineteenth century. His early study of nitrous oxide brought him his first reputation but his later and most importent investigations were devoted to electrochemistry. Following Galvani's experiments and the discovery of the voltaic pile interest in galvanic electricity had become widespread. The first electrolysis by means of the pile was carried out in 1800 by Nicholson and Carisle who obtained oxygen and hydrogen from water. Davy began to examine the chemical effects of electricity in 1800 and his numerous discoveries were presented in his Bakerian lectures." - Wheeler Gift: 2518.<br><br>Also with William Hyde Wollaston "The Croonian Lecture. Read November 16 1809.On Muscular Action - On Sea-Sickness - On the salutary Effects of Riding and other Modes of Gestation. Pp. 1-15. unknown‎

Bookseller reference : 45887

‎BERZELIUS JAC. THE DISCOVERY OF SELENIUM‎

‎Recherches sur un nouveau corps min�ral trouv� dans le soufre fabrique � Fahlun Suite Des Recherches sur un nouveau corps mineral trouv� dans le soufre fabrique � Fahlun Suite Des Recherches.3 papers.‎

‎Paris Crochard 1818. Without wrappers as extracted from "Annales de Chimie et de Physique. Par Guay-Lussac et Arago" Tome 9 pp. 160-80 pp. 225--267 and pp. 337-365. � First printing of these 3 papers which represents Berzelius's discovery of Selenium. Berzelius "became a partner together with his friends Gahn and Palmstedt in the ownership of a factory near Gripsholm castle manufacturing sulforic acid vinegar soap and white lead.During the summer of 1817 Berzelius spent an entire month supervising the manufacture. This lead to the discovery of a new elemen Selenium which he found in the form of a golden-brown sediment in the mud from the bottom of the lead chamber. This was an era when new elements could still be "scrabed of the walls.what had previously been known as "Swedish tellurium ore" was now found to be selenide of copper and silver with a 26 per cent selenium content." Jorpes in "Jac. Berzelius. His Life and Works.p. 61-62. unknown‎

Bookseller reference : 40474

‎YOUNG THOMAS. THE DISCOVERY OF THE INTERFERENCE OF LIGHT.‎

‎The Bakerian Lecture. Experiments and Calculations relative to physical Optics. Read November 24 1803.‎

‎London W. Bulmer and Co. 1804. 4to. No wrappers as extracted from "Philosophical Transactions" 1804 - Part I. Pp. 1-16. Clean and fine wide-margined. � First appearance of this groundbreaking paper giving the first really convincing evidence that the fringes are produced by interference of light waves and giving the experimental demonstrations of the general law of Interference.This importent demonstration served as the experimental basis for the wave hypothesis of light. - In his two preceeding papers "On the Theory of Light and Colours" 1802 and "An account of Some Cases of the Production of Colours not hitherto described" 1802 - he only partially announced his principle of Interference and the statement of it in "An Account." was entirely hypothetical and not experimental. Magie. Source Book in Physics gives extracts of this paper and a later paper under the head: Discovery of the interference of light pp.308-15.<br>Young also shows in this paper that diffraction effects can be explained by the interference law.<br><br>"The experimental basis for the wave hypothesis of light as Young formulated it was interference. The fact has already been observed that two trauins of water waves may be so superposed that in certain regions the throughs of one train will lie continuously on the crests of another thereby producing zero disturbance.Destryctive interference is said to occur between the two trains of waves in the former case and constructivee interference in lthe latter. Similarly two sound waves may be so combined as to produce alternate regions of silence and enhanced sound. The phenomenon of interference of which the forgoing are familiar examples is easely comprehensible in the case of combining waves but would be utterly incomprehensible in the case of combining streams of particles. So when Young demonstrated in 1803 in the paper offered here that two beams of light could under properly controlled conditions be made to combine in such a way as to produce alternate regions of darkness and light he was rightly considered to have identified in light a characteristic property of waves." Lloyd Taylor in: Physics. The Pioneer Science. p. 511.<br>Of the three papers published in the years 1802-04 this paper is the most importent as it gives the experimental demonstrations of the interference of light. Dibner in Herlalds of Science No. 151 list the first paper so does PMM: 259. unknown‎

Bookseller reference : 42122

‎GRIGNARD FRANCOIS AUGUSTE VICTOR. DISCOVERY OF THE GRIGNARD REACTION.‎

‎Sur quelques nouvelles combinaisons organom�talliques du magnesium et leur application � des Synth�ses d'alcools et d'hydrocarbures.‎

‎Paris Gauthier-Villars 1900. 4to. No wrappers. In: "Comptes Rendus Hebdomadaires des S�ances de L'Academie des Sciences" Tome 130 No 20. Pp. 1285- 1344. Entire issue offered. Grignard's paper: pp. 1322-24. One leaf repaired in upper margin affecting the text on verso but without loss of letters. Light browning poor paperquality. � First apperance of an importent paper in which Grignard revealed the "Grignard Reagent" an important means of preparing organic compounds from smaller precursor molecules. For this work Grignard was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1912 jointly with fellow Frenchman Paul Sabatier.<br><br>"A large number of general synthetic methods had been developed by the end of the nineteenth century. However one of the most versatile and importent was first described as the new century opened. This was the Grignard synthesis." Leicester "A Source book in Chemistry 1900-1950" where this paper is translated "Some New Organometallic Compounds of Magnesium and Their Application to the Synthesis ofAlchohols and Hydrocarbons".<br><br>"Grignard treated magnesium turnings in anhydrous ether with methyl iodide at room temperature preparing what came to be known as the Grignard reagent which could be used for reaction with a ketone or an aldehyde without first being isolated. On hydrolyzing with dilute acid the corresponding tertiary or secondary alcohol was produced in much better yield than Barbier had been able to obtain. Grignard�s discovery was reported in a short paper at a meeting of the Acad�mie des Sciences in May 1900 the paper offered." DSB. unknown‎

Bookseller reference : 47268

‎SEFSTROM N. G. NILS GABRIEL. THE DISCOVERY OF VANADIUM.‎

‎Sur le Vanadium m�tal nouveau trouv� dans du fer en barres de Eckersholm. forge qui tire sa mine de Taberg dans le Smaland.‎

‎Paris Crochard 1831. No wrappers. In: "Annales de Chimie et de Physique Par MM. Gay-Lussac et Arago." tome 46 Cahier 1. Pp. 5-112. Entire issue offered. Sefstr�m's paper: pp. 105-111. � First printing of the paper in which Sefstr�m announced his discovery of a new element in iron from the Taberg mine in Sm�land. He named it Vanadium from the goddess Vanadis.<br>Parkinson "Breakthroughs" 1831 C.<br><br>The discovery and isolation of Vanadium has a long story to tell. In reality it was found by del Rio in 1801 he named it Erythronium but upon further study he decided that he was mistaken as his further studies showed that it was made up of a basic lead chromate. unknown‎

Bookseller reference : 49631

‎LECOQ de BOISBAUDRAN PAUL EMILE. RARE EARTH DISCOVERY HOLMIUM AND DYSPROSIUM.‎

‎L'holmine ou terre X de M. Soret contient au moins deux radicaux m�talliques. Sur le dysprosium. 2 Papers.‎

‎Paris Gauthier-Villars 1886. 4to. No wrappers. In: "Comptes Rendus hebdomadaires des S�ances de L'Academie des Sciences" Tome 102 No 18. Pp. 991- 1041. Entire issue offered. The papers: pp. 1003-1004 a. 1005-1006. � First apperance of the papers in which Lecoc de Boisbaudran described how he separated Holmium into two kinds of earths and naming them.<br><br>"He accomplished this by fractional prepicitation first with ammonium hydroxide and then with a saturated solution of potassium sulfate and found that the constituents of pure holmium solutions precipitate in the folloeing order: terbium dysprosium holmium and erbium. Lecog de Boisbaudran never had an abundant supply of raw materials for his remarkable researches on the rare earths and he once confided to professor Urbain that most of his fractionations had been carried on on the marble slab of his fireplace."Weeks "Discovery of the Eelements".<br><br>Parkinson "Breakthroughs" 1886 C. unknown‎

Bookseller reference : 48205

‎WOHLER F. et J. LIEBIG. THE DISCOVERY OF "EMULSIN" A MAIN WORK IN ORGANIC CHEMISTRY.‎

‎Sur la Formation de l'Huile d'Amandes am�res. Emploi d'un nouveau M�dicament en place des Waux distill�es du Laurier-Cerise ou d'Amandes am�res propos� par. F. Woehler et J. Liebig.‎

‎Paris Crochard et Comp. 1837. Orig. printed wrappers. No backstrip. In: "Annales de Chimie et de Physique Par MM. Gay-Lussac et Arago." tome 64 Cahier 2 Fevrier 1837. Pp. 113-224. Entire issue offered with printed wrappers. W�hler a. Liebig's papers: pp. 185-209 a. pp. 209-217. � First appearance of this classic paper in organic chemistry in which W�hler and Liebig showed how Amygdalin could be decomposed by a vegetable emulsion the first example of a glycoside. The papers were issued at the same time in "Annalen der Physik und Chemie".<br><br>"The conclusions which you have drawn from the investigation of bitter-almond oil" wrote Berzelius to Liebig and W�hler "are certainly the most importent which have so far been reached in the domain of vegetable chemistry and give promise of shedding an unexpected light over this part of the science.The facts which you have set forth inspire such reflections that they may be regarded as the dawn of a new day in vegetable chemistry."Berzelius-W�hler Briefwechsel.<br><br>"During the years that Liebig was preoccupied with the ether theory and with organic acids he also carried out two importent investigations with W�hler. In october 1836 W�hler wrote that he had discovered a way to transform amygdalin to oil of bitter almonds and hydrocyanid acis by distilling it with manganese and sulfuric acid and he invited Liebig to join in pursuing the topic. Two days later he made a more remarkable discovery. It had occurred to him that perhaps thetransformation of amygdalin could be effected by the albumin in the almonds in a manner similar to the action of yeast in sugar.W�hler suspected that the decomposition was an example of what Berzelius had recently defined as catalysis. Liebig and W�hler then divided up the detailed examination of the properties and composition of amygdalin. They precipitated from the emulsion of almonds a substance which when dissolved retain its action. They named the active substance "emulsion". Its effectiveness in very small quantities confirmed that it acted like yeast."DSB VIII p. 342. unknown‎

Bookseller reference : 48086

‎BROGLIE LOUIS de. DISCOVERY OF THE WAVE THEORY OF MATTER AND CREATION OF WAVE MECHANICS.‎

‎A Tentative Theory of Light Quanta.‎

‎London Taylor and Francis 1924. Later full buckram gilt lettering to spine. In: Philosophical Magazine conducted by Oliver Joseph Lodge etc." Vol. 47. - Sixth Series. VIII1168 pp. and 8 plates. Entire volume offered. De Broglie's paper: pp. 446-458. Internally clean and fine. � First English version of the papers which ESTABLISHED A NEW ERA IN PHYSICS by introducing the epochal new principle that particle-wave duality should apply not only to radiation but also to matter and thus CREATING QUANTUM MECHANICS. The English paper is a translation of de Broglie's 3 "Notes " which he published in "Comptes Rendus" in September and October 1923 Ondes et quanta. - Quanta de lumi�re diffraction et interf�rences. - Les quanta la th�orie cin�tique des gaz et le principe de Fermat. These 3 papers were extended to form his doctoral thesis of 1924 "Recherches sur la Th�orie des Quanta." - This English edition of the papers was published before his thesis of 1924 as the paper is dated October 1 1923 and published here in the Februar issue of Philosophical Magazine months before the thesis.<br>The English version contains furthermore an addition a postscript which contains a generalization of the theory which is consistent with the special theory of relativity and NOT published in "Comptes Rendues" in 1923.<br><br>With the three communications to the Academy of Sciences the 3 Comptes Rendus papers in the fall of 1923 de Broglie had presented the main ideas of his unified dynamics of light quanta and atoms. He was confident enough about his results that he submitted them also in English in the offered paper. At the end of the paper he summarized his results. <br><br>De Broglie relates "After long reflection in solitude and meditation I suddenly had the idea during the year 1923 that the discovery made by Einstein in 1905 should be generalized by extending it to all material particles and notably to electrons" Preface to his PhD thesis 1924.<br><br>"He made the leap in his September 10 1923 paper: E=hv should hold not only for photons but also for electrons to which he assigns a 'fictitious associated wave'. In his September 24 paper he indicated the direction in which one 'should seek experimental confirmations of our ideas': a stream of electrons traversing an aperture whose dimensions are small compared with the wavelenght of the electron waves 'should show diffraction phenomena' ."Pais "Subtle is the Lord" pp. 425-436.<br><br>In the third paper October 8 he discusses "The interplay between the propagation of the particle and of the waves could be expressed in more formal terms as an identity between the fundamental variational principles of Pierre de Fermat rays and Pierre Louis Maupertuis particles as de Broglie discussed it further in his last communication . Therein he also considered some thermodynamic consequences of his generalized wave-particle duality. He showed in particular how one could using Lord Rayleigh�s 1900 formula for the number of stationary modes for phase waves obtain Planck�s division of the mechanical phase space into quantum cells.<br><br>Louis de Broglie achieved a worldwide reputation for his discovery of the wave theory of matter for which he received the Nobel Prize for physics in 1929. His work was extended into a full-fledged wave mechanics by Erwin Schr�dinger and thus contributed to the creation of quantum mechanics. After an early attempt to propose a deterministic interpretation of his theory de Broglie joined the Copenhagen school�s mainstream noncausal interpretation of the quantum theory."DSB.<br><br>"This idea i.e. de Broglie's that matter might behave as waves was tested and confirmed by Davisson and Germer in 1927. Thus the duality of both light and matter had been established and physicists had to come to terms with fundamental particles which defied simple theories and demanded two sets of 'complementary' descriptions each applicable under certain circumstances but incompatible with one another." Printing and the Mind of Man 417.<br><br>This volume of Philosophical Magazine contains another importent paper in the history of Quantum Mechanics": "The Quantum Theory of Radiation" by BOHR KRAMERS AND SLATER pp. 785-802. <br><br>"After Kramers had succeeded in extending the scope of the correspondence argument to the theory of optical dispersion "thus rounding off a treatment of the interaction of atomic systems with radiation that accounted for all emission absorption and scattering processes" Bohr ventured to propose a systematic formulation of the whole theory in which what he called the virtual character of the classical model was emphasized. In this he was aided by Kramers and a young American visitor J. C. Slater and the new theory was published in 1924 under the authorship of all three. The most striking feature of this remarkable paper "The Quantum Theory of Radiation" was the renunciation of the classical form of causality in favor of a purely statistical description. Even the distribution of energy and momentum between the radiation field and the "virtual oscillators" constituting the atomic systems was assumed to be statistical the conservation laws being fulfilled only on the average. This was going too far: the paper was hardly in print before A. H. Compton and A. W. Simon had established by direct experiment the strict conservation of energy and momentum in an individual process of interaction between atom and radiation. Nevertheless this short-lived attempt exerted a profound influence on the course of events; what remained after its failure was the conviction that the classical mode of description of the atomic processes had to be entirely relinquished." DSB. hardcover‎

Bookseller reference : 46950

‎HESS V. F. THE DISCOVERY OF COSMIC RAYS‎

‎Uber Beobachtungen der durchdringenden Strahlung bei sieben Freiballonfahrten.‎

‎Leipzig S. Hirzel 1912. Royal8vo. Bound in two contemporary half cloth with white paper title label to spine. In "Physikalische Zeitschrift" Vol. 13 1912. Library stamp to title pages. Otherwise fine and clean. Pp. 1084-91. Entire volume 1: XXV 1 576 pp XXII plates; Pp. 577-1228 XXXV plates. � First printing of Hess's paper in which the discovery of cosmic rays first was introduced. He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1936.<br>At the start of the 1900's French physicist Henri Becquerel discovered that certain elements are unstable and would transmute into other elements and in the process emit what appeared to be particles. These "particles" were given the name "radiation" and the process itself referred to as "radioactive decay.<br><br>"To study the source of this background Austrian physicist Victor. F. Hess made measurements of radiation levels at different altitudes with electroscopes aboard a balloon. The motivation for this study was to distance the electroscopes from radiation sources in the Earth. Hess went as high as 17500 feet in his balloon without oxygen tanks. Surprisingly he found that the radiation levels increased with altitude. Hess interpreted this result to mean that radiation is entering the atmosphere from outer space. He gave this phenomenon the name "Cosmic Radiation" which later evolved to "Cosmic Rays". Hess was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1936 for his discovery of cosmic rays"<br><br>"Hess took up the problem stated by Wulf in 1911. He first verified the rate of absorption of gamma rays and then with the help of the Austrian Academy of Sciences and the Austrian Aeroclub made ten difficult and daring balloon ascensions collecting data with improved instrumentation. He reached a height of 5350 meters with striking results. He was able to establish that to a height of approximately 150 meters above sea level radiation decreased according to known laws while at greater heights radiation increased steadily following approximately the same laws. He found radiation at 5000 meters to be several times greater than that at sea level and also that radiation at all levels was the same night or day and therefore not the result of the direct rays of the sun. He was thus able to conclude that the radiation he recorded at high altitudes entered the atmosphere from above and was in fact of cosmic origin. His results were verified in an extension of his experiments made by W. Kohlh�rster in1913-Kohlh�rster reached a height of 9300 meters and recorded radiation of twelve times that at sea level-but were not acknowledged by other physicists for a number of years. "Cosmic rays" were so named by R. A. Millikan in 1925. In 1913 Hess himself equipped the meteorological station on Hoch Obir 2141 meters in Carinthia to accommodate further studies of cosmic radiation; these experiments however were brought to a halt by World War I.<br>University and the University of Innsbruck; the Ernst Abbe prize of the Carl Zeiss Foundation 1932; and the Austrian Medal for Science and Arts 1959. The most important honor however was the Nobel Prize in physics which he shared with C.D. Anderson in 1936 on which occasion he lectured on "Unsolved Problems in Physics: Tasks for the Immediate Future in Cosmic Ray Studies." The discovery of cosmic radiation was one of the keys to the study of elementary particles in general leading to the discovery of the positron by Anderson in 1932 and of the meson by F. Neddermayer in 1937." DSB hardcover‎

Bookseller reference : 46932

‎BROWN ROBERT. THE DISCOVERY OF "BROWNIAN MOTION"‎

‎Mikroskopische Beobachtungen �ber die im Pollen der Pflanzen enthaltenen Partikeln und �ber das allgemeine Vorkommen activer Molec�le in organischen und unorganischen K�rpern; Unterdem Titel: "A brief Account of Microscopical Observations made in the Months of June July and August 1827 on the Particles contained in the Pollen of the Plants; and on the general Existence of active Molecules in Organic and Inorganic Bodies" als besondere Abhandlung von den ber�hmten Verfasse bekannt.‎

‎Leipzig Johann Ambrosius Barth 1828. Without wrappers as issued in "Annalen der Physik und Chemie. Hrsg.von Poggendorff" Bd. 14 Zweites St�ck. =Jahrgang 1828 zehntes St�ck. Pp. 191-306 a. 3 engraved plates. the entire issue offered Heft 2 together with the titlepage to 14. Band. Brown's paper: pp. 294-313. Clean and fine. Small stamp on verso of titlepage. � First appearance in German of this monumental paper in atomic theory and kinematics as it was the first evidence for atomism that was an observation rather than a deduction from abstract principles.<br><br>"In 1827 as he was viewing a suspension of pollen in Water under the microscope he noted that the individual grains were moving about irregularly. This he thought was the result of the life hidden within the pollen grains. However when he studied dye particles indubitably nin-livin suspended in water he found the same erratic motion. This has been called "Brownian motion" ever since and Brown could merely report on the observation. He had no explanation for it. Nor had anyone else until the development of the kinetic theory of gases by men such as Maxwell a generation later. It seemed plain. after Maxwell and especially after the work of Einstein and Perrin a half century after Maxwell that the Brownian Motion was actually a visible effect of the fact that water was composed of particles. It was the first evidence for atomism that was an observation rather than a deduction." Asimov.<br><br>The issue contains other importent papers by C. Naumann G. Magnus Th. Saussure "Kohlens�uregas in der Atmosph�re" andothers.<br><br>PMM: 290 the English paper from 1828 - Sparrow Milestones of Science No 31. - Magie "A Source Book in Physics p. 251-255. - Dibner Heralds of Science No 156. unknown‎

Bookseller reference : 43318

‎VILLARD P. PAUL ULRICH. THE DISCOVERY OF GAMMA RAYS AND GAMMA RADIATION.‎

‎Sur la r�flexion et la r�fraction des rayons cathodiques et des rayons d�viables du radium. Sur le rayonnement du radium.‎

‎Paris Gauthier-Villars 1900. 4to. No wrappers. In: "Comptes Rendus Hebdomadaires des S�ances de L'Academie des Sciences" Tome 130 No 15 a. No 18. Pp. 962- 1044 a. pp. 1145- 1220. Entire issues offered. Stamp on first pages. A few tears to margins. Poor paperquality fragile. Villard's papers: pp. 1010-1012 a. 1178-1182 textillustrations. � First apperance of Villard's two papers in which he announced and described the discovery of a new type of radiation more powerfull and penetrating than alpha-and beta rays. The new type of rays was named by Rutherford as gammarays.<br><br>"His Villardexperiments in radioactivity led to the unexpected discovery of gamma rays in 1900. Villard recognized them as being different from x rays because the gamma rays had a much greater penetrating depth. He had discovered they were emitted from radioactive substances and were not affected by electric or magnetic fields. These came to be called gamma rays by another scientist Ernest Rutherford. It wasn't until 1914 that Rutherford showed that they were a form of electromagnetic EM like light only with a much shorter wavelength than x rays. Now we know that gamma rays are a form of EM radiation similar to x rays. Gamma rays tend to have a higher energy and a shorter wavelength than x rays do. However the dividing line between these two forms of radiation is not clearly defined. Scientists typically apply the term gamma ray to EM radiation with energies above several hundred thousand electron volts." Hps - Healt Physics Society. - See Sigmund Brandt "The Harevst of a Century" Episode 6 p. 24 ff.<br><br>The issues contains other importent papers HENRI BECQUEREL "Note sur la transmission du rayonnement du radium au travers des corps" pp. 979-984 and "Sur la transparance de l'aluminium pour le rayonnement du radium" pp. 1154-57. P. CURIE et G. SAGNAC "�lectrisation n�gative des rayons secondaires produits au moyen des rayons de R�ntgen" pp. 1013-1016. unknown‎

Bookseller reference : 48207

‎BECQUEREL HENRI. THE DISCOVERY OF RADIO ACTIVITY THE BEGINNING OF THE NUCLEAR AGE‎

‎Sur les radiations �mises par phosphorescence. Sur les radiations invisibles �mises par les corps phosphorescents. Sur quelques propri�t�s nouvelles des radiations invisibles �mises par divers corps phosphorescents. Sur les radiations invisibles �mises par les sels d'uranium. Sur propri�t�s des radiations invisibles �mises par les sels d'uranium et du rayonnement de la paroi anticathodique d'un tube de Crookes. �mission de radiations nouvelles par l'uranium m�tallique. 6 papers.‎

‎Paris Gauthier-Villars 1896. 4to. Near contemp. full cloth. Spine gilt and with gilt lettering. Bookmark "The Chemists Club" in gold on lower part of spine. Light wear along edges. In: "Comptes Rendus Hebdomadaires des S�ances de L'Academie des Sciences" Tome 122 Entire volume offered.1633 pp. The papers: 420-421 pp. 501-502 pp. 559-564 pp. 689-694 pp. 762-767 and pp. 1086-1088. � First appearance of the six landmark papers in which Becquerel documents his discovery of Radio-activity PROMPTING THE NUCLEAR AGE.<br><br>Becquerel was an expert in fluorescence and phosphorescence continuing the work of his father and grandfather. Follwing the discovery of X-rays by R�ntgen Bexquerel investigated fluorescent materials to see if they also emitted X-rays. He exposed a fluorescent uranium salt pechblende to light and then placed it on a wrapped photographic plate.He found that a faint image was left on the plate which he believed was due to the pichblende emitting the light it had absorbed as a more penetrating radiation. However by chace he left a sample that had not been exposed to light on top of a photographic plate in a drawer. he noticed that the photographic plate also had a a faint image of the pechblende. After several chemical tests he concluded that these "Becquerel rays" were a property of atoms. He had by chace discovered radio-activity and prompted thee beginning of the nuclear age. He shared the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1903 with Marie and Pierre Curie. The "Becquerel Rays" were later discovered to be a composite of three forms of emanation distinguished by Rutherford as alpha beta and gamma rays.<br><br>Dibner: 163 the later M�moire from 1903 - PMM: 393 1903- M�moire - Garrison & Morton: 2001 only the first paper. - Magie "A Sourve Book in Physics" p. 610 ff. - Norman:157. hardcover‎

Bookseller reference : 46854

‎FARADAY M. MICHAEL. THE DISCOVERY AND ISOLATION OF BENZENE.‎

‎On new compounds of carbon and hydrogen and on certain other products obtained during the decomposition of oil by heat. Read June 16 1825.‎

‎London W. Nicol 1825. 4to. No wrappers as extracted from "Philosophical Transactions" 1825 - Part II. Pp. 440-466. Clean and fine. � First appearance of this remarkable paper in which Faraday announces his discovery of Benzene. Berzelius described this research as "without doubt one of the most importent which has enriched chemistry during 1825."<br><br>"The first public announcement of the discovery of benzene the greatest chemical discovery made by Faraday. Originally named by him "bicaburet of hydrogen" benzene is the parent substance of all aromatic compounds. It constitutes the basis of thousands of organic compounds dyes perfumes and medicinal products as well as many polymers and structural materials. The discovery of benzene led to the creation of numerous chemical companies and the manufacture of materials previously unknown. This paper is a thourough study of the physical and chemical properties of benzene."Neville I p. 443. - Parkinson "Breakthrough" 1825 C. unknown‎

Bookseller reference : 43119

‎RSTED HANS CHRISTIAN. THE DEBUT OF HANS CHRISTIAN OERSTED THE BASIS FOR THE DISCOVERY OF ELECTRO MAGNETISM‎

‎Videnskaben om Naturens Almindelige Love. F�rste Bind alt som udkom. The Science of the General Laws of Nature. First volume all that was published.‎

‎Kj�benhavn Copenhagen Fr. Brummer 1809. Cont. hcalf. Richly gilt spine with gilt lettering. Corners bumped. XXX378 pp. and 11 engraved plates with many figs. Title-page and the first few leaves with a brownspot in inner margin. A few brownspots but internally clean. � Scarce first edition of Hans Christian Oersted's first printed book The Science of the General Laws of Nature. <br><br>Oersted is universally known for his discovery of the Electro-Magnetism in 1820. In this his first printed book Oersted proposes at least three theses that he were to follow for the rest of his life and which he made the foundation for his discovery of Electro-Magnetism: the crucial role that experiments and thereby empiricism play in the perception of nature; the fact that each individual phenomenon in nature in accordance with the philosophy of nature must be understood as a whole; and that the laws of nature are the same everywhere in the smallest and in the greatest parts of the universe. The sort of philosophy of nature that Oersted studies and develops is by him comprehended as a product of human striving towards with its reason to "include and penetrate the entire nature and to explain it in its full context" from "Science of the General Laws of Nature" - own translation which is why this philosophy is also the science of the general laws of nature that are the same everywhere. It thus not only includes the science of movement but also that of electricity magnetism light warmth and chemical connections such as they all follow directly from ordinary forces of nature and Oested's discovery in 1820 of the connection between magnetism and electricity must be seen in this connection.<br><br>Both H.C. Andersen and S�ren Kierkegaard admit to having been influenced by the writings of Oersted. "He was an enthusiastic follower of the "Naturphilosophie" school in Germany whose main object was the unification of physical forces thus producing a monistic theory of the universe. It was to further this purpose that Oersted sought in actual phenomena the electro-magnetic identity of which he had already convinced himself on metaphysical grounds" Percy H. Muir in Printing and The Mind of Man. unknown‎

Bookseller reference : 53678

‎RSTED OERSTED HC. THE DISCOVERY OF ELECTROMAGNETISM FIRST ANNOUNCEMENT IN FRENCH. H. C.‎

‎Experimenta circa Effectum etc. Exp�riences sur l'effet du conflict �lectrique sur l'aiguille animant�e.‎

‎Paris Crochard 1820. Recent hcloth. Some repairs to inner margin of titlepage to "Annales". In "Annales de Chimie et de Physique Par MM. Gay-Lussac et Arago" Tome XIV pp. 417-25. The whole volume present: 448 pp. and 3 folded engraved plates. � First French translation and the first translation of Oersted's epoch-making announcement in his Latin pamphlet "Extperimenta circa effectum conflictus electrici in acun magneticam. Hafni� 1820" privately printed in a very small number and only distributed to colleques in Europe. This discovery and confirmation of the connection between 2 forces electricity and magnetism must be considered one of the happiest events in the history of science both with regard to scientific and practical results. - "From the moment that �rsted's discovery became known it created an enormous sensation. The results communicated were so astounding that they were received with a certain distrust but they were stated with such accuracy that it could hardly be permitted to entertain any doubts. In the course of a short time the treatise was translated into all the chief languages." Kirstine Meyer. - Dibner:61 - PMM: 282 - Horblitt: 3 b. - Sparrow: 152. hardcover‎

Bookseller reference : 35260

‎SCHWERD F. M. ANTICIPATING THE DISCOVERY OF X RAYS‎

‎Die Beugungserscheinungen aus den Fundamentalgesetzen der Undulationstheorie. Analytisch entwickelt und in Bildern dargestellt. Mit 18 zum Teil illuminirten Tafeln.‎

‎Mannheim Schwan und Goetz 1835. 4to. Contemporary halfcalf with marbled paper over boards. Half-title page supplied in facsimile. Library stamp and library-markings in old hand to title-page. XII lacking the half-title being pp. I-II 143 8 -tables errata pp 18 folded plates two of which are hand-coloured. Spine and corners with wear. Internally some lighter brownspotting. � First edition of Schwerd's seminal paper on the diffraction from the fundamental laws of wave theory.<br>F. M. Schwerd a pioneer of the early Fraunhofer diffraction studied the intensity diffraction pattern of a circular aperture also known as Airy disc.<br><br>Schwerd's theory presented in the present paper was highly influential. Max Von Laue who won the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1914 for his discovery of the diffraction of X-rays by crystals wrote in his autobiography: "Only shortly before this when writing an article for Enzyklopaedie der mathematischen Wissenschaften I had given the old theory of diffraction by an optical grating which went back to Schwerd 1835 a new formulation in order that by applying the equation of the theory twice over the theory of diffraction by a cross-grating could be obtained. I had only to write out this equation three times corresponding to the three periodicities of a space lattice so as to obtain the interpretation of the new discovery". Max von Laue.<br><br>Even though Schwerd published many articles and teaching books for high school non can be measured in importance with the present work. Since Fresnel had reduced the interference of transverse vibrations in the first quarter of the 19. century nothing of importance was published until Schwerd theoretically described the colour phenomenon when light is being deflected by obstacles from their straight path and brought to mutual interference. <br><br>"Schwerd though not well known to modern students has had a great influence on optics through his monumental book on diffraction . Die Beugungserscheinungen which he wrote in two years' spare time is the classic comprehensive treatise on Fraunhofer diffraction . Fraunhofer gave the laws which follow from his experiments but neither he nor J. F. W. Herschel developed the theory. This was done first by Schwerd and was viewed as a great triumph for wave theory over the emission theory of light. Hoover Richard B. and Franklin S. Harris Jr. Die Beugungserscheinungen: a Tribute to F. M. Schwerd's Monumental Work on Fraunhofer Diffraction Applied Optics Vol. 8 Issue 11 pp. 2161-2164 1969.<br><br>Honeyman: No. 2830 2831 - Poggendorff II p. 878. hardcover‎

Bookseller reference : 42684

‎POINCARE HENRI. THE DISCOVERY OF AUTOMORPHIC FUNCTIONS‎

‎Theorie des Groupes fuchsiens M�moire sur les Fonctions fuchsiennes Sur les Fonctions de deux Variables M�moire sur les groupes klein�ens Sur les groupes des �quations lin�aires M�moire sur les fonctions z�tafuchsiennes.‎

‎Berlin Stockholm Paris F. & G. Beijer 1882-84. Large4to. As extracted from "Acta Mathematica" no backstrip. With title-page and the original wrappers. except for paper no. 3 and 5 which only has the title page. In "Acta Mathematica" volume 1-5. Title pages with library stamp. Internally clean and fine. Vol. I pp. 1-62; Pp. 193-294; Vol. II pp. 97-113; Vol. III. pp. 49-92; Vol. IV pp. 201-312; Vol. V pp. 209-278. � First publication of these groundbreaking papers which together constitute the discovery of Automorphic Functions. "Before he was thirty years of age Poincar� became world famous with his epoch-making discovery of the "automorphic functions" of one complex variable or as he called them the "fuchsian" and "kleinean" functions." DSB.<br><br>These manuscripts written between 28 June and 20 December 1880 show in detail how Poincar� exploited a series of insights to arrive at his first major contribution to mathematics: the discovery of the automorphic functions. In particular the manuscripts corroborate Poincar�'s introspective account of this discovery 1908 in which the real key to his discovery is given to be the recognition that the transformations he had used to define Fuchsian functions are identical with those of non-Euclidean geometry.<br><br>The idea was to come in an indirect way from the work of his doctoral thesis on differential equations. His results applied only to restricted classes of functions and Poincar� wanted to generalize these results but as a route towards this he looked for a class functions where solutions did not exist. This led him to functions he named Fuchsian functions after Lazarus Fuchs but were later named automorphic functions. <br><br>First editions and first publications of these epochmaking papers representing the discovery of "automorphic functions" or as Poincar� himself called them the "Fuchsian" and "Kleinian" functions.<br>"By 1884 Poincar� published five major papers on automorphic functions in the first five volumes of the new Acta Mathematica. When the first of these was published in the first volume of the new Acta Mathematica Kronecker warned the editor Mittag-Leffler that this immature and obscure article would kill the journal. Guided by the theory of elliptic functions Poincar� invented a new class of automorphic functions. This class was obtained by considering the inverse function of the ratio of two linear independent solutions of an equation. Thus this entire class of linear diffrential equations is solved by the use of these new transcendental functions of Poincar�." Morris Kline.<br><br>Poincar� explains how he discovered the Automorphic Functions: "For fifteen days I strove to prove that there could not be any functions like those I have since called Fuchsian functions I was then very ignorant; every day I seated myself at my work table stayed an hour or two tried a great number of combinations and reached no results. One evening contrary to my custom I drank black coffee and could not sleep. Ideas rose in crowds; I felt them collide until pairs interlocked so to speak making a stable combination. By the next morning I had established the existence of a Class of Fuchsian functions those which come from hypergeometric series; i had only to write out the results which took but a few hours.the transformations that I had used to define the Fuchsian functions were identical with those of Non-Euclidean geometry." unknown‎

Bookseller reference : 45854

‎Coastal Discovery Museum‎

‎Hilton Head Island‎

‎1998-11-15. Good. Ships with Tracking Number! INTERNATIONAL WORLDWIDE Shipping available. May not contain Access Codes or Supplements. May be re-issue. May be ex-library. Shipping & Handling by region. Buy with confidence excellent customer service! unknown‎

Bookseller reference : 1531600328 ISBN : 1531600328 9781531600327

‎LEWIS MERIWETHER & CLARK WILLIAM; MEMBERS OF THE CORPS OF DISCOVERY; MOULTON GARY E. EDITOR‎

‎The Lewis And Clark Journals Abridged Edition : An American Epic Of Discovery‎

‎University of Nebraska Press Lincoln and London: 2004. Softcover. Brand new book. Following orders from President Thomas Jefferson Captains Meriwether Lewis and William Clark set out from their wintering camp in Illinois in 1804 to search for a river passage to the Pacific Ocean. In this riveting account editor Gary E. Moulton blends the narrative highlights of the Lewis and Clark journals so that the voices of the enlisted men and of Native peoples are heard alongside the words of the captains. All their triumphs and terrors are here�the thrill of seeing the vast herds of bison on the plains; the tensions and admiration in the first meetings with Indian peoples; Lewis's rapture at the stunning beauty of the Great Falls; the fear the captains felt when a devastating illness befell their Shoshone interpreter Sacagawea; the ordeal of crossing the Continental Divide; the kidnapping and rescuing of Lewis's dog Seaman; miserable days of cold and hunger; and Clark's joy at seeing the Pacific. The cultural differences between the corps and Native Americans make for living drama that at times provokes laughter but more often is poignant and at least once tragic. Gary E. Moulton is Thomas C. Sorensen Professor of American History at the University of Nebraska-Lincoln. His editing of the Lewis and Clark journals earned him the J. Franklin Jameson Award of the American Historical Association and the Outstanding Research and Creative Activity Award from the University of Nebraska. "An invaluable and easily digestible account of the epic journey."�Booklist "What makes this single volume of journal selections more powerful than its contemporaries is the use of other corps members' diaries to provide further details about the journey. . . . This book will bring the expedition alive to a new generation of readers." �Library Journal "Masterfully edited and annotated by Gary E. Moulton."�St. Louis Post-Dispatch University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln and London: 2004 paperback‎

Bookseller reference : 66004X2

‎Toys Discovery‎

‎With Love & Wisdom - A Parenting Program With Love & Wisdom From 7-14 Months - Remarkable Firsts‎

‎Discovery Toys. PAPERBACK. B000HVVFJM Large boxed set; brand new factory sealed . New. Discovery Toys paperback‎

Bookseller reference : SKU1085430

‎Discovery Channel Multimedia‎

‎Carrier: Fortress at Sea - PC - CD-ROM‎

‎Multimedia 2000 1996-12-01. CD-ROM. Factory Shrinkwrapped. PC Multimedia 2000 unknown‎

Bookseller reference : 090129018 ISBN : 1563312581 9781563312588

‎DISCOVERY WRITERS; BURK DALE FOREWORD‎

‎Lewis And Clark In The Bitterroot‎

‎Stoneydale Press Stevensville: . Hardcover with dustjacket. Brand new book. With a Foreword by Dale A. Burk 216 pages 6x9 format many photographs 16-page color section. The Lewis and Clark Expedition's travels in the Bitterroot Mountains and the spot in Ross' Hole where they encountered the Salish Indians immortalized by Charles M. Russell's famous painting on the cover of the book was critical to the Expedition's success. This book makes the first-ever presentation of the Salish Indian perspective of their encounter with the Corps of Discovery at Ross' Hole in the upper Bitterroot. This is a big book with a wonderful narrative that details the two parts of the Expedition in the Bitterroot put in full context with the entire Expedition. Available in softcover or hardcover. ISBN: 0912299762. Stoneydale Press, Stevensville: hardcover‎

Bookseller reference : 68872X1 ISBN : 0912299762 9780912299761