‎Physics‎

‎"CLAUSIUS, R. (RUDOLF) - ANNOUNCING THE ""TEOREM OF EQUIVALENCE""‎

‎Ueber die Anwendung des Satzes von der Aequivalenz der Verwandlungen auf die innere Arbeit. (Vorgelen in der Züricher naturforschenden Gesellschaft am 27. Januar 1862).‎

‎Leipzig, Johann Ambrosius Barth, 1862. Without wrappers. In ""Annalen der Physik und Chemie. Hrsg. von J.C. Poggendorff"", Bd. 116, No. 5. Pp. 1-192 a. 1 folded lithographed plate. (Entire issue offered). Clausius' paper: pp. 73-112. With titlepage to volume 116.‎

‎First appearance of the paper in which Clausius makes importent contributions to the generalization and understanding of the Second Law of Thermodynamics by introducing the concept of disgregation and proving the equivalence of the transformation of heat.""Clausius began that search for understanding in 1862 by introducing the concept of disgregation, a concept that, he said, was based on an idea he had long held: that the force of heat for performing mechanical work (both internal and external together) was proportional to the absolute temperature.13 Clausius had never stated this idea explicitly before, although he had argued in 1853, by adopting an analogy between a reversible steam engine and a thermocouple, that the potential difference at a thermocouple junction should be proportional to the absolute temperature. In any event, he now wished to assert that the work which can be done by heat in any change of the arrangement of a body is proportional to the absolute temperature multiplied by a function of molecular arrangement, the disgregation Z. Given this assumption and his postulate that the heat in a body H was only a function of temperature, he was able (1) to prove his theorem of the equivalence of transformations and (2) to separate the equivalence function (entropy) into a temperature-dependent term and a configurational-dependent term...""(DSB).The issue contains other notable papers, Plücker ""Ueber recurrente Ströme und ihre Anwendung zur Darstellung von Gasspectra"", pp. 27-54, Tyndall ""Ueber Strahlung und Absorption der Wärme durch gasförmige Materie"", pp. 1-27.‎

Bookseller reference : 45071

‎"CLAUSIUS, R. (RUDOLF) - KINETIC THEORY OF GASES.‎

‎Ueber die Wärmeleitung gasförmiger Körper.‎

‎Leipzig, Johann Ambrosius Barth, 1862. Without wrappers as issued in ""Annalen der Physik und Chemie. Hrsg. von J.C. Poggendorff"", 115. Bd., 1. issue (""Heft"" No 1, 1862). Titlepage to vol. 115. Pp. 1-176 a. 1 folded engraved plate. (The entire issue offereed (""Heft"" 1)). Clausius' paper: pp. 1-56. Some brownspots to right marginon some leaves.‎

‎First printing of this importent paper, the seciond of C's papers in the working out of the Kinetic Theory of Gases. In the paper he states that he found an error in Maxwell's theory of gases, an error Maxwell was to admit as far more serious. ""In his initial approach to the conduction of heat in gases, Maxwell drew a brilliant analogy between diffusion (a transfer of mass) and conduction (a transfer of kinetic energy), thereby making it possible to use the form of his diffusion equation to represent conduction, simply replacing the mass of a molecule with its kinetic energy. Clausius critized this adoption of the diffusion equation, because, given the assumptions, mass transfer would accompany the heat conduction and the process would not be one of energy transfer alone. He then offered a revised theory of conduction. ""(DSB III, p. 308).""Clausius was one of the founders of the kinetic theory of gases and of the science of thermodynamics. He and Lord Kelvin at about the same time and independently announced the Second Law of thermodynamics. Clausius particularly developed the theory of thermodynamics by applying it to the study of gases and vapors.""(Magie in ""A Source Book in Physics"", p. 228).‎

Bookseller reference : 43530

‎"CLAUSIUS, R. (RUDOLF) - THERMODYNAMICS.‎

‎Ueber den Satz vom mittleren Ergal und seine Anwendungen auf die Molecularbewegungen der Gase. (Vertragen in der Niederrheinischen Gesellschaft für Natur- und Heilkunde am 9. November 1874).‎

‎(Leipzig, Johann Ambrosius Barth, 1876) Without wrappers. In ""Annalen der Physik und Chemie. Hrsg. von J.C. Poggendorff"", Ergänzungsband VII, Stück 2. Pp. 177-336 a. 1 folded engraved plate. (Entire issue offered). Clausius's paper: pp. 215-280. Clean and fine.‎

‎First appearance of an importent contribution to the second law of thermodynamics.""Ckausius..devoted several years to the elaboration of what he thought represented a new and unique contribution to theoretical mechanics, his idea of a variation in the force function itself. He ignored the new directions in Boltzmann's yhought and, surprisingly, never once thought to find a mechanical explanation for the irreversible increase in entropy. In fact in his final attempt (the paper offered), he even adopted a model in which he reduced the admittedly disordered collissions of molecules to a case of noncolliding mass points in ordered motion.""(DSB III, p. 309).‎

Bookseller reference : 43856

‎"CLAUSIUS, R. (RUDOLF) - ANNOUNCING THE ""TEOREM OF EQUIVALENCE""‎

‎Ueber die Anwendung des Satzes von der Aequivalenz der Verwandlungen auf die innere Arbeit. (Vorgelen in der Züricher naturforschenden Gesellschaft am 27. Januar 1862).‎

‎Leipzig, Johann Ambrosius Barth, 1862. Without wrappers. In ""Annalen der Physik und Chemie. Hrsg. von J.C. Poggendorff"", Bd. 116, No. 5. Pp. 1-192 a. 1 folded lithographed plate. (Entire issue offered). Clausius' paper: pp. 73-112. With titlepage to volume 116.‎

‎"CLAUSIUS, R. (RUDOLF) - ASSOCIATION COPY.‎

‎Ueber das Wesen der Wärme, vergleichen mit Licht und Schall. Ein populäret Vortrag gehalten zu Zürich den 12. Februar 1857.‎

‎Zürich, Meyer & Zeller, 1857. Uncut in orig. printed wrappers. Some browning to upper wrapper. S tamp on title-page. 31 pp. Scattered brownspots. From the library of Max v. Laue, having his stamp on top of upper wrapper ""M. Laue"".‎

‎"CLAUSIUS, R. (RUDOLF) - HELMHOLTZ, HERMANN von. - THE ""CENTRAL FORCE"" CONTROVERSY.‎

‎Ueber einige Stellen der Schrift von Helmholtz ""über die Erhaltung der Kraft""" (and Helmholtz:) Erwiederung auf die Bemerkungen von Hrn. Clausius" (and Clausius:) Ueber einige Stellen der Schrift von Helmholtz ""über die Erhaltung der Kraft"", zweite No...‎

‎Leipzig, Johann Ambrosius Barth, 1853-54. No wrappers. ""Annalen der Physik und Chemie. Hrsg. von J.C. Poggendorff"", Vol. 89, No 8 and vol. 91 No 2 a. 4. Pp. 497-628, pp. 161-320 a. pp. 497-628 a. 1 folded plate. (3 entire issues offered). Clausius's papers pp. 568-579 (vol. 89, ""Heft"" 8) a. pp. 601-604 (vol. 91,""Heft"" 4). Helmholtz paper: pp. 241-260 (vol. 91, ""Heft"" 4). With titlepages to both volumes 89 a. 91. All three issues clean and fine.‎

‎First printing of the 3 main papers in the famous Helmholtz-Clausius controversy about the principle of the ""Conservation of Energy"". His reply to Clausius contains very importent additons to his conservation law, as it clarifies his use of the concepts of ""energy"", ""vis viva"", ""electrical tension"" , ""potentials"" etc.Helmholtz famous work Über die Erhaltung der Kraft"" from 1847 gave the first comprehensive statement of the first law of thermodynamics: All modes of energy, heat, light, electricity, and all chemical phenomena, are capable of transformation from one to the other but are indestructible and cannot be created. Clausius (in the papers offere) critized helmholtz on his theory of heat over the consistency of the physical interpretation and of the use mathematics. He argued that Helmholtz's demonstration of his conservation law was valid only for Helmholtz's particulat model of matter, and that he had not understood the notion of the potential. This criticism lead Helmholtz expand and clarify the central concepts of physics, importent steps in the history of theoretical physics.‎

Bookseller reference : 43449

‎"CLAUSIUS, R. (RUDOLF) - KINETIC THEORY OF GASES.‎

‎Ueber die Wärmeleitung gasförmiger Körper.‎

‎Leipzig, Johann Ambrosius Barth, 1862. Without wrappers as issued in ""Annalen der Physik und Chemie. Hrsg. von J.C. Poggendorff"", 115. Bd., 1. issue (""Heft"" No 1, 1862). Titlepage to vol. 115. Pp. 1-176 a. 1 folded engraved plate. (The entire issue offereed (""Heft"" 1)). Clausius' paper: pp. 1-56. Some brownspots to right marginon some leaves.‎

‎"CLAUSIUS, R. (RUDOLF) - THERMODYNAMICS.‎

‎Ueber den Satz vom mittleren Ergal und seine Anwendungen auf die Molecularbewegungen der Gase. (Vertragen in der Niederrheinischen Gesellschaft für Natur- und Heilkunde am 9. November 1874).‎

‎(Leipzig, Johann Ambrosius Barth, 1876) Without wrappers. In ""Annalen der Physik und Chemie. Hrsg. von J.C. Poggendorff"", Ergänzungsband VII, Stück 2. Pp. 177-336 a. 1 folded engraved plate. (Entire issue offered). Clausius's paper: pp. 215-280. Clean and fine.‎

‎"CLAUSIUS, R. (RUDOLF). - AVOGADRO'S HYPOTHESIS CONFIRMED AND EVAPORATION EXPLAINED.‎

‎Mémoire sur la nature du mouvement appelé CHALEUR. (Extraits par M. Adolphe Wurtz).‎

‎Paris, Victor Masson, 1857. 8vo. Contemp. hcalf. Raised bands, gilt spine. A bit rubbed along edges. In: ""Annales de Chimie et de Physique"", 3ieme Serie, Tome 50. 512 pp. a. 1 folded engraved plate. (Entire volume offered). Clausius' paper: pp. 497-507. Stamp to verso of titlepage. Internally clean.‎

‎First French version of this milestone paper on the Kinetic Theory of Gases - ""Ueber die Art der Bewegung, welche wir Wärme nennen"", 1857 - in which Clausius gives the physical explanation for the evaporation of a liquid and presents the first physical argument in support of Avogadro's hypothesis that equal volumes of gases at the same temperature and pressure contain equal numbers of molecules.""In the paper ""Ueber die Art der Bewegung, welche wir Wärme nennen."", Rudolf Clausius (1822-1888) established mathematically that the heat in a gas cannot be accounted for exclusively by translational motion of the molecules and asserts that molecules have rotational and vibratiional motion as well as translational motion. He consequently rejects the contentions the the translational kinetic energy is conserved during molecular collisions and that all molecules have equal, constant velocities. His allowancee for differing molecule velocities enables him to offer a new explanation of evaporation, asserting that he molecules able to overcome the attractive forces of the liquid and ""escape"" to the gaseous state are those with high velocities (and hence high kinetic energies). hence evaporation produces a loss of energy in the liquid and a decreasein temperature.""(Parkinson in ""Breakthroughs"", 1857 C/P).""This 1857 paper (the paper offered) also marked another importent beginning in physical theory, for it presented the first physical argument in support of Avogadro's hypothesis that equal volumes of gases at the same temperature and pressure contain equal numbers of molecules. Clausius argued that if it were assumed that all types of molecules possess the same translational energy at equal temperatures, then, since all gases have the same relationship between pressure, volume, and temperature, they would necessartly contain equal numbers of molecules in equal volumes at the same temperatur and pressure. Avogadro's hypothesis, therefore, found support in the mechanical theory of heat, independently of the usual chemical arguments.""(DSB III, p. 307).The volume contains JOULE'S famous paper ""Remarques sur la nature de la chaleur et la constitution des fluides élastiques"" (Extraits par M. Verdet). Originally published (1848) 1851. First French version. pp. 381-83.‎

Bookseller reference : 49326

‎"CLAUSIUS, R. (RUDOLF). - COINING THE WORD ""ENTROPY""‎

‎Ueber verschiedene für die Anwendung bequeme Formen der Hauptgleichungen der mechanischen Wärmetheorie. (Vorgetragen in der naturfor. Gesellsch. zu Zürich den 24. April 1865).‎

‎(Leipzig, Johann Ambrosius Barth, 1865). Without wrappers in ""Annalen der Physik und Chemie. Hrsg. von J.C. Poggendorff"", Fünfte Reihe Bd.5, Stück 3 (= Poggendorff Bd. 125, No. 9). Pp. 353-512 a. 2 plates (the entire ""Heft"" (Stück) 3 offered). Clausius's paper: pp. 353-400. Clean and fine.‎

‎"CLAUSIUS, R. (RUDOLF). - MAX von LAUE'S COPY.‎

‎Über den Zweiten Hauptsatz de mechanischen Wärmetheorie. Ein Vortrag, gehalten in einder allgemeinen Sitzung der 41. Versammlung deutscher Naturforscher und Aerzte zu Frankfurt a. M. am 23. September 1867.‎

‎Braunschweig, Vieweg und Sohn, 1867. Uncut in original printed wrappers. Wrappers a bit soiled. (4),17 pp. With some faint marginal dampstains. On top of htitle the signature of ""Max Laue/ 22.1.1897"" in pencil.‎

‎"CLAUSIUS, R. (RUDOLF). - THE ELECTRODYNAMIC LAW.‎

‎Ueber ein neues Grundgesetzt der Elektrodynamik. (Vorgetragen in d. Niederrhein. Gesellschaft f. Natur- und Heilkunde am 6. december 1875 und mitgetheilt vom Hrn. Vefasser).‎

‎Leipzig, Johann Ambrosius Barth, 1875. Without wrappers. In ""Annalen der Physik und Chemie. Hrsg. von J.C. Poggendorff"", Bd. 156, No 12 . Pp. 497-668 a. 1 plate. Clausius' paper: pp. 657-660. With titlepage to volume 156. A nick to inner margin of titlepage.‎

‎"CLAUSIUS, R. (RUDOLF). - THE HEATH-DEATH OF THE UNIVERSE - ESTABLISHING THE SECOND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS‎

‎Ueber eine veränderte Form des zweiten Hauptgesatzes der mechanichen Wärmetheorie.‎

‎Leipzig, Johann Ambrosius Barth, 1854. No wrappers in ""Annalen der Physik und Chemie. Hrsg. von J.C. Poggendorff"", Bd. 93, No 12 (entire issue offered). Titlepage to vol. 93. Pp. 481-632. Clausius's paper pp. 481-506.‎

‎"CLAUSIUS, R. (RUDOLF). - THE SECOND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS.‎

‎Ueber einen Grundsatz der mechanischen Wärmetheorie. (The mechanical theory of heat). (Vorgetragen am 25. August 1863 in der zu Samaden abgehaltenes Versammlung der schweizerischen naturforschenden Gesellscahft).‎

‎Leipzig, Johann Ambrosius Barth, 1863. Without wrappers. In ""Annalen der Physik und Chemie. Hrsg. von J.C. Poggendorff"", Bd. 120, No.11. Pp. 337-512 a. 2 plates. (Entire issue offered). Clausius' paper: pp. 426-452. With titlepage to volume 120.‎

‎"COCKCROFT, J.D. & E.T.S. WALTON.‎

‎Experiments with High Velocity Positive Ions. (I-) II. (II. Disintegration of Elements by High Velocity Protons. (2 papers). - [THE FIRST ARTIFICIAL NUCLEAR TRANSFORMATION AND THE FIRST ""ATOM SMASHER MACHINE""]‎

‎London, Harrison and Sons, 1930 a. 1932. Royal8vo. 2 contemp. full cloth. A stamp to verso of titlepages. In: ""Proceedings of the Royal Society"", Series A, vol. 129 and vol. 137. V,698,XXXVIII pp., plates, textillustr. and portraits. + V,724, plates and textillustr. (Entire volumes offered). Cockcroft & Walton's papers: pp. 477-489, textillustr. a. 1 plate (vol. 129) + pp. 229-242, textillustr. and 1 plate (vol. 137).‎

‎Firs appearance of these two milestone papers in nuclear physics recording the set up of the first proton accelerator and describing the first nuclear reaction brought about artificially. the first paper describing the sccelarator, the second the nuclear reaction. their experiment with the accelerator is regarded as the first demonstration of the mass-energy equivalence. cockcroft and walton were awarded the nobel prize in 1951.""Cockcroft, with the assistance of Walton, devised aninstrument in 1929 that could built up voltages(a voltage multiplier) and, in so doing, accelerate protons (which are easy to obtain by ionizing hydrogen atoms) to energies higher than those of natural alpha particles. In 1932 Cockcroft and Walton mbombarded lithium with such protons and produced alpha particles. It was clear, that what they had done was to combine lithium and hydrogen to form helium. This was the first nuclear reaction brought about through artificially accelerated particles and wihtout the aid of any form of natural activity....Both during and after World War II, Cockcroft was engaged in work having to do with the development of the atomic bomb. And, as it happened, his very first artificially-induced nuclear reaction, that of lithium with hydrogen, proved to be of GREAT IMPORTENCE IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE HYDROGEN BOMB.""(Asimov).Sigmund Brandt ""The Harvest of as Century"", Episode 50.‎

Bookseller reference : 47062

‎"COLDING, A(UGUST LUDVIG).‎

‎Undersøgelse over Vanddampene og deres bevægende Kraft i Dampmaskinen [Investigation of the Water Steams and their Moving Power in the Steam Engine]. (Særskilt aftrykt af det Kgl. Danske Videnskabernes Selskabs Skrifter, 5te Række, naturvidenskabelig ... - [THE STEAM ENGINE - PRESENTATION-COPY]‎

‎Kjöbenhavn (Copenhagen), 1852. 4to. Original blue-green blank glitted gift-binding. Wear to spine with loss of paper, otherwise just a bit of wear to extremities. Internally a bit of occasional brownspotting. Stamps to title-page. 35 pp.‎

‎First edition, off-print (separately paginated), presentation-copy, of Colding's major contribution to the development of the steam engine. The hand-written presentation on front free end-paper reads as thus: ""Høivelbaarne/ Hr. General-Major Schlegel C. af D. pp./ med høiagtelse/ fra/ Forfatteren."" [Honoured/ Mr. General v. Schlegel C. of D. pp. (honorary title)/ with high estimation/ from/ the author.].Ludvig August Colding is primarily remembered today for, together with Meyer, Joule, and Helmholtz, having determined the principle of Conservation of Energy. His final major contribution to this discovery consists in the publication of his elaborated experiments which once and for all determined the accuracy of his assumption (that no amount of energy gets lost, since what is apparently lost in energy will be found in other places or in different forms, e.g. heat) (1850). Two years after that seminal publication, he publishes his main contribution to the development of the steam engine, namely his ""Investigation of the Water Steams and their Moving Power in the Steam Engine"" (1850), which is obviously based on his determination of the principle of conservation and alteration of energy.Colding was a famous Danish engineer and physicist. He was originally educated as a carpenter but graduated as mechanical engineer in 1841. In 1845 he became water-inspector in Copenhagen and in 1847 he was also given the responsibility of the gas- and waterworks. Together with the famous chemist Julius Thomsen, he proved that the cholera spread throughout Copenhagen through the drinking water (1853) - a most significant discovery. After this he was responsible replacing much of the sewer-system of Copenhagen. In 1857 he became state engineer. He was also a member of the Academy of Sciences and honorary doctor at the University of Edinburgh.His work on the power of water-stem in the steam engine is considered one of his most significant.‎

Bookseller reference : 41484

‎"COLDING, A(UGUST LUDVIG).‎

‎Undersøgelse over Vanddampene og deres bevægende Kraft i Dampmaskinen [Investigation of the Water Steams and their Moving Power in the Steam Engine]. (Extract from: Kgl. Danske Videnskabernes Selskabs Skrifter, 5te Række, naturvidenskabelig og Matemat... - [THE STEAM ENGINE]‎

‎(Kjöbenhavn [Copenhagen], 1853). 4to. Unbound. Uncut and unopened. A nice and clean copy. 35 pp.‎

‎First edition of Colding's major contribution to the development of the steam engine. Ludvig August Colding is primarily remembered today for, together with Meyer, Joule, and Helmholtz, having determined the principle of Conservation of Energy. His final major contribution to this discovery consists in the publication of his elaborated experiments which once and for all determined the accuracy of his assumption (that no amount of energy gets lost, since what is apparently lost in energy will be found in other places or in different forms, e.g. heat) (1850). Two years after that seminal publication, he publishes his main contribution to the development of the steam engine, namely his ""Investigation of the Water Steams and their Moving Power in the Steam Engine"" (1850), which is obviously based on his determination of the principle of conservation and alteration of energy.Colding was a famous Danish engineer and physicist. He was originally educated as a carpenter but graduated as mechanical engineer in 1841. In 1845 he became water-inspector in Copenhagen and in 1847 he was also given the responsibility of the gas- and waterworks. Together with the famous chemist Julius Thomsen, he proved that the cholera spread throughout Copenhagen through the drinking water (1853) - a most significant discovery. After this he was responsible replacing much of the sewer-system of Copenhagen. In 1857 he became state engineer. He was also a member of the Academy of Sciences and honorary doctor at the University of Edinburgh.His work on the power of water-stem in the steam engine is considered one of his most significant.‎

Bookseller reference : 42727

‎"COLDING, A(UGUST LUDVIG).‎

‎Undersøgelse over Vanddampene og deres bevægende Kraft i Dampmaskinen [Investigation of the Water Steams and their Moving Power in the Steam Engine]. (Særskilt aftrykt af det Kgl. Danske Videnskabernes Selskabs Skrifter, 5te Række, naturvidenskabelig ... - [THE STEAM ENGINE]‎

‎Kjöbenhavn (Copenhagen), 1852. 4to. Original blank wrappers. Uncut and unopened. Printed on vellum-paper. Mint copy. 35 pp.‎

‎"COLDING, L(UDVIG) A(UGUST).‎

‎Undersögelse om de almindelige Naturkræfter og deres gjensidige Afhængighed og i særdeleshed om den ved visse faste Legemers Gnidning udviklede Varme [Survey on the Universal Forces of Nature and their Mutial Dependence and especially about the Heat t... - [THE EXPERIMENTS THAT ESTABLISHED THE PRESERVATION OF ENERGY - PRESENTATION-COPY]‎

‎Kjöbenhavn (Copenhagen), 1850. 4to. All three bound together in the original blue-green blank glitted gift-binding. Spine and extremities worn (occasional minor loss of paper, especially to spine), and front hinge weak. A bit of brownspotting throughout. 26 pp., 2 folded engraved plates + 20 pp., 2 engraved plates (folded together) + 22 pp.‎

‎"COLDING, LUDVIG AUGUST.‎

‎Naturvidenskabelige Betragtninger over Slaegtskabet mellem det aandelige Livs Virksomheder og de almindelige Naturkraefter. [i.e. ""Scientific Reflections on the Relationship between the Intellectual Life's Activity and the General Forces of Nature""]. - [PRESENTATION-COPY]‎

‎Copenhagen, 1856. 8vo. Bound with the original blank glitted front wrapper in contemporary boards with cloth back-strip. Stamp to title-page. A bit of overall wear and minor brown-spotting. 15 pp.‎

‎"COLDING, LUDVIG AUGUST.‎

‎Undersögelse om de almindelige Naturkræfter og deres gjensidige Afhængighed og i særdeleshed om den ved visse faste Legemers Gnidning udviklede Varme [Survey on the Universal Forces of Nature and their Mutial Dependence and especially about the Heat t... - [THE EXPERIMENTS THAT ESTABLISHED THE PRESERVATION OF ENERGY]‎

‎Copenhagen. 1850. 4to. Uncut and unopened. No wrappers. Plates loose. Very nice and clean. Pp. (121) - 188 + four plates.‎

‎"COMPTON, ARTHUR HOLLY.‎

‎A Quantum Theory of the scattering of X-Rays by Light Elements. - [THE DISCOVERY OF THE COMPTON-EFFECT, NOBEL PRIZE PAPER]‎

‎Lancaster, American Physical Society, 1923. Royal8vo. In the original printed wrappers. In: Physical Review, Second Series, Vol. 25, No. 5, May 1923. With black cloth back-strip. Front wrapper missing top right corner and front wrapper washed/polished. Internally fine and clean. [Compton's paper:] pp. 483-502. [Entire issue:] Pp: 483-584.‎

‎"CONDON, EDWARD UHLER. - EXPLAINING THE COVALENT BOND.‎

‎Wave Mechanics and the Normal State of the Hydrogen Molecule.‎

‎Easton, PA., Mack printing Compagny, 1927. Royal8vo. Contemp. full cloth. Spine gilt and with gilt lettering. In: ""Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America"", Vol. 13. IX,865 pp. (Entire volume offered). Condon's paper: pp. 466-470.‎

‎First printing of pioneering paper uniting chemistry with Quantum mechanics. Condon explains the chemical bond by means of the new wave mechanics. A wave function is formulated that involves the introduction of a pair of electrons (the hydrogen molecule) in an electron orbital that extends about two ore more atomic nuclei. Together with a paper by Heitler and London from the same year, this paper marks the beginning of a new era in chemistry as it explains the chemical bond in terms of the new physics.Henry M. Leicester ""Source Book in Chemistry 1900-1950"", pp. 151-156.The volume contains also Condon's paper. ""Coupling of electronic and nuclear Motions in Diatomic Molecules"", pp. 462-466.‎

Bookseller reference : 48883

‎"COOLIDGE, WILLIAM.‎

‎A Powerful Röntgen Ray Tube with a Pure Electron Discharge. - [""THE SINGLE MOST IMPORTANT EVENT IN THE PROGRESS OF RADIOLOGY""]‎

‎Lancaster, PA and Ithaca, NY, The American Physical Society, 1913. 8vo. In the original printed wrappers. In: ""The Physical Review, Vol II, Second Series, No. 6"". With new paper back-strip and white paper label (""Alle Zeit Wach 1842"") pasted on to upper outer corner of front wrappers. Light wear to extremities, internally fine and clean. Pp. 409-430. [Entire volume: Pp. 409-536].‎

‎First appearance of Coolidge seminal paper in which he laid the foundation for all modern the basis for all modern X-ray tubes. The Coolidge tube, which also utilized a tungsten filament, was a major development in the then-nascent medical specialty of radiology and is widely regarded as being the single most important event in the progress of radiology. “While many clever designs were implemented to compensate for the technical limitations of early X-ray tubes, the true milestone--what some experts call ‘the single most important event in the progress of radiology’--did not occur until nearly 20 years later [after Röntgen’s discovery of the X-ray]. In 1913, William Coolidge, working in the General Electric Research Laboratory, developed the first so-called ‘hot’ X-ray tube, subsequently called the Coolidge tube. Based on his earlier research, Coolidge had figured out how to make the cathode out of the metal tungsten, which has the highest melting point of all metals. With a cathode made primarily of tungsten, cathode rays could be generated by running an electric current through the cathode and heating it" the more the cathode was heated, the more cathode rays it emitted. Thus, with cathode rays generated by heat rather than gas molecule collisions, the Coolidge tube could operate in a perfect vacuum. “By the mid-1920s, the Coolidge tube had essentially replaced the old gas-filled tubes. In addition, Coolidge later designed other innovations so that higher voltages could be used to produce higher frequency X-rays. This led to the development of so-called ‘deep therapy,’ in which X-rays are used to treat deeper tissues without excessively damaging outer layers of skin. Thanks to Coolidge’s milestone redesign of the X-ray tube, the use of X-rays in medicine--for both diagnostic and therapeutic applications--expanded widely throughout the world from the 1920s ad onward. Today, Coolidge’s ‘hot’ tube design is still the basis for all modern X-ray tubes” (Jon Queijo, Breakthrough! How the 10 Greatest Discoveries in Medicine Saved Millions and Changed Our View of the World).‎

Bookseller reference : 59849

‎"COULOMB, (CHARLES AUGUSTIN) - THE PRIZE-WINNING MÉMOIR CREATING THE SCIENCE OF FRICTION.‎

‎Théorie des Machines Simples, en ayant égard au Frottement de leurs Parties, et a la Roideur des Cordages. piece qui a remporté le Prix double de l'Academie des Sciences pour l'année 1781.‎

‎Paris, Moutard, Panckoucke, 1785. 4to. Extract from ""Mémoires fe Mathematique et de Physique, Présentés à l'Academie des Sciences par divers Savans"", Tome X. Withtitlepage to vol. X. Pp. 131-332 and 5 folded engraved plates. The memoir has also its own titlepage. Fine and clean. Wide-margined.‎

‎First edition of this monumentalwork by which Coulomb CREATED THE SCIENCE OF FRICTION.""1781 saw him win the Academy prize for his mémoir ""Théorie des Machines Simples,"" in which the results of his experiments on the friction of different bodies slipping on one another (dry, or coated with greasy substances) were presented.""(Timoshenko p. 48).""Coulomb’s most celebrated study, one that brought him immediate acclaim, was ""Théorie des machines simples,"" his prize-winning friction study of 1781. He investigated both static and dynamic friction of sliding surfaces and friction in bending of cords and in rolling. From examination of many physical parameters, he developed a series of two-term equations, the first term a constant and the second term varying with time, normal force, velocity, or other parameters. In agreement with Amontons’s work of 1699, Coulomb showed that in general there is an approximately linear relationship between friction and normal force"" but he extended the investigation considerably to show complex effects due to difference in load, materials, time of repose, lubrication, velocity, and other considerations. Coulomb’s work in friction remained a standard of theory and experiment for a century and a half, until the advent of molecular studies of friction in the twentieth century. To quote Kragelsky and Schedrov’s recent monograph (p. 52) on the history of friction: ""Coulomb’s contributions to the science of friction were exceptionally great. Without exaggeration, one can say that he created this science.""(DSB).Poggendorff I:487.,‎

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