‎Einstein‎

‎EINSTEIN, ALBERT (+) P. EHRENFEST.‎

‎Zur Quantentheorie des Strahlungsgleichgewichts.‎

‎Berlin Julius Springer 1923. 8vo. Bound in contemporary half cloth with gilt lettering to spine. Library stamp to front free end paper and titel page. In "Zeitschrift für Physik" bd. 19. Fine and clean. Pp. 301-6. Entire volume: IV 415 pp. <br/><br/><em>First edition.Weil 138; Schilpp-Shields 178.The volume also contains:Meitner Lise. Ueber eine mögliche Deutung des kontinuierlichen beta-Strahlenspektrums. Pp. 307-321. </em> hardcover‎

Bookseller reference : 48937

‎EINSTEIN, Albert‎

‎Zur Theorie der Lichterzeugung und Lichtabsorption. Offprint from Annalen der Physik 4. Folge 20. Bd. 1906‎

‎Leipzig: Johann Ambrosius Barth 1906. First edition. <p>EINSTEIN ON HIS LIGHT-QUANTUM HYPOTHESIS</p> . <p>First edition very rare author’s presentation offprint “Überreicht vom Verfasser†from the library of the great German physicist Arnold Sommerfeld of this brilliant follow-up to Einstein’s landmark 1905 paper on the photoelectric effect for which he was awarded the 1921 Nobel Prize in physics. “Thomas Kuhn has argued that it is not to Planck in 1900 but to Einstein in 1905 that we owe the origins of quantum theory†Cassidy. In the 1905 paper ‘On a heuristic point of view concerning the production and transformation of light’ Einstein had explained the photoelectric effect—the emission of electrons from a metal when irradiated by light—by making the revolutionary proposal that light rather than consisting of continuous waves was instead made up of discrete particles of energy “light quanta†which transferred their entire payload of energy to an electron on impact. In the 1905 paper Einstein made use of Planck’s formula for blackbody radiation which had introduced the concept of energy quantization. “In a companion paper published in 1906 offered here Einstein exposed appeal to the quantum as fundamentally counter to the ethos of classical physics: ‘the theoretical bases on which Planck’s radiation theory rests are different from those of Maxwell’s theory’. Planck had not initially intended to quantify light-radiation itself but Einstein demonstrated that his own ‘light-quantum hypothesis’ was implicit in Planck’s earlier work†Honner p. 31. “At first Einstein believed that the light-quantum hypothesis was merely ‘heuristic’: light behaved only as if it consisted of discontinuous quanta … In his 1906 paper Einstein used his statistical mechanics to demonstrate that when light interacts with matter Planck’s entire formula can arise only from the existence of light quanta—not from waves†Cassidy. As Einstein stated when he published the 1905 paper “Planck’s theory of radiation seemed to me in a certain respect the antithesis of my own. New considerations which are presented in section 1 of this paper demonstrated to me however that the theoretical bases on which Planck’s radiation theory rests are different from those of Maxwell’s theory and of electron theory. The difference furthermore is precisely that Planck’s theory implicitly makes use of the light-quantum hypothesis†p. 199 of the present paper translation from Kuhn p. 182. Later in the paper p. 203 Einstein is forced to make the following assumption: “Although Maxwell’s theory is not applicable to elementary resonators the average energy of such a resonator in a radiation field is the same as that which one would compute from Maxwell’s theoryâ€. “That statement marks the emergence of the basic paradox of the old quantum theory. The theory has recourse to both Maxwell’s equations and those of classical mechanics but its further formulation is incompatible with one or both of those classical theories. Other physicists were to exploit the resulting inconsistency as an argument against any form of quantum discontinuity and Einstein himself was deeply disturbed by it … But neither he nor anyone else was successful in finding a classical resolution of the quantum paradox. When two decades later Bohr and others found a way to resolve it Einstein was unable to accept their fundamentally non-classical interpretation†Kuhn pp. 184-185. RBH lists 4 other copies: in the offprint collections of Einstein himself Christie’s June 17 2008 lot 100 Richard Green Christie’s June 17 2008 lot 101 Hans Albert Einstein Christie’s June 14 2006 lot 264 and Harvey Plotnick Christie’s October 4 2002 lot 105. This copy was presented by Einstein to one of the leading physicists of the time surely hoping to make himself known in the scientific world when he was still a technical expert in the Swiss Patent Office.</p> <br /> <p>Provenance: Arnold Sommerfeld 1868-1951 his signature and characteristic numbering in red pencil ‘8’ on front cover. “The son of a physician Sommerfeld was educated at the University of Königsberg. After teaching briefly at the universities of Göttingen Clausthal and Aachen he was appointed professor of physics at the University of Münich in 1906. Sommerfeld should have retired in 1936 in favour of his pupil Werner Heisenberg. Opposition from the Nazi party to Heisenberg’s appointment prolonged Sommerfeld’s tenure and it was not in fact until late 1939 that he finally retired to be succeeded not by Heisenberg but by Wilhelm Müller a Nazi aerodynamicist without a single publication in physics to his credit. Although Sommerfeld and Heisenberg were not Jewish they were regarded by the Nazis as Jewish sympathizers. Sommerfeld however survived the war and returned to his Münich chair in 1945 continuing to work at physics until he died in a car accident in 1951†Oxford Reference. “Arnold Sommerfeld was one of the most distinguished representatives of the transition period between classical and modern theoretical physics. The work of his youth was still firmly anchored in the conceptions of the nineteenth century; but when in the first decennium of the century the flood of new discoveries experimental and theoretical broke the dams of tradition he became a leader of the new movement and in combining the two ways of thinking he exerted a powerful influence on the younger generation. This combination of a classical mind to whom clarity of conception and mathematical rigour are essential with the adventurous spirit of a pioneer are the roots of his scientific success while his exceptional gift of communicating his ideas by spoken and written word made him a great teacher†Max Born p. 275. </p> <br /> <p>“Einstein started to study black-body radiation well before 1905. Mach’s Wärmelehre which Einstein read in 1897 or shortly thereafter contains two chapters on thermal radiation culminating in a discussion of Kirchhoff's work. Kirchhoff showed that the energy emission spectrum of a perfectly black body defined as one absorbing all incident radiation at a given temperature is a universal function of the temperature and wavelength. He inferred that equilibrium thermal radiation in a cavity with walls maintained at a certain temperature behaves like radiation emitted by a black body at the same temperature. </p> <br /> <p>“H. F. Weber Einstein’s physics professor at the ETH attempted to determine the universal black-body radiation function. He made measurements of the energy spectrum and proposed an empirical formula for the distribution function … anticipating Wien’s formulation of the displacement law for black-body radiation. Weber described his work in a course at the ETH given during the winter semester of 1898-1899 for which Einstein registered. </p> <br /> <p>“By March 1899 Einstein had started to think seriously about the problem of radiation. In the spring of 1901 he was closely following Planck’s work on black-body radiation. Originally Planck had hoped to explain irreversibility by studying electromagnetic radiation but came to recognize that this could not be done without introducing statistical elements into the argument. In a series of papers published between 1897 and 1900 Planck utilized Maxwell’s electrodynamics to develop a theory of thermal radiation in interaction with one or more identical charged harmonic oscillators within a cavity. He was only able to account for the irreversible approach to thermal equilibrium by employing methods analogous to those Boltzmann used in kinetic theory. Planck introduced the notion of ‘natural’ that is maximally disordered radiation which he defined in analogy with Boltzmann’s definition of molecular chaos … </p> <br /> <p>“Planck calculated the average energy of an oscillator by making assumptions about the entropy of the oscillators that enabled him to derive Wien’s law for the blackbody spectrum which originally seemed well supported by the experimental evidence. But by the turn of the century new observations showed systematic deviations from Wien’s law for large values of temperature. </p> <br /> <p>“Planck in 1900 presented a new energy density distribution formula that agreed closely with observations over the entire spectrum … this expression now known as Planck’s law or Planck’s formula involves a new constant h later called Planck’s constant. To derive this formula Planck calculated the entropy of the oscillators using what Einstein later called ‘the Boltzmann principle’: S = k log W where S is the entropy of a macroscopic state of the system the probability of which is W and k is ‘Boltzmann’s constant’. Following Boltzmann Planck took W proportional to the number of ‘complexions’ or possible microconfigurations of the system corresponding to its state. He calculated this number by dividing the total energy of the state into a finite number of elements of equal magnitude and counting the number of possible ways of distributing these energy elements among the individual oscillators. If the size of the energy elements is set equal to hv where v is the frequency of the oscillators an expression for the entropy of an oscillator results that leads to Planck’s formula .</p> <br /> <p>“In the 1905 paper Einstein showed that the expression for the volume dependence of the entropy of radiation at a given frequency is similar in form to that of the entropy of an ideal gas. He concluded that ‘monochromatic radiation of low density behaves thermodynamically as though it consisted of quanta of energy which are independent of one another’ … Einstein opened the paper by pointing out the ‘fundamental formal distinction’ between current theories of matter in which the energy of a body is represented as a sum over a finite number of degrees of freedom and Maxwell’s theory in which the energy is a continuous spatial function having an infinite number of degrees of freedom. He suggested that the inability of Maxwell’s theory to give an adequate account of radiation might be remedied by a theory in which radiant energy is distributed discontinuously in space. Einstein formulated ‘the light quantum hypothesis’ that the energy of a light ray emitted from a point is not continuously distributed over an ever increasing space but consists of a finite number of energy quanta which are localized at points in space which move without dividing and which can only be produced and absorbed as complete units … Einstein asserted that Planck’s derivation implicitly assumes quantization of the energies of charged oscillators†Papers pp. 134-142.</p> <br /> <p>“In 1905 Einstein could not make sense of Planck’s derivation of Planck’s law. In fact he seems to have deliberately avoided any reference to Planck’s law in his reasoning … The following year Einstein ceased to avoid Planck’s law as he discovered a new way to justify Planck’s formal steps toward this law. If a resonator of frequency ν can only emit or absorb full light quanta Einstein reasoned then its energy can only be an integral multiple of hν and Planck’s characterization of the complexions for a set of resonators receives a dynamical justification. The only remaining difficulty is that Planck’s derivation of the relation between the average energy of a resonator and the spectral density of radiation becomes void. Einstein expressed the need of a new derivation based on some quantized dynamics for the interaction between matter and radiation. Ten years elapsed however before he filled the gap†Janssen & Lehner p. 126. </p> <br /> <p>In the final section of this paper Einstein gives a new application of his ‘heuristic principle’ to the explanation of the ‘Volta effect’ – that when two different metals are placed in contact a potential difference between them is observed.</p> <br /> <p>BRL 12; Weil 12. Shields “Writings of Albert Einstein†in Albert Einstein: Philosopher-Scientist 1948 pp. 689-758 no. 13; also included in Shields’ “Chronological list of principal works†on p. 757. The Cambridge Companion to Einstein Janssen & Lehner eds. 2014. The Collected Papers of Albert Einstein Vol. 2: The Swiss Years: Writings 1900-1909. Born ‘Arnold Johannes Wilhelm Sommerfeld 1868-1951’ Obituary Notices of Fellows of the Royal Society 8 1952 pp. 275-296.</p> <br /> <p>Cassidy “Einstein on the Photoelectric Effect.†Einstein: Image and Impact. American Institute of Physics n.d. Honner The Description of Nature 1988. Kuhn Black-Body Theory and the Quantum Discontinuity 1894-1912 1978. Pais Subtle is the Lord 1982.</p> <br/> <br/> 8vo 222 x 144 mm pp. 199-206. Original printed wrappers small chip from upper edge of front wrapper. Johann Ambrosius Barth unknown‎

Bookseller reference : 6413

‎EINSTEIN, ALBERT. - THE PHOTOELECTRIC EQUATION - THE NOBEL PRIZE PAPERS.‎

‎Zur Theorie der Lichterzeugung und Lichtsabsorption; withbound: Das princip von der Erhaltung der Schwerpunktsbewegung und die Trägheit der Energie; 2 papers.‎

‎Leipzig Johann Ambrosius Barth 1906. Full cloth. Spine with gilt lettering. In: "Annalen der Physik. Vierte Folge. Band 20. Herausgegeben von Paul Drude." Portrait Paul Drude VIII1048 pp. and 6 plates. Einstein papers: pp. 199-206 and 627-33. Internally fine and clean. The entire volume offered. Broad margins. <br/><br/><em>Both papers first edition. It was for the papers "Ueber einen die Erzeugung und Verwandlung des Lichtes betreffenden heuristischen Gesichtspunkt" of 1905 and "Zur Theorie der Lichterzeugung. Theory of light emission and absorption the offered item that Einstein was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1921. "The quantum theory has affected virtually every branch of physics. Its earliest and one of its most significant developments was Einstein's application of the theory to what is known as the 'photo-electrical effect'.Einstein explained this effext by suggesting that the classical view that light is emitted in the form of continous waves must be abandoned. The photo-electrical effect could be explained only as an example of quantum action where the waves of light or X-rays are emitted in minute particles or bullets. It is he size of the bullet the wave-lenght of the radiation which determines the number of electrons ejected. It was for this and not for the theory of relativity that Einstein was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1921. Einstein's two fundamental papers on this subject are "Ueber einem Erzeugung." 1905 and Zur Theorie der Lichterzeugung the paper offered here" PMM the note to 391. In the second paper Principle of the conservation of the centre of mass motion and the inertia of energy he shows that the conservation of mass is a special application of his energy principle E= Mc2 - Weil: 12 & 13.Among the many papers in this volume we have Max von Laue: Zur Thermodynamik der Inteferenzerscheinungen. pp. 365-378. </em> hardcover‎

Bookseller reference : 59121

‎Einstein, A.‎

‎Zur Theorie der Radiometerkräfte.‎

‎Braunschweig Friedrich Vierweg & Sohn; Berlin J. Springer 1924. 8vo 22.8 x 15.4 cm. 6 pp. Original printed wrappers. = On the theory of radiometer forces. "The Crookes radiometer also known as a light mill consists of an airtight glass bulb containing a partial vacuum with a set of vanes which are mounted on a spindle inside. The vanes rotate when exposed to light with faster rotation for more intense light providing a quantitative measurement of electromagnetic radiation intensity. The reason for the rotation was a cause of much scientific debate in the ten years following the invention of the device" Wikipedia. James Clerk Maxwell first gave a wrong then a correct explanation. However some subtleties still needed to be solved and in 1924 Albert Einstein had a crack at it "A partial explanation is that gas molecules hitting the warmer side of the vane will pick up some of the heat bouncing off the vane with increased speed. Giving the molecule this extra boost effectively means that a minute pressure is exerted on the vane. The imbalance of this effect between the warmer black side and the cooler silver side means the net pressure on the vane is equivalent to a push on the black side and as a result the vanes spin round with the black side trailing. The problem with this idea is that while the faster moving molecules produce more force they also do a better job of stopping other molecules from reaching the vane so the net force on the vane should be the same. The greater temperature causes a decrease in local density which results in the same force on both sides. Years after this explanation was dismissed Albert Einstein showed that the two pressures do not cancel out exactly at the edges of the vanes because of the temperature difference there. The force predicted by Einstein would be enough to move the vanes but not fast enough" Wikipedia. Contained first paper in: Zeitschrift für Physik volume 271. The complete issue in its original wrappers. Front wrapper slightly spotted at the fore and bottom edges. Volume number written on spine. A very good clean copy. Weil 139. unknown‎

Bookseller reference : 72535

‎EINSTEIN, A. (+) S. N. BOSE.‎

‎Zur Theorie der Radiometerkräfte Addendum to Bose's paper: Einstein Ãœber die Entwicklung des Drehkristallverfahrens. Bemerkung zu der Arbeit von Polanyi Schiebold und Wissenberg.‎

‎Berlin Springer 1924. 8vo. Bound in contemporary half cloth. In "Zeitschrift für Physik" Bd. 27. Entire volume offered. Stamp to front free end paper. Fine and clean. Einstein: Pp. 1-6; P. 392. Bose: P. 392. Entire volume: IV 395 1 pp. <br/><br/><em>First appearance of Einstein's paper on statistical mechanics and the physics of radiometers. Weil 139 143a </em> hardcover‎

Bookseller reference : 49431

‎EINSTEIN, ALBERT. - THE NOBEL-PRIZE PAPER.‎

‎Zur Theorie der Lichterzeugung und Lichtsabsorption; Eingegangen 13. März 1906. On the Theory of Light Production and Light Absorption.‎

‎Leipzig Johann Ambrosius Barth 1906. No wrappers. Extracted from "Annalen der Physik" Vierte Folge. Bd. 20. Pp. 199-206. Clean and fine. <br/><br/><em>First printing of one of the papers for which Einstein was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1921. It was for the papers "Ueber einen die Erzeugung und Verwandlung des Lichtes betreffenden heuristischen Gesichtspunkt" of 1905 and "Zur Theorie der Lichterzeugung. Theory of light emission and absorption the offered item that Einstein received the prize: "for his services to theoretical physics and especially for his discoveryof the law of the photoelectrical effect" - his reward was not based on relativity."The quantum theory has affected virtually every branch of physics. Its earliest and one of its most significant developments was Einstein's application of the theory to what is known as the 'photo-electrical effect'.Einstein explained this effext by suggesting that the classical view that light is emitted in the form of continous waves must be abandoned. The photo-electrical effect could be explained only as an example of quantum action where the waves of light or X-rays are emitted in minute particles or bullets. It is he size of the bullet the wave-lenght of the radiation which determines the number of electrons ejected. It was for this and not for the theory of relativity that Einstein was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1921. Einstein's two fundamental papers on this subject are "Ueber einem Erzeugung." 1905 and Zur Theorie der Lichterzeugung the paper offered here" PMM the note to 391.Weil: 12 with an asterix denoting a major paper - Boni:12. </em> unknown‎

Bookseller reference : 46956

‎EINSTEIN, ALBERT.‎

‎Zur Theorie der Lichtfortpflanzung in dispergierenden Medien.‎

‎Berlin Gruyter & Co. 1922. 4to. Orig.printed orange wrappers. Offprint/Sonderabdruck aus Sitzungsberichten. pp. 18-22. Fine fresh copy. <br/><br/><em>First edition in the rare Offprint still called "Abdruck". - Weil No. 120.The early Offprints from "Sitzungsberichten." are called "Sonderabdruck" up to Weil No.165 including this. From Weil 166 they are called "Sonderausgabe.". - Before 161 up to 160 the Offprints do not have separate title and pagination the pagination follows the numbering in the periodical. From 166 the Offprint has both separate printed title and pagination. - So Weil Nos 161-165 is still "Abdruck" but with separate title and pagination. These facts are not mentioned in the bibliographies. </em> unknown‎

Bookseller reference : 28358

‎Einstein, Albert (1879-1955)‎

‎Zur Theorie der Lichtfortpflanzung in dispergierenden Medien‎

‎Berlin: Sitzungsberichten der Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften 1922. First Thus. First Thus. Einstein Albert 1879-1955. Zur Theorie der Lichtfortpflanzung in dispergierenden Medien. Complete. Quarto. Offprint from Sitzungsberichten der Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften. Berlin: 1922. First edition in very fine condition. This superb offprint is a separate printing of the Prussian Academy's session reports here with independent pagination. A small number of such off prints were presented to the author by the publisher as voucher copies. References: Schilpp-Shields 162; Weil 120. This paper gives evidence that Einsteins ideas on the photon were not able to contradict classical theory. "Since after 1917 Einstein firmly believed that light-quanta were here to stay it is not surprising that he would look for new ways in which the existence of photons might lead to observable deviation from the classical picture. In this he did not succeed. At one point in 1921 he thought he had found a new quantum criterion but it soon turned out to be a false lead as demonstrated in this paper". An excellent example. "The early Offprints from "Sitzungsberichten." are called "Sonderabdruck" up to Weil No.165 including this. From Weil 166 they are called "Sonderausgabe.". - Before 161 up to 160 the Offprints do not have separate title and pagination the pagination follows the numbering in the periodical. From 166 the Offprint has both separate printed title and pagination. - So Weil Nos 161-165 is still "Abdruck" but with separate title and pagination. Sitzungsberichten der Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften unknown‎

Bookseller reference : 32430

‎Einstein, Albert‎

‎Zur Theorie der Lichtfortpflanzung in dispergierenden Medien. Weil 120. Offprint from S. preuss. Akad. Wiss‎

‎1922. unknown‎

Bookseller reference : 37405

‎EINSTEIN, ALBERT und W. MAYER.‎

‎Zwei strenge statische Lösungen der feldgleichungen der einheitlichen Feldtheorie.‎

‎Berlin Gruyter & Co. 1930. 4to. Orig. printed orange wrappers. Offprint/Sonderausgabe aus Sitzungsberichten.pp. 1-13. Fine fresh copy. <br/><br/><em>First edition in the rare Offprint with its separate printed title and separate pagination. Se Weil No. 170 not mentioning this.The early Offprints from "Sitzungsberichten." are called "Sonderabdruck" up to Weil No.165 including this. From Weil 166 they are called "Sonderausgabe.". - Before 161 up to 160 the Offprints do not have separate title and pagination the pagination follows the numbering in the periodical. From 166 the Offprint has both separate printed title and pagination. - So Weil Nos 161-165 is still "Abdruck" but with separate title and pagination. These facts are not mentioned in the bibliographies. </em> unknown‎

Bookseller reference : 28376

‎Einstein, Albert‎

‎Zwei strenge statische Losungen der Feldgleichungen der einheitlichen Feldtheorie. Offprint‎

‎Berlin: Akad. Wiss 1930. Weil 170. Offprint from S. preuss. Akad. Wiss. Akad. Wiss unknown‎

Bookseller reference : 37422

‎EINSTEIN, ALBERT‎

‎“Allgemeinen molekulare Theorie der Wärme†in Annalen der Physik 4. Folge Band 14‎

‎<p>Brown buckram. Library markings.</p><p>FIRST EDITION of Einstein's fifth published paper "On the General Molecular Theory of Heat" pp. 354-362.</p><br /> Annalen der Physik‎

Bookseller reference : 32820371

‎EINSTEIN, Albert‎

‎Ãœber das Relativitätprinzip und die aus demselben gezogenen Folgerungen On the relativity principle and the conclusions drawn from it. Offprint from: Jahrbuch der Radioaktivität und Elektronik Band 4 Heft 16‎

‎Leipzig: S. Hirzel 1907. First edition. <p>THE EQUIVALENCE PRINCIPLE ‘THE HAPPIEST THOUGHT OF MY LIFE’</p> . <p>First edition extremely rare author’s presentation offprint with ‘Überreicht vom Verfasser’ Presented by the Author stamped on front wrapper from the library of the great German physicist Arnold Sommerfeld of this crucially important transitional paper in which Einstein introduced the equivalence principle that uniform acceleration and gravitation are equivalent in their physical effects which launched him on his path to general relativity. “Einstein's efforts to incorporate gravitation into the theory of relativity led him in 1907 to formulate a new formal principle later named the principle of equivalence. He stressed that when gravitational effects are taken into account it is impossible to maintain the privileged role that inertial frames of reference still have in the original relativity theory. He concluded that if gravitation is to be included it is necessary to extend the relativity principle. The search for a group of transformations wider than the Lorentz group under which the laws of physics remain invariant when gravitation is included lasted from 1907 until the end of 1915 leading finally to what Einstein considered his greatest achievement the general theory of relativity†Collected Papers 2 p. xxix. “On p. 443 are probably the first explicit statements both of the equivalence of inertial and gravitational mass and of the equation for mass in terms of energy E = mc2 now regarded as the theoretical basis for the release of atomic energy†Weil. In 1905 “Einstein said that all energy of whatever sort has mass. It took even him two years more to come to the stupendous realization that the reverse must also hold: that all mass of whatever sort must have energy. . With mass and energy thus wholly equivalent Einstein was able in 1907 in a long and mainly expository paper published in the Jahrbuch der Radioactivität the offered paper to write his famous equation E = mc2 . In presenting his equation in 1907 Einstein spoke of it as the most important consequence of his theory of relativity†Hoffmann Albert Einstein p. 81. “Of greatest importance is the last part of the paper which generalizes the principle of relativity from uniformly moving systems to uniformly ‘accelerated’ systems. . He introduces the principle of equivalence which claims that the problem of a uniform and stationary gravitational field on the one hand and the system moving with a constant acceleration without any gravitation on the other hand are physically indistinguishable situations. This principle put him in a position to find out what effect gravitation has on an arbitrary physical phenomenon because all he had to do was to observe that phenomenon from an accelerated reference system. He thus obtains the speeding up of clocks in a field of increased gravitational potential which must lead to a universal red shift of the spectral lines coming from the Sun and likewise to a bending of light rays near to the limb of the Sun. Furthermore this hypothesis at once makes it clear why inertial mass and gravitational mass must be under all circumstances strictly proportional to one another. . Hence the principle of the energy value of inertial mass must be extended to the gravitational mass†Lanczos The Einstein Decade p. 153. Later Einstein wrote that when he was working on this paper “There occurred to me the happiest thought of my life in the following form. The gravitational field has only a relative existence in a way similar to the electric field generated by magnetoelectric induction. Because for an observer falling freely from the roof of a house there exists – at least in his immediate surroundings – no gravitational field†Einstein’s emphasis Pais Subtle is the Lord p. 178. Although Einstein submitted the paper on 4 December 1907; it was published in the January 22 issue of the Jahrbuch. This is one of Einstein’s rarest major papers in offprint form. RBH lists three copies: Plotnick Christie’s 2002; Einstein’s own collection of his offprints Christie’s 2008; and Richard Green Christie’s 2008. OCLC lists 6 copies worldwide Morgan; Princeton; Stanford; Trinity College Cambridge; Queen’s University Kingston ON; Thomas Fisher. This copy was presented by Einstein to one of the leading physicists of the time surely hoping to make himself known in the scientific world when he was still a technical expert in the Swiss Patent Office.</p> <br /> <p>Provenance: Arnold Sommerfeld 1868-1951 his signature and characteristic numbering in red pencil ‘11’ on front cover. “The son of a physician Sommerfeld was educated at the University of Königsberg. After teaching briefly at the universities of Göttingen Clausthal and Aachen he was appointed professor of physics at the University of Münich in 1906. Sommerfeld should have retired in 1936 in favour of his pupil Werner Heisenberg. Opposition from the Nazi party to Heisenberg’s appointment prolonged Sommerfeld’s tenure and it was not in fact until late 1939 that he finally retired to be succeeded not by Heisenberg but by Wilhelm Müller a Nazi aerodynamicist without a single publication in physics to his credit. Although Sommerfeld and Heisenberg were not Jewish they were regarded by the Nazis as Jewish sympathizers. Sommerfeld however survived the war and returned to his Münich chair in 1945 continuing to work at physics until he died in a car accident in 1951†Oxford Reference. “Arnold Sommerfeld was one of the most distinguished representatives of the transition period between classical and modern theoretical physics. The work of his youth was still firmly anchored in the conceptions of the nineteenth century; but when in the first decennium of the century the flood of new discoveries experimental and theoretical broke the dams of tradition he became a leader of the new movement and in combining the two ways of thinking he exerted a powerful influence on the younger generation. This combination of a classical mind to whom clarity of conception and mathematical rigour are essential with the adventurous spirit of a pioneer are the roots of his scientific success while his exceptional gift of communicating his ideas by spoken and written word made him a great teacher†Max Born p. 275. </p> <br /> <p>“His first important paper on relativity theory after 1905 is the 1907 review. This article was written at the request of Johannes Stark the editor of the Jahrbuch. On September 25 1907 Einstein had accepted this invitation. On November 1 Einstein further wrote to Stark: ‘I am now ready with the first part of the work for your Jahrbuch. I am working zealously on the second part in my unfortunately scarce spare time.’ Since this second part contains the remarks on gravitation it seems probable that Einstein’s ‘happiest thought’ came to him sometime in November 1907. We certainly know where he was when he had this idea. In his Kyoto lecture he told the story: ‘I was sitting in a chair in the patent office at Bern when all of a sudden a thought occurred to me. ‘If a person falls freely he will not feel his own weight!’ I was startled. This simple thought made a deep impression on me. It impelled me toward a theory of gravitation’ …</p> <br /> <p>“Three main issues are raised in Section V of the Jahrbuch article. </p> <br /> <p>The Equivalence Principle. ‘Is it conceivable that the principle of relativity also holds for systems which are accelerated relative to each other’ That is Einstein’s starting question. Then he gives the standard argument. A reference frame Σ1 is accelerated in the x direction with a constant acceleration γ. A second frame Σ2 is at rest in a homogeneous gravitational field which imparts an acceleration –γ in the x direction to all objects. ‘In the present state of experience we have no reason to assume that … Σ1 and Σ2 are distinct in any respect and in what follows we shall therefore assume the complete physical equivalence of a gravitational field and the corresponding acceleration of the reference frame. This assumption extends the principle of relativity to the case of uniformly accelerated motion of the reference frame … he began by applying his new postulate to the Maxwell equations always for uniform acceleration. He did not raise the question of the further extension to nonuniform acceleration until 1912 the year he first referred to his hypothesis as the ‘equivalence principle.’</p> <br /> <p>The Gravitational Red Shift. Many textbooks on relativity ascribe to Einstein the method of calculating the red shift by means of the Doppler effect of light falling from the top to the bottom of an upwardly accelerating elevator. That is indeed the derivation he gave in 1911. However he was already aware of the red shift in 1907. The derivation he gave at that time is less general more tortured and yet oddly more sophisticated. It deserves particular mention because it contains the germ of two ideas that were to become cornerstones of his final theory: the existence of local Lorenz frames and the constancy of the velocity of light for infinitesimally small paths …</p> <br /> <p>Maxwell’s Equations; Bending of Light; Gravitational Energy = mc2. Indomitably Einstein goes on. He tackles the Maxwell equations next. He concludes that Maxwell’s equations have the same form in a uniformly accelerated reference frame as in a non-accelerated frame but with a modified velocity of light. ‘It follows that the light rays … are bent by the gravitational field.’ Second he examines the energy conservation law in the accelerated frame and finds ‘a very notable result … In a gravitational field one must associate with every energy E an additional position-dependent energy which equals the position-dependent energy of a ‘ponderable’ mass of magnitude E/mc2. The law E = mc2 therefore holds not only for inertial but also for gravitational mass’ …</p> <br /> <p>“This review does not have the perfection of the 1905 paper on special relativity. The approximations are clumsy and mask the generality of the conclusions. Einstein was the first to say so in 1911. The conclusion about the bending of light is qualitatively correct quantitatively wrong – though in 1907 not yet logically wrong. Einstein was the first to realize this in 1915. Despite all this I admire this article at least as much as the perfect relativity paper on 1905 not as much for its details as for its courage†Pais pp. 179-182.</p> <br /> <p>“In 1920 Einstein recalled how he first arrived at the ideas behind the equivalence principle: </p> <br /> <p>‘While I was occupied in 1907 with a comprehensive survey of the special theory for the ‘Yearbook for Radioactivity and Electronics’ I also had to attempt to modify Newton’s theory of gravitation in such a way that its laws fitted into the theory. Attempts along these lines showed the feasibility of this enterprise but did not satisfy me because they had to be based on physical hypotheses that were not well-founded. Then there came to me the most fortunate thought of my life in the following form: </p> <br /> <p>‘Like the electric field generated by electromagnetic induction . the gravitational field only has a relative existence. Because for an observer freely falling from the roof of a house during his fall there exists—at least in his immediate neighborhood—no gravitation field. Indeed if the observer lets go of any objects relative to him they remain in a state of rest or uniform motion independently of their particular chemical or physical composition note by AE: air resistance is naturally ignored in this argument. The observer is thus justified in interpreting his state as being at rest. </p> <br /> <p>‘Through these considerations the unusually extraordinary experimental law that all bodies fall with equal acceleration in the same gravitational field immediately obtains a deep physical significance. For if there were just one single thing that fell differently from the others in the gravitational field then with its help the observer could recognize that he was falling in a gravitational field. If such a thing does not exist—which experiment has shown with great precision—then there is no objective basis for the observer to regard himself as falling in a gravitational field. Rather he has the right to regard his state as one of rest and with respect to a gravitational field his neighborhood as field free. The experimental fact of the material-independence of the acceleration due to gravity is thus a powerful argument for the extension of the relativity postulate to coordinate systems in non-uniform relative motion with respect to each other . The generalization of the relativity principle thus indicates a speculative path towards the investigation of the properties of the gravitational field.’ </p> <br /> <p>“Einstein alludes here to his initial attempts to set up a special-relativistic theory of gravitation but gives no details. In 1933 he gave the fullest account of how he ‘arrived at the equivalence principle by a detour Umweg’ through such attempts. After mentioning his doubts after 1905 about the privileged dynamical role of inertial systems and his early fascination by Mach’s idea that the acceleration of a body is not absolute but relative to the rest of the bodies in the universe he turns to the events of 1907:</p> <br /> <p>‘I first came a step closer to the solution of the problem when I attempted to treat the law of gravitation within the framework of special relativity. Like most authors at the time I attempted to establish a field law for gravitation since the introduction of an unmediated action at a distance was no longer possible at least in any sort of natural way on account of the abolition of the concept of absolute simultaneity. </p> <br /> <p>‘The simplest thing naturally was to preserve the Laplacian scalar gravitational potential and to supplement Poisson’s equation in the obvious way by a term involving time derivatives so that the special theory of relativity was satisfactorily taken into account. The equation of motion of a particle also had to be modified to accord with the special theory. The way to do so was less uniquely prescribed since the inertial mass of a body might well depend on its gravitational potential. This was even to be expected on the basis of the law of the inertia of energy. </p> <br /> <p>‘However such investigations led to a result that made me highly suspicious. For according to classical mechanics the vertical acceleration of a body in a vertical gravitational field is independent of the horizontal component of its velocity. This is connected with the fact that the vertical acceleration of a mechanical system or rather of its center of mass in such a gravitational field turns out to be independent of its internal kinetic energy. According to the theory I was pursuing however such an independence of the gravitational acceleration from the horizontal velocity or from the internal energy of a system did not occur.</p> <br /> <p>‘This did not accord with an old fact of experience that all bodies experience the same acceleration in a gravitational field. This law which can also be formulated as the law of equality of inertial and gravitational mass now appeared to me in its deep significance. I was most highly amazed by it and guessed that in it must lie the key to the deeper under- standing of inertia and gravitation.’ </p> <br /> <p>“Turning from later reminiscences let us see how Einstein presented his approach to gravitation in 1907:</p> <br /> <p>‘Up to now we have only applied the principle of relativity i.e. the presupposition that the laws of nature are independent of the state of motion of the reference system to acceleration-free reference systems. Is it conceivable that the principle of relativity also holds for systems that are accelerated relative to each other </p> <br /> <p>‘This is not the place for an exhaustive treatment of this question. Since however it is bound to occur to anyone who has followed the previous applications of the relativity principle I shall not avoid taking a position on the question here. Consider two systems in motion Σ1 and Σ2. Let Σ1 be accelerated in the direction of its X -axis and let γ be the magnitude constant in time of this acceleration. Let Σ2 be at rest but in a homogeneous gravitational field that imparts an acceleration –γ in the direction of the X -axis to all objects. As far as we know the laws of physics with respect to Σ1do not differ from those with respect to Σ2; this is due to the circumstance that all bodies in a gravitational field are equally accelerated. So we have no basis in the current state of our experience for the assumption that the systems Σ1and Σ2differ from each other in any respect; and therefore in what follows shall assume the complete physical equivalence of a gravitational field and the corresponding acceleration of a reference system. </p> <br /> <p>‘This assumption extends the principle of relativity to the case of uniformly-accelerated translational motion of the reference system. The heuristic value of this assumption lies in the circumstance that it allows the replacement of a homogeneous gravitational field by a uniformly accelerated reference system which to a certain extent is amenable to theoretical treatment.’ </p> <br /> <p>“Some further comments on this equivalence in his next paper on gravitation in 1911 are illuminating. He notes that in both systems objects subject to no other forces fall with constant acceleration:</p> <br /> <p>‘For the accelerated system K′ corresponding to the 1907 Σ1 this follows directly from the Galileian principle of inertia; for the system K at rest in a homogeneous gravitational field corresponding to the 1907 Σ2 however it follows from the experimental fact that in such a field all bodies are equally strongly uniformly accelerated. This experience of the equal falling of all bodies in a gravitational field is the most universal with which the observation of nature has provided us; in spite of that this law has not found any place in the foundations of our physical picture of the world … From this standpoint one can as little speak of the absolute acceleration of a reference system as one can of the absolute velocity of a system according to the usual special theory of relativity. Naturally one cannot replace an arbitrary gravitational field by a state of motion of the system without a gravitational field; just as little as one can trans- form all points of an arbitrarily moving medium to rest by a relativity transformation. From this standpoint the equal falling of all bodies in a gravitational field is obvious. </p> <br /> <p>‘As long as we confine ourselves to purely mechanical processes within the realm of validity of Newtonian mechanics we are certain of the equivalence of the systems K and K′. Our point of view will only have a deeper significance however if the systems K and K′ are equivalent with respect to all physical processes i.e. if the laws of nature with respect to K agree completely with those with respect to K′. By assuming this we obtain a principle that if it really is correct possesses a great heuristic significance. For by means of theoretical consideration of processes that take place relative to a uniformly accelerated reference system we obtain conclusions about the course of processes in a homogeneous gravitational field.’</p> <br /> <p>“With hindsight one can see that Einstein’s attempt to find the best way to implement mathematically the physical insights about gravitation incorporated in the equivalence principle was hampered significantly by the absence of the appropriate mathematical concepts. His insight as he put is a few years later that gravitation and inertia are “essentially the same†wesensgleich cries out for implementation by their incorporation into a single inertio-gravitational field represented mathematically by a non-flat affine connection on a four-dimensional manifold. But the concept of such a connection was only developed after and largely in response to the formulation of the general theory. So Einstein had to make do with what was available: Riemannian geometry and the tensor calculus as developed by the turn of the century i.e. based on the concept of the metric tensor without a geometrical interpretation of the covariant derivative†Stachel pp. 83-86.</p> <br /> <p>BRL 20; Stanitz 94; Weil 21. Born ‘Arnold Johannes Wilhelm Sommerfeld 1868-1951’ Obituary Notices of Fellows of the Royal Society 8 1952 pp. 275-296. Stachel ‘The first two acts’ pp. 81-112 in: Gravitation in the Twilight of Classical Physics. The Promise of Mathematics Renn & Schemmel eds. 2007.</p> <br/> <br/> 8vo 231 x 157 mm pp. 411-462. Original printed wrappers upper cover a bit soiled lower part of spine worn light vertical crease for posting faint ink stain to page 418 spine strip with wear and tear. S. Hirzel unknown‎

Bookseller reference : 6410

‎EINSTEIN, Albert‎

‎Ãœber den Einfluss der Schwerkraft auf die Ausbreitung des Lichtes On the influence of gravity on the propagation of light. Offprint from: Annalen der Physik Vierte Folge Band 35‎

‎Leipzig: Johann Ambrosius Barth 1911. First edition. <p>GRAVITATIONAL RED-SHIFT AND THE BENDING OF LIGHT</p> . <p>First edition extremely rare author’s presentation offprint with ‘Überreicht vom Verfasser’ Presented by the Author stamped on front wrapper from the library of the great German physicist Arnold Sommerfeld of Einstein’s “first paper completely devoted to general relativity†Brandt p. 105. This epochal paper applies the equivalence principle that acceleration and gravitation are equivalent in their physical effects to demonstrate two effects of gravity on light: the gravitational bending of light and the gravitational redshift. “In 1911 Einstein proceeded to revise and improve his earlier presentation in 1907 making the principle of equivalence the central feature of his treatment. Einstein now included an elegant proof based on a cyclic process reminiscent of thermodynamics that the gravitational mass of a body as well as its inertial mass is increased by the amount E/c2 when the body absorbs energy E c being the speed of light†Collected Papers p. xxix. Einstein applies this result to show first that if light of frequency ν travels a distance d against a gravitational field which would exert an acceleration g on a gravitating body its frequency is reduced by Δν = νgd/c2 – this is the gravitational redshift. And second Einstein deduced the deflection of a light ray moving in the gravitational field of a spherical body – he finds that the light suffers a deflection toward the source given by 2Gm/dc2 where d is the distance of closest approach to the body of mass m and G is the gravitational constant. “The paper ends with a plea to the astronomers: ‘It is urgently desirable that astronomers concern themselves with the question brought up here even if the foregoing considerations might seem insufficiently founded or even adventurous’†Pais p. 200. The bending of light was famously observed by Eddington and his team during a solar eclipse in 1919; the gravitational redshift was more difficult to measure but Einstein’s prediction was confirmed by Pound & Rebka at Harvard in 1960 using a laboratory experiment not astronomical observations. “Thus in 1911 we discern the first glimpses of the new Einstein program: to derive the equivalence principle from a new theory of gravitation. This cannot be achieved within the framework of what he called the ordinary relativity theory the special theory. Therefore one must look for a new theory not only of gravitation but also of relativity. Another point made in this paper likewise bears on that new program. ‘Of course one cannot replace an arbitrary gravitational field by a state of motion without gravitational field as little as one can transform to rest by means of a relativity transformation all points of an arbitrarily moving medium.’ This statement would continue to be true in the ultimate general theory of relativity†Pais pp. 195-196. OCLC lists three copies: King’s College London; Württembergische Landesbibliothek; Swiss National Library. RBH list only two other copies both sold by Christie’s: the Plotnick copy in 2002 and that in Einstein’s own collection of his offprints in 2008.</p> <br /> <p>Provenance: Arnold Sommerfeld 1868-1951 his characteristic numbering in red pencil ‘20’ on front cover. “The son of a physician Sommerfeld was educated at the University of Königsberg. After teaching briefly at the universities of Göttingen Clausthal and Aachen he was appointed professor of physics at the University of Münich in 1906. Sommerfeld should have retired in 1936 in favour of his pupil Werner Heisenberg. Opposition from the Nazi party to Heisenberg’s appointment prolonged Sommerfeld’s tenure and it was not in fact until late 1939 that he finally retired to be succeeded not by Heisenberg but by Wilhelm Müller a Nazi aerodynamicist without a single publication in physics to his credit. Although Sommerfeld and Heisenberg were not Jewish they were regarded by the Nazis as Jewish sympathizers. Sommerfeld however survived the war and returned to his Münich chair in 1945 continuing to work at physics until he died in a car accident in 1951†Oxford Reference. “Arnold Sommerfeld was one of the most distinguished representatives of the transition period between classical and modern theoretical physics. The work of his youth was still firmly anchored in the conceptions of the nineteenth century; but when in the first decennium of the century the flood of new discoveries experimental and theoretical broke the dams of tradition he became a leader of the new movement and in combining the two ways of thinking he exerted a powerful influence on the younger generation. This combination of a classical mind to whom clarity of conception and mathematical rigour are essential with the adventurous spirit of a pioneer are the roots of his scientific success while his exceptional gift of communicating his ideas by spoken and written word made him a great teacher†Max Born p. 275. </p> <br /> <p>“In 1907 still working at the patent office in Bern Einstein began to study the laws of physics in reference frames with an accelerated relative motion. When he completed this work in 1915 he called it the General Theory of Relativity. At various occasions Einstein recalled his starting point in this project. It struck him that a man falling from the top of a roof he said did not feel his own weight. In the reference frame of the building it is the weight or gravitational force which make the man fall but in a reference frame moving with the man there is another force exactly counteracting the weight so that there is no net force. In that frame the man stays at rest. Einstein realized that acceleration and gravitation are equivalent to each other. That was later called the equivalence principle. If he would be able to extend his theory of relativity to accelerated reference frames he would be able to do for the theory of gravitation what he had done for electrodynamics with special relativity. He gave a first glimpse at his new topic in a review article on special relativity written in 1907 ‘Über das Relativitätprinzip und die aus demselben gezogenen Folgerungen’ Jahrbuch der Radioaktivität und Elektronik Bd. 4 pp. 411-62†Brandt p. 105.</p> <br /> <p>“A few months before the Solvay Congress Einstein had returned to the questions concerning gravitation and accelerated frames of reference that he first raised in his 1907 review article on relativity. These subjects had gone unmentioned in his papers for four years and hardly ever appear in his correspondence during that time. But in June 1911 Einstein completed a short paper ‘On the Influence of Gravitation on the Propagation of Light.’ This was only a month after his letter to Besso announcing that he was abandoning his efforts to create a new theory of radiation. It looks as though his renunciation of that quest set him free to focus his attention once more on gravitation†Collected Papers p. xxix. </p> <br /> <p>“It is characteristic for Einstein that in the same paper he proposed a way to verify his predictions experimentally … From his formula for the gravitational redshift he computed that the frequency of a spectral line emitted by an atom on the surface of the sun would be reduced by two parts in a million when that light reached the earth. Thus a line spectrum originating from the sun is shifted to lower frequencies and therefore to longer wavelengths compared to a spectrum emitted in the laboratory. This redshift is difficult to measure because the surface of the sun is a nasty environment with high pressure storms and magnetic fields all influencing spectral lines. But with modern techniques it has been well established even in the laboratory with radiation climbing against the earth’s gravitation for only a few meters.</p> <br /> <p>“Einstein also computed the bending of light by gravitation. If the light of a star passes near the surface of the sun and is then observed by an astronomer on the earth the star appears to be in a slightly different position because the light was attracted by the sun and thus the ray was bent on its way from star to the earth. Einstein found a bending angle of 0.83 seconds of an arc. This number was too small by a factor of two but nobody knew because the effect had not been measured. However Einstein himself realized that his theory had to be refined. For a homogeneous gravitational field a field that is constant everywhere he could replace gravitation by a single transformation to an accelerated coordinate system. For a more complicated field like that of the sun or that of all stars the transformation would have to be different for every point in space. That seemed a formidable problem†Brandt p. 106. The correct calculation of light bending was made only in 1915 when Einstein had the final version of general relativity.</p> <br /> <p>“His 1911 paper was specifically prompted by his new realization that it should be possible to observe the gravitational bending of light … One had to observe a star whose light would travel close by the sun on its way to the observer. This could be done during a total eclipse of the sun …</p> <br /> <p>“Einstein took the initiative in consulting experimental colleagues about the possibilities for checking these results. In August 1911 he began corresponding with W.H. Julius of Utrecht about the gravitational redshift among other matters. At about the same time he raised with Erwin Freundlich at Berlin the question of observing the deflecting of starlight by the gravitational field of the sun a subject on which he corresponded with George Ellery Hale at the Mount Wilson Observatory two years later. There would however be no reliable results on either of these subjects for years to come. But whether or not there were experimental results to help in guiding his work generalizing relativity and creating a new theory of gravitation became the problem that absorbed his attention for the next few years. ‘I am just now lecturing on the foundations of that poor dead mechanics which is so beautiful’ he wrote to Zangger a month after the Solvay Congress. ‘What will its successor look like With that question I torment myself ceaselessly’†Collected Papers pp. xxix-xxx.</p> <br /> <p>“English interest in the bending of light developed soon after copies of Einstein’s general relativity papers were sent from Holland by de Sitter to Arthur Stanley Eddington at Cambridge … a subsequent report by Eddington … stressed the importance of the deflection of light. In March 1917 the Astronomer Royal Sir Frank Watson Dyson drew attention to the excellence of the star configuration on May 29 1919 another eclipse date for measuring the alleged deflection … Two expeditions were mounted one to Sobral in Brazil led by Andrew Crommelin from the Greenwich Observatory and one to Principe Island off the coast of Spanish Guinea led by Eddington. Before departing Eddington wrote ‘The present eclipse expeditions may for the first time demonstrate the weight of light i.e. the Newton value; or they may confirm Einstein’s weird theory of non-Euclidean space which predicted twice the Newton value; or they may lead to a result of yet more far-reaching consequences – no deflection’ … The expeditions returned. Data analysis began. According to a preliminary report by Eddington to the meeting of the British Association held in Bournemouth on September 9-13 the bending of light lay between 0.87 and double that value. Word reached Lorentz. Lorentz cabled Einstein … Then came November 6 1919 the day on which Einstein was canonized … the setting a joint meeting of the Royal Society and the Royal Astronomical Society resembled a Congregation of Rites. Dyson acted as postulator ably assisted by Crommelin and Eddington as advocate-procurators. Dyson speaking first concluded his remarks with the statement ‘After a careful study of the plates I am prepared to say that they confirm Einstein’s prediction. A very definite result has been obtained that light is deflected in accordance with Einstein's law of gravitation’†Pais pp. 304-305.</p> <br /> <p>The gravitational bending of light has recently found a new application – the search for extra-solar planets. “… the ‘most curious effect’ of the bending of starlight by the gravity of intervening foreground stars – now commonly referred to as ‘gravitational microlensing’ – has become one of the successfully applied techniques to detect planets orbiting stars other than the Sun while being quite unlike any other … Gravitational microlensing favours a range of orbital separations that covers planets whose orbital periods are too long to allow detection by other indirect techniques but which are still too close to their host star to be detected by means of their emitted or reflected light. Rather than being limited to the Solar neighbourhood a unique opportunity is provided for inferring a census of planets orbiting stars belonging to two distinct populations within the Milky Way with a sensitivity not only reaching down to Earth mass but even below with ground-based observations. The capabilities of gravitational microlensing extend even to obtaining evidence of a planet orbiting a star in another galaxy†Dominik.</p> <br /> <p>BRL 39; Parkinson p. 471; Weil 43. The Collected Papers of Albert Einstein vol. 3 The Swiss Years: Writings 1909–1911 Princeton: Princeton University Press 1994. Born ‘Arnold Johannes Wilhelm Sommerfeld 1868-1951’ Obituary Notices of Fellows of the Royal Society 8 1952 pp. 275-296. Brandt The Harvest of a Century Oxford: Oxford University Press 2009. Dominik ‘Studying planet populations with Einstein’s blip’ Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical Physical and Engineering Sciences vol. 368 no. 1924 2010. Pais Subtle is the Lord Oxford: Clarendon Press 1982.</p> <br/> <br/> 8vo 222 x 144 mm pp. 1 blank 898–908. Original printed orange wrappers light vertical crease for posting. Johann Ambrosius Barth unknown‎

Bookseller reference : 6407

‎Einstein, A.‎

‎Ãœber die spezielle und die allgemeine Relativitätstheorie Wissenschaftliche Taschenbücher 59 German Edition‎

‎hardcover. Good. Access codes and supplements are not guaranteed with used items. May be an ex-library book. hardcover‎

Bookseller reference : 3112596013.G ISBN : 3112596013 9783112596012

‎Einstein, Albert‎

‎Ãœber die spezielle und die allgemeine Relativitätstheorie.‎

‎1969. Berlin/ Oxford/ Braunschweig Akademie-Verlag/ Pergamon Press/ Vieweg&Sohn 1969. Kl.-8°. 4 Abb. im Text 130 S. 1 Bl. Anzeigen. Original-Kartonband leicht braunrandig und kncikspurig. Innen sauber und gut erhalten. Wissenschaftliche Taschenbücher Band 59. unknown‎

Bookseller reference : 46171HB

‎Einstein, Albert.‎

‎Ãœber die spezielle und die allgemeine Relativitätstheorie. Mit dem Bildniss des Verfassers nach Herm.Struck. 11. Aufl. 46.-50. Tsd.‎

‎Braunschweig Vieweg 1921. IV 91 S. OKart. etwas gebräunt Umschlag randrissig = Sammlung Vieweg ; 38. Weil 90 zur Erstausgabe von 1917. Braunschweig, Vieweg 1921. unknown‎

Bookseller reference : NAT2035a

‎Einstein, A.‎

‎Ãœber Die Spezielle Und Die Allgemeine Relativitätstheorie‎

‎De Gruyter 1969. Hardcover. New. 21 reprint edition. 136 pages. German language. 5.00x0.44x8.00 inches. De Gruyter hardcover‎

Bookseller reference : x-3112595998 ISBN : 3112595998 9783112595992

‎Einstein, Albert‎

‎Ãœber die Spezielle und Allgemeine Relativitätstheorie: Gemeinverständlich German Edition‎

‎paperback. Good. Access codes and supplements are not guaranteed with used items. May be an ex-library book. paperback‎

Bookseller reference : 3322983196.G ISBN : 3322983196 9783322983190

‎Einstein, Albert‎

‎Ãœber die Entwickelung unserer Anschauungen über das Wesen und die Konstitution der Strahlung 20: pp.482-500.‎

‎1909. Verh. Dtsch. Physik. Ges. 11/ 1-24. - Hrsg. im Auftrage der Gesellschaft von Karl Scheel. - Braunschweig Druck und Verlag von Friedrich Vieweg und Sohn 1909 8° VII 749 pp. Abbildungen Halbleinenband d.Zt.; St.a.Tit.; feines Expl. First Edition! The true first printing see below of this paper which Wolfgang Pauli said "can be considered as one of the landmarks in the development of theoretical physics" Schilpp p. 154. This paper marks the introduction of the modern "photon" concept although the term itself was introduced much later in a 1926 paper by Gilbert N. Lewis. It contains "the first well-conceived promulgation of the wave-particle duality of light which had implications as profound as Einstein's earlier theoretical breakthroughs" Isaacson p.157. Einstein here anticipated the principle of complementarity one of the fundamental principles of quantum mechanics. His own proposal for a solution of the wave-particle paradox - that Maxwell's equations for electromagnetic fields be modified to allow wave solutions that are bound to singularities of the field - was never developed although it may have influenced Louis de Broglie's pilot wave hypothesis for quantum mechanics developed in his famous thesis Recherches sur la théorie des quanta 1924. The present paper was also published in Physikalische Zeitschrift Vol. 10 1909 but the Verhandlungen printing has priority: it was published on 30 October 1909 the Physikalische Zeitschrift printing appeared on 10 November. "This extensive paper given as lecture before the 81st assembly of the "Gesellschaft Deutscher Naturforscher" in Salzburg on 21st September 1909. He spoke on "The Development of Our View of the Nature and Constitution of Radiation" a topic that embraced both relativity and quanta. Among those who attended Einstein's lecture were some of the world's foremost physicists. In Einstein's austere opinion his address regarded strictly as a work of science was of little importance since as he writes to a co-worker it contained nothing new. Einstein was being overmodest. Besides to many in Einstein's audience and it should be born in mind that it was the year after Minkowski's stirring introduction of the concept of the fourth dimension this Lecture came as a revelation. The occasion was important for Einstein too. He had been working for years in a sort of scientific exile and his curiosity as to what great scientists were like in face-to-face discussion was at least as great as their curiosity about him. His confidence in himself was certainly not harmed when he found that he was able to hold his own easily in their company. Moreover at this congress Einstein first met Planck. In addition he made new'lasting friendships leading to a voluminous scientific correspondence. Amongst those attending the congress were Max von Laue Max Born. Arnold Sommerfeld Hasnohrl. Ladenburg. Max von Laue was to be the first to publish in 1911 the first text-book on relativity theory. All of them are present in this issue with scientific papers of their own." Walter Alicke 11. Jahrg. 30. Oktober 1909 Nr. 20 - Vorgetragen in der Sitzung der physiklaischen abteilung der 81. Versalung Deutscher Naturforscher und Ärzte zu Salzburg am 21. September 1909." Weil No. 30; Schilpp-Shields No. 30; Hoffmann Einstein p. 93. unknown‎

Bookseller reference : 52424

‎Einstein, Albert 1879-1955‎

‎Ãœber die spezielle und allgemeine Relativitätstheorie gemeinverständlich German Edition‎

‎hardcover. Good. Access codes and supplements are not guaranteed with used items. May be an ex-library book. hardcover‎

Bookseller reference : 1015495907.G ISBN : 1015495907 9781015495906

‎Einstein, Albert‎

‎Ãœber die Möglichkeit einer neuen Prüfung des Relativitätsprinzips; 2 Bemerkungen zu der Notiz von Hrn. Paul Ehrenfest: "Die translation deformierbarer Elektronen und der Flächensatz"; 3 Ãœber die vom relativitätsprinzip geforderte Trägheit der Energie. In Annalen der Physik 23‎

‎Leipzig: Johann Ambrosius Barth 1907. Einstein explicitly establishes E=mc2.<p>Einstein Albert 1879-1955. 1 Ãœber die Möglichkeit einer neuen Prüfung des Relativitätsprinzips. In Annalen der Physik 23 6: pp. 197-8. 2 Bemerkungen zu der Notiz von Hrn. Paul Ehrenfest: "Die translation deformierbarer Elektronen und der Flächensatz." In Annalen der Physik 23 6: pp. 206-8. 3 Ãœber die vom relativitätsprinzip geforderte Trägheit der Energie. In Annalen der Physik 23 7: pp. 371-384. 8vo. Red cloth gilt lettering on spine. 214 x 140 mm. Whole volume: viii 1000 pp. 4 plates numbered Taf. I - IV. Tafs. I II and IV are folding Taf. III is b/w silver photograph tipped to sheet. Foot of the spine is repaired. Very good. </p> <br /> <br /> <p>Approximate English translations of titles: 1 "On the possibility of a new test of the principle of relativity." 2 "Remarks on Mr. Paul Ehrenfest's note: 'The translation of deformable electrons and the surface theorem.'" 3 "On the inertia of energy required by the principle of relativity." </p> In “On the inertia of energy required by the relativity principle†May 1907 “Using rather than m V rather than c and 0 rather than E0 Einstein wrote his famous equation for the first time as V2= 0 and he did it in a footnote. At the end of that paper he introduced the symbol E0 to denote energy in the rest frame and wrote the famous expression again this time as =E0/V2.†-Eugene Hecht How Einstein confirmed E0 = mc2 </p> <p> In the third paper Einstein explicitly establishes his famous equation E=mc2 although with different symbols. In this paper Einstein discussed the relationship between inertial mass and energy arguing for their complete equivalence namely that every mass has an equivalent energy just as every form of energy has an equivalent mass. This relation says that a photon can convert for the equivalence of mass and energy his celebrated equation E = mc2 Calaprice The Einstein Almanac. </p> <br /> <br /> <p> Weil's Einstein Bibliography nos. 17 18 and 19 respectively. <br> Boni's Einstein Checklist nos. 17 18 and 19 respectively.</p> . Johann Ambrosius Barth unknown‎

Bookseller reference : 50420

‎Einstein, Albert‎

‎Ãœber Die Spezielle Und Allgemeine Relativitätstheorie: Gemeinverständlich‎

‎Vieweg Teubner Verlag 1963. Paperback. New. 19 edition. 113 pages. German language. 8.26x5.82x0.32 inches. Vieweg + Teubner Verlag paperback‎

Bookseller reference : x-3322983196 ISBN : 3322983196 9783322983190

‎Einstein, Albert‎

‎Ãœber Die Spezielle Und Die Allgemeine Relativitätstheorie: Gemeinverständlich‎

‎Vieweg Teubner Verlag 1920. Paperback. New. 10 spi rep edition. 95 pages. German language. 8.51x5.52x0.25 inches. Vieweg + Teubner Verlag paperback‎

Bookseller reference : x-3663037754 ISBN : 3663037754 9783663037750

‎EINSTEIN, ALBERT & J. LAUB.‎

‎Ãœber die elektromagnetischen Grundgleichungen für bewegte Körper Fundamental equations of the electromagnetism of moving bodies; And same authors: Ãœber die elektromagnetischen Felde auf ruhende Körper ausgeübten ponderomotorischen Kräfte Ponderom.‎

‎Leipzig J.A. Barth 1908. 2 contemp. hcalf and hcloth. Spines slightly rubbed. In "Annalen der Physik. Hrsg. von W. Wien und M. Planck" vol. 26 and 27. VI1032 and plates pp. VIII1112 pp. and plates.- Einstein & Laub papers: pp.532-541 pp. 541-550 pp. p. 232. Whole volumes offered. <br/><br/><em>First editions of all three papers.- Volume 26 contains also a first printing of Max Planck. "Zur Dynamik bewegter Systeme". Pp. 1-34. Planck Akademie No 76. - Weil: 22 1-2 and 23. </em> hardcover‎

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