‎Physique‎

‎"SCHRÖDINGER, E. (ERWIN). - RENOUNCING STATIONARY STATES IN QUANTUM PHYSICS.‎

‎Are there Quantum Jumps ?. Part I-II.‎

‎Edinburgh, Nelson and Sons, 1952-53. 8vo. Contemp. hcloth. Tome-and titlelabels with gilt lettering. In: ""The British Journal for the Philosophy of Science"", Vol. III (May 1952 to February 1953). XIV,394 pp. Entire volume offered. Stamps to foot of titlepage and a few other pages. Schrödinger's papers: pp. 109-123 a. 233-242. Clean and fine.‎

‎First printing of these importent papers on the philosophy of Quantum physics. ""If we have to go on with these damned quantum jumps, then I'm sorry that I ever got involved."" (E.Schrodinger).""In it he contrasts the smooth evolution of the Schrodinger wavefunction with the erratic behaviour of the picture by which the wavefunction is usually supplemented, or 'interpreted', in the minds of most physicists. He objects in particular to the notion of 'stationary states', and above all to 'quantum jumping' between those states. He regards these concepts as hangovers from the old Bohr quantum theory, of 1913, and entirely unmotivated by anything in the mathematics of the new theory of 1926. (J.S. Bell).‎

书商的参考编号 : 49100

‎"SCHRÖDINGER, ERWIN.‎

‎Die gegenwärtige Situation in der Quantenmechanik I-III [All]. (The Present Situation in Quantum Mechanics). - [SCHRÖDINGER'S CAT]‎

‎Berlin, Springer, 1935. Royal8vo. Bound in recent half cloth with gilt lettering to spine. In ""Die Naturwissenschaften"", Vol 23, 1935. Minor wear to extremities, otherwise a very fine and clean copy. Pp. 807-812" Pp. 823-828" Pp. 844-849. [Entire volume: XIX, (1), 870, 8 pp.].‎

‎First edition and first announcement of Schrödinger's famous reply to the EPR-paradox, arguably the most celebrated and influential illustration of the paradoxes of quantum theory also known as Schrödinger's Cat. When in May 1935 Einstein, Podolsky and Rosen published the so-called EPR-paper in ""Physical Review"", they set out to demonstrate that the Copenhagen interpretation of quantum mechanics could not constitute a complete description of nature. The EPR-article prompted a number of responses, e.g. from Bohr, the co-founder of the Copenhagen School, who began writing his response immediately after the publication of the Physical Review article. It is this debate that Schrödinger participates in with his seminal paper on ""The Present Situation in Quantum Mechanics"", in which he presents what is now famously known as Schrödinger's Cat. Schrödinger's Cat is the name of the thought experiment that Schrödinger develops in this article and that was intended as a discussion of the EPR article.After the publication of the EPR article, Einstein and Schrödinger had begun an exchange of letters on the subject of the possibility of quantum mechanics, as interpreted by the Copenhagenists, representing reality. During this exchange of letters, Schrödinger had been inspired by Einstein's view of the problem of applying the Copenhagen interpretation of Quantum mechanics to everyday objects. But Schrödinger, in his response, took his illustration of the absurdity of the interpretation and the incompleteness of quantum mechanics a step further" he applied it to a living entity, namely a cat. Schrödinger imagines a sealed box containing a cat, a bottle of poison, a radioactive source, a Geiger counter and a hammer. When the Geiger counter detects radiation, a mechanism is switched on that makes the hammer fall the hammer breaks the bottle, and the poison kills the cat. Because it is random, when the Geiger counter will detect radiation, and because in Quantum mechanics, physical conditions are described with the aid of a wave-function that explains all possible conditions of the system, Quantum mechanics, according to the Copenhagen interpretation, would come to the conclusion that the cat in the box is both living and dead, at the same time (the wave function is made up of a superposition of the two conditions -the cat being living and the cat being dead-" the two positions collapse into one, as soon as the system is interpreted as consisting of only one condition -either dead or living cat-, with the sole possible conclusion that the cat is both). Due to Heisenberg and Bohr's independent interpretation of Quantum theory (the ""Copenhagen interpretation), Quantum theory had in 1927 developed in a direction unforeseen by Schrödinger. ""Schrödinger was ""concerned and disappointed"" that this ""transcendental, almost physical interpretation of the wave phenomena"" had become the ""almost universally accepted dogma."""" (D.S.B. XII, p. 221). His most famous and widely used attack on this interpretation was that of ""Schrödinger's Cat"". This paradox of the dead-and-alive cat vigorously illustrated the absurdity of quantum mechanics and what was necessary to describe the states within this system. The thought experiment of Schrödinger's cat turned out to be hugely influential, and has become a standard paradox within both physics and philosophy.‎

书商的参考编号 : 47045

‎"SCHRÖDINGER, ERWIN.‎

‎Die gegenwärtige Situation in der Quantenmechanik I-III [All]. (The Present Situation in Quantum Mechanics). - [SCHRÖDINGER'S CAT]‎

‎Berlin, Springer, 1935. Royal8vo. Bound in contemporary half cloth with paper label pasted on to spine. In ""Die Naturwissenschaften"", Vol 23, 1935. Complete issue offered. Light browning throughout and Schrödinger's paper with underlignings. Pp 807-812" Pp. 823-828" Pp. 844-849. [Entire volume: 870, XIX pp].‎

‎First edition and first announcement of Schrödinger's famous reply to the EPR-paradox (also known as Schrödinger's Cat). When in May 1935 Einstein, Podolsky and Rosen published the so-called EPR-paper in ""Physical Review"", they set out to demonstrate that the Copenhagen interpretation of quantum mechanics could not constitute a complete description of nature. The EPR-article prompted a number of responses, e.g. from Bohr, the co-founder of the Copenhagen School, who began writing his response immediately after the publication of the Physical Review article. It is this debate that Schrödinger participates in with his seminal paper on ""The Present Situation in Quantum Mechanics"", in which he presents what is now famously known as Schrödinger's Cat. Schrödinger's Cat is the name of the thought experiment that Schrödinger develops in this article and that was intended as a discussion of the EPR article.After the publication of the EPR article, Einstein and Schrödinger had begun an exchange of letters on the subject of the possibility of quantum mechanics, as interpreted by the Copenhagenists, representing reality. During this exchange of letters, Schrödinger had been inspired by Einstein's view of the problem of applying the Copenhagen interpretation of Quantum mechanics to everyday objects. But Schrödinger, in his response, took his illustration of the absurdity of the interpretation and the incompleteness of quantum mechanics a step further" he applied it to a living entity, namely a cat. Schrödinger imagines a sealed box containing a cat, a bottle of poison, a radioactive source, a Geiger counter and a hammer. When the Geiger counter detects radiation, a mechanism is switched on that makes the hammer fall the hammer breaks the bottle, and the poison kills the cat. Because it is random, when the Geiger counter will detect radiation, and because in Quantum mechanics, physical conditions are described with the aid of a wave-function that explains all possible conditions of the system, Quantum mechanics, according to the Copenhagen interpretation, would come to the conclusion that the cat in the box is both living and dead, at the same time (the wave function is made up of a superposition of the two conditions -the cat being living and the cat being dead-" the two positions collapse into one, as soon as the system is interpreted as consisting of only one condition -either dead or living cat-, with the sole possible conclusion that the cat is both). Due to Heisenberg and Bohr's independent interpretation of Quantum theory (the ""Copenhagen interpretation), Quantum theory had in 1927 developed in a direction unforeseen by Schrödinger. ""Schrödinger was ""concerned and disappointed"" that this ""transcendental, almost physical interpretation of the wave phenomena"" had become the ""almost universally accepted dogma."""" (D.S.B. XII, p. 221). His most famous and widely used attack on this interpretation was that of ""Schrödinger's Cat"". This paradox of the dead-and-alive cat vigorously illustrated the absurdity of quantum mechanics and what was necessary to describe the states within this system. The thought experiment of Schrödinger's cat turned out to be hugely influential, and has become a standard paradox within both physics and philosophy.‎

书商的参考编号 : 49056

‎"SCHRÖDINGER, ERWIN.‎

‎Die gegenwärtige Situation in der Quantenmechanik I-III [All]. (The Present Situation in Quantum Mechanics). - [SCHRÖDINGER'S CAT]‎

‎Berlin, Springer, 1935. Royal8vo. Bound in contemporary half cloth with paper label pasted on to spine. In ""Die Naturwissenschaften"", Vol 23, 1935. Complete issue offered. Light browning throughout and Schrödinger's paper with underlignings. Pp 807-812" Pp. 823-828 " Pp. 844-849. [Entire volume: 870, XIX pp].‎

‎"SCHRÖDINGER, ERWIN.‎

‎Energieaustausch nach der Wellenmechanik.‎

‎Leipzig, Johann Ambrosius Barth, 1927. 8vo. Contemp. full cloth. Gilt lettering to spine. In ""Annalen der Physik"", Vierte Folge, Band 83. Entire volume offered. Schrödinger's paper: Pp. 956-68. [Entire volume: VIII, 1224 pp. + 9 plates.]. Stamp to inside frontcover, stamped in blind on titlepage. Internally clean.‎

‎"SCHRÖDINGER, ERWIN.‎

‎Farbenmetrik. - [SCHRÖDINGER ON COLORIMETRY]‎

‎Berlin, Springer, 1920. 8vo. Bound in contemporary half cloth with gilt lettering to spine. In ""Zeitschrift für Physik"", Bd. 1, 1920. Entire volume offered. Library stamp to front free end paper and title page, light wear to extremities. Pp. 201-214. [Entire volume: V, (1), 418 pp.].‎

‎First printing of Schrödinger paper on his little know research area: colorimetry.""His first papers on relativity pointed to a second major field of interest. In addition to these works, and his early papers on relativity, Schrödinger made a detailed study, through both measurement and computation, of the metric of color space and the theory of color vision."" (DSB).‎

书商的参考编号 : 49497

‎"SCHRÖDINGER, ERWIN.‎

‎Grundlinien einer Theorie der Farbenmetrik im Tagessehen, I-III.‎

‎Leipzig, Ambrosius Barth, 1920. 8vo. In contemporary full cloth with gilt lettering to spine. In ""Annalen der Physik"", Vierte Folge, Band 63. Entire volume offered. Library labels pasted on the pasted down front free end paper. Stamp to title page and repairs to first 3 leaves (not affecting text), otherwise a fine copy. Pp. 397-426" Pp. 427-456" Pp. 481-520. [Entire volume: VIII, 923, VII pp.].‎

‎First appearance of Schrödinger's important three-paper series of a theory of colour measurement for daylight vision. ""His first papers on relativity pointed to a second major field of interest. In addition to these works, and his early papers on relativity, Schrödinger made a detailed study, through both measurement and computation, of the metric of color space and the theory of color vision."" (DSB).‎

书商的参考编号 : 50321

‎"SCHRÖDINGER, ERWIN.‎

‎Isotopie und Gibbssches Paradoxen.‎

‎Braunschweig und Berlin, Vieweg & Sohn, Julius Springer, 1921. 8vo. Bound in contemporary half cloth. Stamp to front free end paper. In ""Zeitschrift für Physik. Hrasg. von Karl Scheel"", vol. 5. Entire volume offered. [Schrödinger's paper:] pp. 163-66. [Entire volume: IV, 449, (1) pp].‎

‎First apperance of Schrödinger's paper on isotopy and the Gibb's paradox. ""Schrödinger started explicitly from the previous discussion between de Hevesy and Paneth on the one hand, and Fajans on the other, summarizing the results as 'Thermodynamical diversity of isotopes in principle, in spite of their complete or nearly complete chemical replaceability'. Thus far he partially supported the view promoted by Karlsruhe physico-chemist. However, he contradicted a result which Fajans had obtained, stating that the energy set free by mixing or diffusion of the volumes, containing different isotopes of the same chemical element, was proportional to the difference of the respective atomic weights - hence a consequence, it should become arbitrarily small as the mass difference disappeared. (Mehra, The Historical Development of Quantum Theory, P. 340).‎

书商的参考编号 : 48926

‎"SCHRÖDINGER, ERWIN.‎

‎Science and the Human temperament. Translated and with a biographical Introduction by James Murphy. Foreword by Lord Rutherford.‎

‎London, George Allen & Unwin, (1935). Orig. full cloth. 154 pp. + Publisher's announcements.‎

‎First edition. 2 of the seven papers were published before in 1932 in German as ""Zwei Vorträge"". In 1933 Schrödinger was awarded the Nobel prize jointly with Dirac.‎

书商的参考编号 : 31678

‎"SCHRÖDINGER, ERWIN.‎

‎Theorie der Pigmente von größter Leuchtkraft‎

‎Leipzig, Ambrosius Barth, 1920. 8vo. In full black cloth with gilt lettering to spine. In ""Annalen der Physik"", bd. 62. Entire volume offered. Small library stamp to lower part of title page and library label pasted on to front free end papers. Fine and clean. Pp. 603-22. [Entire volume: VI. 762 pp.].‎

‎First appearance of Schrödinger's important paper in which he presented his theory of pigments with highest luminosity""His first papers on relativity pointed to a second major field of interest. In addition to these works, and his early papers on relativity, Schrödinger made a detailed study, through both measurement and computation, of the metric of color space and the theory of color vision."" (DSB).‎

书商的参考编号 : 50598

‎"SCHRÖDINGER, ERWIN.‎

‎Über den Comptoneffekt (+) Der Energieimpulssatz der Materiewellen.‎

‎Leipzig, Ambrosius Barth, 1927. 8vo. In contemporary full cloth with gilt lettering to spine. In ""Annalen der Physik"", Band 82. Entire volume offered. Library stamp to pasted down front and back free end-paper. Embossed stamp on title page. A fine and clean copy. Pp. 257-64"" Pp. 265-73. [Entire volume: VIII, 1168 pp. + 14 plates.‎

‎First appearance of Schrödinger's famous treatment of the Compton effect.""Schrödinger approached the wave mechanical treatment of the Compton effect in his own paper [the present] on a far less technical level [than Gordon]. He practically went back to the optical analogies that had stimulated the whole development in November 1925, and in which the properties of microscopic particles were described by matter waves and their propagation in homogeneous media. From such consideration, he now - a year later - drew the following conclusion: ""It is to be expected, nay, even demanded, that we should be able, by means of quite simple phase considerations…, to explain the connection between the changes in direction and frequency of the ether wave which occur in the Compton effect and the change of velocity of the electron."" (Mehra, The Historical Development of Quantum Theory)""Compton was able to account for this (lenghtening of wavelenght) by presuming that a photon of light struch an electron, which recoiled, subtracting some energy from the photon and therefore increasing its wavelenght. This made it seem that a photon acted as a particle: thus after more than a century, the particulate natuer of light, as evolved by Newton, was revived... What itamounted to was that Compton brought to fruition the view that electromagnetic radiation had both a wave aspect and a particle aspect, and that the aspect which was most evident depended on how the radiation was tested. De Broglie was, at the same time, showing that this held true also for ordinary particles, such as electrons."" (Asimov)‎

书商的参考编号 : 50596

‎"SCHRÖDINGER, ERWIN.‎

‎Über den Comptoneffekt (+) Der Energieimpulssatz der Materiewellen.‎

‎Leipzig, Ambrosius Barth, 1927. 8vo. In contemporary full cloth with gilt lettering to spine. In ""Annalen der Physik"", Band 82. Entire volume offered. Library stamp to pasted down front and back free end-paper. Embossed stamp on title page. A fine and clean copy. Pp. 257-64" " Pp. 265-73. [Entire volume: VIII, 1168 pp. + 14 plates.‎

‎"SCHRÖDINGER, ERWIN.‎

‎Über die Kohärenz in Weitgeöffneten Bündeln.‎

‎Leipzig, Ambrosius Barth, 1920. 8vo. In contemporary full cloth with gilt lettering to spine. In ""Annalen der Physik"", Vierte Folge, Band 61. Entire volume offered. Library labels pasted on the pasted down front free end paper. Stamp to title page and repairs to first leaf (not affecting text), otherwise a fine copy. Pp. 69-86. [Entire volume: 760, VIII pp.].‎

‎First appearance of Schrödinger's paper concerning the coherence of wide open bundles.‎

书商的参考编号 : 50322

‎"SCHRÖDINGER, ERWIN.‎

‎Über die Rotationswärme des Wasserstoffs.‎

‎Berlin, Julius Springer, 1924. 8vo. Bound in contemporary halfcloth. In ""Zeitschrift für Physik"", Bd. 30.Entire issue offered. Stamp to front free end paper. Fine and clean. Pp. 341-359. [Entire volume: IV, 387 pp].‎

‎First printing of Schrödinger's paper on hydrogen heat.‎

书商的参考编号 : 48983

‎"SCHRÖDINGER, ERWIN.‎

‎Über die Rotationswärme des Wasserstoffs.‎

‎Berlin, Julius Springer, 1924. 8vo. Bound in contemporary halfcloth. In ""Zeitschrift für Physik"", Bd. 30.Entire issue offered. Stamp to front free end paper. Fine and clean. Pp. 341-359. [Entire volume: IV, 387 pp].‎

‎"SCHRÖDINGER, ERWIN.‎

‎Über die spezifische Wärme fester Körper bei hoher Temperatur und über die Quantelung von Schwingungen endlicher Amplitude.‎

‎(Berlin, Julius Springer, 1922). 8vo. Bound in contemporary half cloth. In: ""Zeitschrift für Physik"", 11 band, 1922 (not the complete issue). Find and clean. Pp. 170-76. [Offered volume: Pp. 1-324, 327-398.]‎

‎First printing.‎

书商的参考编号 : 47377

‎"SCHRÖDINGER, ERWIN.‎

‎Über die spezifische Wärme fester Körper bei hoher Temperatur und über die Quantelung von Schwingungen endlicher Amplitude.‎

‎(Berlin, Julius Springer, 1922). 8vo. Bound in contemporary half cloth. In: ""Zeitschrift für Physik"", 11 band, 1922 (not the complete issue). Find and clean. Pp. 170-76. [Offered volume: Pp. 1-324, 327-398.]‎

‎"SCHRÖDINGER, ERWIN. - FIRST TREATMENT OF WAVE MECHANICS IN ENGLISH.‎

‎An undulatory Theory of the Mechanics of Atoms and Molecules.‎

‎Minneapolis, Minn., The Physicalreview, 1926. 4to. Contemp. full buckram. Small tear to first hinge at foot. A stamp in upper right corner on titlepage and 2 other pages. In: ""The Physical Review. Conducted by the American Physical Society"", Vol. 28, Second Series. VI,1343 pp. (Entire volume offered).Schrödinger's paper: pp. 1049-1070. Internally clean and fine.‎

‎"SCHWERD, F. M.‎

‎Die Beugungserscheinungen aus den Fundamentalgesetzen der Undulationstheorie. Analytisch entwickelt und in Bildern dargestellt. Mit 18 zum Teil illuminirten Tafeln. - [ANTICIPATING THE DISCOVERY OF X-RAYS]‎

‎Mannheim, Schwan und Goetz, 1835. 4to. Contemporary halfcalf with marbled paper over boards. Half-title page supplied in facsimile. Library stamp and library-markings in old hand to title-page. XII (lacking the half-title, being pp. (I-II)) , 143, (8, -tables + errata) pp + 18 folded plates, two of which are hand-coloured. Spine and corners with wear. Internally some lighter brownspotting.‎

‎"SCHØNING, GERHARD.‎

‎Nordlysets Ælde beviist med gamle Skribenters Vidnesbyrd.‎

‎(Kjøbenhavn, Waeysenhuuses Bogtrykkerie, 1760). 4to. Uden omslag. Udsnit af ""Skrifter, som udi det Kiøbenhavnske Selskab af Lærdoms og Videnskabers Elskere ere fremlagte og oplæste i Aaret 1759. og 1760"". Ottende Deel."" Pp. 197-316.‎

‎"SHANNON, C. E.‎

‎Prediction and Entropy of Printed English. (Contained in The Bell System Technical Journal, Volume XXX, No. 1, p.50-64.). - [FIRST MEASUREMENTS OF ""SHANNON ENTROPY"".]‎

‎(New York, American Telephone and Telegraph Company, 1951). 8vo. The complete issue in original blue printed wrappers. Pp. 50-64. [Entire volume: pp. 1-212.].‎

‎First edition of Shannon's famous article in which he measures the entropy rate of English text to be between 1.0 and 1.5 bits per letter, or as low as 0.6 to 1.3 bits per letter.""A new method of estimating the entropy and redundancy of a language is described. This method exploits the knowledge of the language statistics possessed by those who speak the language, and depends on experimental results in prediction of the next letter when the preceding text is known. Results of experiments in prediction are given, and some properties of an ideal predictor are developed."" (From the introduction to the present article).""Natural languages are highly redundant"" the number of intelligible fifty-letter English sentences is many fewer than 26*50, and the number of distinguishable ten-second phone conversations is far smaller than the number of sound signals that could be generated with frequencies up to 20.000 Hz. This immediately suggests a theory for signal compression. If you can recode the alphabet so that common sequences of letters and abbreviated, while infrequent combinations are spelled out in lengthy fashion, you can dramatically reduce the channel capacity needed to send the data."" (Sethna, Statistical Mechanics: Entropy, Order Parameters and Complexity, Oxford University Press, 2006, pp. 100).‎

书商的参考编号 : 22783

‎"SHANNON, CLAUDE E.‎

‎Memory Requirements in a Telephone Exchange (Manuscript Received Dec. 7, 1949).‎

‎(New York), American Telephone and Telegraph Company, 1950. 8vo. Volume XXIX, July, No. 3, 1950 of ""The Bell System Technical Journal"". In the original printed blue wrappers. A bit of minor browning to extremities. Wrapper only attached to back hinge. Internally fine and clean. Pp. 343-359. [Entire issue: Pp. 295-468].‎

‎First edition of Shannon's influential paper on how to construct a telephone exchange network. ""The problem of designing a good rearrangeable network was (probably first) considered in a paper of C. E. Shannon investigating memory requirements in a telephone exchange. On the networks that he considered he imposed the realistic ""separate memory condition"" to the effect that in operation a separate part of the memory can be signed to each call on progress. This means that completion of a new call or termination of an old call will not disturb the state of memory elements associated with any call in progress. [...] Shannon's separate memory condition is actually met by modern connecting networks [...]. (Benes, Vaclav Edward. Mathematical Theory of Connecting Networks and Telephone Traffic: 017, 1965, p. 119.) Claude Shannon is widely regarded as being the father of information theory and cryptography. Origins of Cyberspace 883.The present issue also includes:1. Southworth, George C. Principles and Applications of Waveguide Transmission. Pp. 295-342.2. Hartley, R.V.L. Matter, A Mode of Motion. Pp. 350-368.3. Hartley, R.V.L. The Reflection of Diverging Waves by a Gyrostatic Medium. Pp. 369-389.4. Pierce, J.R. Traveling-Wave Tubes (Third Installment). Pp. 390-460.‎

书商的参考编号 : 43387

‎"SHANNON, CLAUDE E.‎

‎Probability of Error for Optimal Codes in a Gaussian Channel. [Manuscript received October 17, 1958].‎

‎New York, American Telephone and Telegraph Company, 1959. 8vo. Volume XXXVIII, 1959 of The Bell System Technical Journal bound in a nice full green cloth with gilt title to spine. Library stamp to top of title page. Binding tight, clean and fresh. Also internally very nice and clean. Pp. 611-656. [Entire volume: 14, (2), 907 pp.]‎

‎First edition.From the introduction to the present article: ""A study is made of coding and decoding systems for a continuous channel with an additive Gaussian noise and subject to an average power limitation at the transmitter. Upper and lower bounds are found for the error probability in decoding with optimal codes and decoding systems. These bounds are close together for signaling rates near channel capacity and also for signaling rates near zero, but diverge between. Curves exhibiting these bounds are given."" Claude Shannon is widely regarded as being the father of information theory and cryptography.See:OOC 898.‎

书商的参考编号 : 42742

‎"SHAPIRO, ASCHER.‎

‎Bath-Tub Vortex. - [THE CORIOLIS EFFECT ON A BATHTUB VORTEX]‎

‎London, Macmillian, 1962. Royal8vo. Bound in contemporary full cloth with two black title label to spine. In ""Nature"", Vol. 196, October - December. Library labels to end paper and one library stamp to title page. Light soiling to extremities, internally fine and clean. Pp. 1080-1. [Entire colume: LII, 1346 pp.].‎

‎First appearance of Shapiro's famous paper in which he sought to describe a bathtub vortex with the Coriolis Effect. This eventually gave birth to the urban myth that a toilet vortex always will have a counter clockwise flow in the Northern Hemisphere. The Coriolis effect on a micro level is still disputed and has never been satisfyingly confirmed or rejected. Scientists were aware that Earth's rotation alters the trajectory of objects in motion. This phenomenon causes low-pressure weather systems to twist counterclockwise in the Northern Hemisphere and clockwise in the Southern Hemisphere. The Coriolis effect, as it's known, had long been well documented as the cause of hurricanes and tornadoes. But despite previous attempts, no one had shown that the effect-first described in 1835 by the French engineer and mathematician Gustave-Gaspard Coriolis-works on very small scales as well. Though in theory it should influence bathwater's exit through a drain, the Coriolis effect was thought to be too small to see.""For his experiment, Shapiro used a circular, flat-bottomed tub with a centered drain hole three-eighths of an inch in diameter to which he attached a 20-foot length of hose, plugged with a stopper at the end. He filled the tank six inches deep with clean, room-temperature water. Small variations-air movement, a temperature change, a surface disturbance-create buoyancy currents that overshadow the Coriolis effect. So Shapiro did much tinkering to cancel out these possible sources of interference-covering the tank with a sheet of plastic to keep out air currents, for example, and carefully controlling the room's temperature. He also filled the tank by swirling water in clockwise, so that if the water drained counterclockwise, the direction would not have been influenced by how the tank was filled.After 24 hours of letting the water settle, Shapiro carefully pulled the plug from the end of the hose, gently placing above the drain a small float made of two crossed slivers of wood an inch long. It took about 20 minutes for the tub to drain completely. For the first 12 to 15 minutes, the float remained motionless. Then it began to rotate almost imperceptibly, counterclockwise, reaching a peak speed of approximately one revolution every three to four seconds. Proving that the Coriolis effect can be detected in a bathtub-size tank, albeit under carefully controlled conditions, was a remarkable achievement. At MIT's latitude of 42°, the effect was ""only thirty-millionths that of gravity, which is so small that it will be overcome by filling and even temperature differences and water impurities,"" reported one of many newspapers and periodicals covering the experiment. Shapiro's results were published in Nature and verified by colleagues who used his technique to demonstrate a clockwise flow in the Southern Hemisphere. The findings fascinated a curious public of all ages. Shapiro would also become known for explaining and improving the aerodynamics of golf ball dimples, as well as for helping to develop the intra-aortic balloon for heart patients and devices to treat blood clots, asthma, emphysema, and glaucoma. But for more than a decade after the bathtub test, he would receive letters and newspaper clippings from all over the world about what was dubbed the ""bathtub vortex"" controversy. "" (MIT Technology Review).‎

书商的参考编号 : 49162

‎"SHEWHART, W.A. & D. SLEPIAN.‎

‎Nature and Origin of Standards of Quality [Shewhart] (+) Fluctuations of Random Noise Power [Slepian]. - [THE FATHER OF QUALITY CONTROL]‎

‎(New York), American Telephone and Telegraph Company, 1958. 8vo. Volume XXXVII, January, No. 1, 1958 of ""The Bell System Technical Journal"". In the original printed blue wrappers. A bit of sunning to spine and previous owner's signature to front wrapper, otherwise a very nice and fresh copy. [Shewhart's paper:] Pp. 1-22. [Slepian's paper:] Pp. 163-184.‎

‎First edition of Shewhart's important paper on statistical quality control.""Shewhart successfully brought together the disciplines of statistics, engineering, and economics and became known as the father of modern quality control. Shewhart was concerned that statistical theory serve the needs of industry. He exhibited the restlessness of one looking for a better way. A man of science who patiently developed and tested his ideas and the ideas of others, he was an astute observer of developments in the world of science and technology. In that respect, the field of quality control can claim a genuine pioneer in Shewhart."" (Berger, Roger W. The Certified quality engineer handbook, 2002, P. 55).Most of Shewhart's papers were keept unpublished but implemented in the Bell Laboratories. The present paper was written in 1935 and it's techniques were put into practice immediately after it was, however, first published for a wider audience with the present article in 1958.The issue also includes the first edition of SLEPIAN'S groundbreaking paper on fluctuations of random noise. His analysis has exercised influence in measuring and analyzing back ground noise from space and, more exotic, analysis signals from outer space in search for extra-terrestrial aliens. The following articles of interest are also contained in the present volume:1. Levenbach, G.J. Contribution of Statistics to the Development Program of a Transformer for L3 Carrier System. Pp. 23-54.2. Olmstead, Paul S. Runs Determined in a Sample by an Arbitrary Cut. Pp. 55-82. 3. Roberts, S.W. Properties of Control Chart Zone Tests. Pp. 83-114.4. Murphy, R.B. Criterion to Limit Inspection Effort in Continuous Sampling Plans. Pp. 115-134.5. Sobel, Milton" Huyett, Marilyn J. Nonparametric Definition of the Representativeness of a Sample - with Tables. Pp. 135-161.6. Blackman, R.B. Tukey, J.W. The Measurement of Power Spectra from the Point of View of Communications Engineering - Part I. Pp. 185-282.‎

书商的参考编号 : 43388