206 risultati
1953104 pages. Features: .Great colour photo ad for Chevrolet Trucks inside front cover; New Holland forage harvester ad featuring their Flo-Trac feed; Nice Buick ad; Great colour one-page ad for Lucky Strike cigarettes; Photo of Footballer Bobby Layne is featured in a Prest-o-lite battery ad; Nice color-photo one-page ad for International Harvester tractors features their Farmall Fast-Hitch; Let's eally Sell Milk; How to stay in the Beef business with Brood Cows and Feeder Cattle; Is Your Pond a Money Maker?; International Trade Makes You Prosperous; Jabez and the Devil's Seat; Careful Credit can work for you; Sweet color ad for Studebaker Trucks; Meet-type hogs save time and feed; Low-cost housing for small flocks of hens; "Ferguson 30" tractor ad; Great color-photo one-page ad for New Idea pickers; Great photo ad for Willys Jeeps and 4-Wheel-Drive trucks; Great GM auto products color centerfold displays many of their brands/products; Checking your cattle for 'Slow Drag"; Kohler Electric Plants (Generator) ad; Rhubard Ridge cartoon; Margaret Lindsay appears in a colour photo ad for Crosley fridges; Nice Ford car ad; Opera for Everybody; Colour fashion photos show creations by designer Helen Rose of M-G-M; Basic training for your dog; Article on teaching children the facts of life by Beulah France, R.N.; Ann Delafield cosmetics ad features her photo; Pansies for Sale - a nice small business; Nice one-page colour photo ad for 7UP features a family picnic of fried chicken; Just What is Wrong with Abundance?. Moderate wear. Unmarked. Binding intact. A sound vintage copy. Magazine
1969rif. 229941969. LGBTQTransgenderCross-Dressing Anonymous. Miss High-heels. New York: Grove Press Inc. 1969. First U.S. edition. Octavo. Lime green cloth boards in original photo-illustrated dust jacket. First published anonymously in Paris in 1931 Miss High-heels is an infamous work of fetishistic and feminization-themed erotica presented here in its first U.S. printing by Grove Press known for its defiance of censorship and promotion of transgressive literature. The novel tells the story of Dennis Evelyn Beryl a young effeminate English aristocrat who under the coercive influence of his domineering step-sister Helen is gradually transformed into "Denise" the titular Miss High-heels. Framed as a fictional memoir penned at Helen's command the narrative follows Dennis's journey from privileged heir to submissive cross-dresser. He is forced into girls' school stripped of masculine identifiers and eventually returned to the family estate clothed in "diamond-buckled satin slippers" and "the finest silks and satins" fully assuming the role of a "fetichiste-du-pied." Themes of humiliation and gender inversion mark the main character's transition as a fetish story but the book also allows for them to feel comfortable in their new identity: "Eventually Dennis is brought to realize how much more pleasurable is his life as a young girl and he willingly abandons his name fortune and life to the whims of Helen." Notable both for its elaborate prose and for its early depiction of forced feminization fantasy Miss High-heels occupies a space between pornography and proto-trans literature which would later flourish in small press chapbook format in the 80s and 90s. While drenched in the misogynistic and sadomasochistic tropes of its genre the text is nevertheless of interest among scholars of queer publishing history. Binding tight and square; boards clean; jacket bright with light shelfwear and a single 1/2 in closed tear at the top margin of front panel. Overall near fine in very good dust jacket. A historically resonant text in trans and fetish literature. unknown books
1969rif. 229941969. LGBTQTransgenderCross-Dressing Anonymous. Miss High-heels. New York: Grove Press Inc. 1969. First U.S. edition. Octavo. Lime green cloth boards in original photo-illustrated dust jacket. First published anonymously in Paris in 1931 Miss High-heels is an infamous work of fetishistic and feminization-themed erotica presented here in its first U.S. printing by Grove Press known for its defiance of censorship and promotion of transgressive literature. The novel tells the story of Dennis Evelyn Beryl a young effeminate English aristocrat who under the coercive influence of his domineering step-sister Helen is gradually transformed into "Denise" the titular Miss High-heels. Framed as a fictional memoir penned at Helen's command the narrative follows Dennis's journey from privileged heir to submissive cross-dresser. He is forced into girls' school stripped of masculine identifiers and eventually returned to the family estate clothed in "diamond-buckled satin slippers" and "the finest silks and satins" fully assuming the role of a "fetichiste-du-pied." Themes of humiliation and gender inversion mark the main character's transition as a fetish story but the book also allows for them to feel comfortable in their new identity: "Eventually Dennis is brought to realize how much more pleasurable is his life as a young girl and he willingly abandons his name fortune and life to the whims of Helen." Notable both for its elaborate prose and for its early depiction of forced feminization fantasy Miss High-heels occupies a space between pornography and proto-trans literature which would later flourish in small press chapbook format in the 80s and 90s. While drenched in the misogynistic and sadomasochistic tropes of its genre the text is nevertheless of interest among scholars of queer publishing history. Binding tight and square; boards clean; jacket bright with light shelfwear and a single 1/2 in closed tear at the top margin of front panel. Overall near fine in very good dust jacket. A historically resonant text in trans and fetish literature. unknown
rif. DADAX3777429775New unknown
1994rif. 201941994. Elliott Stephan director. The Adventures of Priscilla Queen of the Desert 1994 documents drag performance transgender identity and queer mobility within late twentieth-century cinema situating its narrative in the Australian Outback as three performers travel together and encounter varied social environments. The film follows characters portrayed by Guy Pearce Hugo Weaving and Terence Stamp with Stamp's role as Bernadette presenting a transgender woman within a narrative that foregrounds resilience performance and community. Released during a period of expanding international visibility for LGBTQ stories the film received critical recognition for its costume design and visual presentation winning the Academy Award for Best Costume Design at the 67th Academy Awards and later developed into a stage musical that extended its cultural reach. Its portrayal of drag and transgender experience contributed to broader shifts in representation within global cinema during the 1990s. The Adventures of Priscilla Queen of the Desert. PolyGram Filmed Entertainment: Australia 1994. Archive of four original silver gelatin press photographs each measuring approximately 8 x 10 inches. Images include Terence Stamp as Bernadette in formal attire and Guy Pearce both in and out of drag including a performance costume featuring elaborate feathered design. Photographs retain the compositional clarity typical of studio-issued promotional stills intended for press and publicity use. Produced at a time when LGBTQ narratives were gaining increased prominence in international film these photographs align with the circulation of queer cinema across national boundaries and the role of visual promotion in shaping audience reception. The emphasis on costume character and performance reflects the film's engagement with identity as both lived experience and theatrical expression. As a group the images contribute to the documentation of late twentieth-century LGBTQ representation in film and the visual culture surrounding its promotion. Images crisp with no visible edge wear; overall very good condition. unknown books
1994rif. 201941994. Elliott Stephan director. The Adventures of Priscilla Queen of the Desert 1994 documents drag performance transgender identity and queer mobility within late twentieth-century cinema situating its narrative in the Australian Outback as three performers travel together and encounter varied social environments. The film follows characters portrayed by Guy Pearce Hugo Weaving and Terence Stamp with Stamp's role as Bernadette presenting a transgender woman within a narrative that foregrounds resilience performance and community. Released during a period of expanding international visibility for LGBTQ stories the film received critical recognition for its costume design and visual presentation winning the Academy Award for Best Costume Design at the 67th Academy Awards and later developed into a stage musical that extended its cultural reach. Its portrayal of drag and transgender experience contributed to broader shifts in representation within global cinema during the 1990s. The Adventures of Priscilla Queen of the Desert. PolyGram Filmed Entertainment: Australia 1994. Archive of four original silver gelatin press photographs each measuring approximately 8 x 10 inches. Images include Terence Stamp as Bernadette in formal attire and Guy Pearce both in and out of drag including a performance costume featuring elaborate feathered design. Photographs retain the compositional clarity typical of studio-issued promotional stills intended for press and publicity use. Produced at a time when LGBTQ narratives were gaining increased prominence in international film these photographs align with the circulation of queer cinema across national boundaries and the role of visual promotion in shaping audience reception. The emphasis on costume character and performance reflects the film's engagement with identity as both lived experience and theatrical expression. As a group the images contribute to the documentation of late twentieth-century LGBTQ representation in film and the visual culture surrounding its promotion. Images crisp with no visible edge wear; overall very good condition. unknown
2006rif. 1093485Stuttgart : Reclam, 2006. 79 S. : Ill. ; 15 cm kart.
1992Mm 205x280 Volume nella sua brossura originale, sovraccoperta con dorso scolorito dalla luce, 287 pagine con 183 illustrazioni in nero e a colori. Opera in ottime condizioni, mai letta. SPEDIZIONE IN 24 ORE DALLA CONFERMA DELL'ORDINE.
rif. 13865'Royal Pier Hotel Ryde July 25th 1842.' 'Office of the Proprietor No. 22 Church Street Soho London' amended in manuscript to '138 Holborn Bars'. Text: 2pp. foolscap 8vo 35 x 20.5cm. Engraving: 12 x 16cm with corners clipped. Both items in fair condition on aged paper. The text is cropped at the head through a royal crest and has rounded corners at the head and trimmed corners at the foot. The engraving has traces of grey paper mount on reverse. The text has lithograph illustrations of two side-views of four-wheel carriages with the drag applied beneath the cropped crest and above the title 'WRIGHT'S PATENT DRAG.' Text consists of around 60 lines in copperplate. After explaining 'the great benefit obtained by unskidding the wheel before reaching the bottom of a hill' it gives 'Directions for use' referring to the accompanying engraving. 'It can be applied without regard to the pace in case of accident and may be accomplished by a child ten years of age.' Text ends with four testimonials: first from George Rendall William Lambert Coachman and John Whittington Coach Builder proprietors of 'the Rocket Coach running daily from Newport to this place Ryde and Ventnor'; second from the 'Mining Journal Railway & Commercial Gazette'; third from the 'United Service Gazette; fourth from the 'Sporting Review' 'Much trouble is saved and no little time consequently gained when Carriages are descending hills by the adoption of Wright's Patent Drag; an invention which we pronounce to be "all Wright and no mistake!"'. The engraving is a side-view of a four-wheel carriage with royal crest and 'VR' for 'Victoria Regina' on the side. Captioned at foot: 'WRIGHT'S PATENT DRAG.' From the archive of William Silk b.1824 coachbuilder of the firm Silk & Sons Long Acre London. Scarce: no copies traced on COPAC or OCLC WorldCat. 'Royal Pier Hotel, Ryde, | July 25th, 1842.' ['Office of the Proprietor, No. 22 Church Street, Soho, London' , amended in manusc unknown
1983rif. 022826Long Beach CA: International Privy Council Publisher 1983. Wraps. Very Good. Printed wraps. Unpaginated about 30 pp. A few photos throughout. A program for the ceremonies and coronation of the 1983 Emperor and Empress of the International Privy Council of Long Beach. Now known as the Imperial Court of Long Beach the International Privy Council was formed in 1971 and is part of the Imperial Court System of organizations who raise money for LGBTQ causes. VERY GOOD condition. Minor edgewear. International Privy Council, Publisher unknown
1920rif. List2734Unknown location 1920. Approximately 10 x 13 inches. Some tears and chips at edges very good contrast editorial overpainting on recto overall very good. Marks on verso reading “Julian Eltinge Hippodrome March 12”. Very good. Julian Eltinge 1881/1883–1941 was an American actor and “female impersonator”—in today’s terms a drag performer—from Newtonville Massachusetts. Eltinge’s drag career began at age ten and by the early 1900s he was touring internationally performing a vaudeville act wherein the “audience was completely deceived as to Eltinge’s sex until he removed his wig”1. This portrait shows Eltinge seated in costume. On the reverse is written “Julian Eltinge Hippodrome March 12” and the front is signed “Herold Brown” this signature does not appear to belong to commercial photographer Harold M. Brown. A stamp is legible that dates the photograph to the 1920s though the exact year is not legible. Eltinge has been described as “without question the most famous female impersonator of all time” ibid. 1 Slide Anthony “Julian Eltinge” in The Vaudevillians: A Dictionary of Vaudeville Performers Westport Connecticut: Arlington House 1981 46. unknown books
1920rif. List2734Unknown location 1920. Approximately 10 x 13 inches. Some tears and chips at edges very good contrast editorial overpainting on recto overall very good. Marks on verso reading “Julian Eltinge Hippodrome March 12”. Very good. Julian Eltinge 1881/1883–1941 was an American actor and “female impersonator”—in today’s terms a drag performer—from Newtonville Massachusetts. Eltinge’s drag career began at age ten and by the early 1900s he was touring internationally performing a vaudeville act wherein the “audience was completely deceived as to Eltinge’s sex until he removed his wig”1. This portrait shows Eltinge seated in costume. On the reverse is written “Julian Eltinge Hippodrome March 12” and the front is signed “Herold Brown” this signature does not appear to belong to commercial photographer Harold M. Brown. A stamp is legible that dates the photograph to the 1920s though the exact year is not legible. Eltinge has been described as “without question the most famous female impersonator of all time” ibid. 1 Slide Anthony “Julian Eltinge” in The Vaudevillians: A Dictionary of Vaudeville Performers Westport Connecticut: Arlington House 1981 46. unknown
1960rif. 152883Los Angeles: National Hot Rod Association 1960. Original style guide for freelance reporters and photographers covering competition drag racing created by the National Hot Rod Association NHRA circa 1960s. The NHRA was founded by Wally Parks editor of Hot Rod magazine in 1951 in order to promote "safety sportsmanship and fellowship" among racer and more broadly to convince the general public and especially police that there was a difference between reckless street racers and hot rod drivers. In 1960 the association began publishing "National Dragster" a biweekly news magazine featuring racing stats and interviews which continues to be published today. Housed in black wrappers with a die-cut title window in the British style. Mimeograph duplication rectos only. Ten leaves not numbered. Wrapper Very Good plus leaves Very Good plus lightly age-toned bound internally with three silver brads. National Hot Rod Association unknown books
1960rif. 152883Los Angeles: National Hot Rod Association 1960. Original style guide for freelance reporters and photographers covering competition drag racing created by the National Hot Rod Association NHRA circa 1960s. The NHRA was founded by Wally Parks editor of Hot Rod magazine in 1951 in order to promote "safety sportsmanship and fellowship" among racer and more broadly to convince the general public and especially police that there was a difference between reckless street racers and hot rod drivers. In 1960 the association began publishing "National Dragster" a biweekly news magazine featuring racing stats and interviews which continues to be published today. Housed in black wrappers with a die-cut title window in the British style. Mimeograph duplication rectos only. Ten leaves not numbered. Wrapper Very Good plus leaves Very Good plus lightly age-toned bound internally with three silver brads. National Hot Rod Association unknown
1927rif. 24425Paris Les cahiers de la république des lettres, des sciences et des arts 1927 -in-8 broché un volume, broché in-octavo Editeur (paperback in-8 Editor)(19,5 x 14,3 cm), dos muet, toutes tranches non-rognées, orné de dessins de DRAG et 3 hors-texte de Carême, 96 pages + 10 p. de supplément, 1927 Paris Les cahiers de la république des lettres, des sciences et des arts Editeur,
1996rif. LFA-126724154N° 143 - Octobre 1996 : 40 pages, format 155 x 235 mm, illustré, broché couverture couleurs, bon état
1995rif. 021719Silver Lake CA: VDragstrip 66 Publisher 1995. Unbound. Near Fine. Single sheet 5 ½ by 4 inches. Pink paper stock. Promo for Dragstrip 66 a LGBTQ club founded in 1993 and known for its embrace of the alternative and punk scene as well as drag. Founded by Paul Vitagliano and his friend Mr. Dan the bar focused on drag when it was still an outlier even within the gay community. Part of their strategy was to adopt an underground punk edge to drag where everything from booger drag to its glamorous counterparts were welcome. The club closed in 2013 and reopened again in 2023. see LA ist online article for previous history and information. An advertisement for an S&M Valentine's Ball suggesting people "Butch it up sweethearts with any leather latex or bondage gear!" Reverse of the leaflet advertises the Plush Life "LA's Only Weekly Sitcom Serial Soap Opera!" NEAR FINE with light edgewear. VDragstrip 66, Publisher unknown
1995rif. 022693New York: Caf Con Leche presumed Publisher 1995. Unbound. Good. Single sheet roughly 5 by 7 inches. Glossy paper stock. Printed on a single side only. A handbill for a dance party at Caf Con Leche featuring a performance by drag king Joey Rolon. Handbill features a black and white photo of Rolon surrounded by three nude men. Cafe Con Leche dance party was created by Joey S Joey Sheridan and Naudio Feliz early in 1993 and was a weekly dance party held at various night clubs throughout New York City. While both wanted to create a diverse group in the gay club scene in New York this dance seems to have been specifically focused on the Latin demographic. Caf Con Leche stopped in 1999. GOOD condition. Minor toning. Faint horizontal fold crease present. Caf? Con Leche, presumed Publisher unknown
1976rif. 022635San Francisco: San Francisco Closet Ball Publisher 1976. Wraps. Good. Blue wraps. Unpaginated approximately 40 pp. Black and white photos and illustrations throughout. A program of events entertainment staff credits and brief letters from the organizers for the 4th San Francisco Closet Ball. Includes photos of several luminaries although not in drag. The Closet Ball started in 1973 and was an annual drag event that billed itself as "San Francisco's Most Outrageous Coming Out Party!" The ball was essentially a competition for first time drag queens. They would first appear in male attire then return in female attire where they were assisted by more experienced drag queens. Winners were coronated as the Closet Ball Queen. The event also served as a fundraiser for a variety of charities and organizations. Many ads throughout this program for local businesses etc. GOOD condition. Faint vertical crease present. Minor wrinkling toning and soiling. Newspaper clipping laid in on the front page resulting in a square of offsetting. San Francisco Closet Ball, Publisher unknown
1982rif. 022874San Francisco: Sisters of Perpetual Indulgence Publisher 1982. Unbound. Good. Single sheet card stock measuring 7 by 5 inches folded. Black and white photo of Sister Mary Media on the front. Photo taken by Nina Glaser. A greeting card reading in the interior "Fasten your seat belts it's going to be a bumpy night." Presumably issued by the Sisters of Perpetual Indulgence as a fundraiser. The Sisters of Perpetual Indulgence was founded in 1979 as a street performance and protest group that used drag and religious imagery to bring attention to issues around sex gender and religious morality. The Sisters also serve as a charitable organization raising money for a variety of causes. Interior and back cover with a lengthy letter written by SRS to punk photographer Gervaise Souerouge. GOOD condition. Minor toning. Light soiling and edgewear. Sisters of Perpetual Indulgence, Publisher unknown
1986rif. 022781San Francisco: Imperial Court System Publisher 1986. Wraps. Very Good. Illustrated side stapled wraps. 44 pp. Black and white photos and ads throughout. A program of events for coronation week beginning on February 18 1986. The events ranged from a farewell to the reigning Emperor Ken Wright and Empress Sissy Spaceout to the coronation of a new emperor and empress. Matthew Brown would become emperor and Sable Clown empress. The coronation events are part of the International Imperial Court System a network of LGBTQ organizations that raise funds and hold events for a variety of causes. VERY GOOD condition. Minor toning foxing and soiling. Imperial Court System, Publisher unknown
1977rif. 022334Beverly Hills: Tri-Sigma Sorority Publisher 1977. Wraps. Good. Yellow wraps roughly 8 ½ by 11 inches. 16 pp. including covers. Early issue of this zine devoted to heterosexual crossdressing. It originated in a more zine-like format in the late 1970s before adopting a more polished magazine-style look in the 1980s. The zine served as the official publication of the Tri-Ess Society an organization founded by Virginia Prince to destigmatize crossdressing. Prince held anti-trans and sometimes homophobic views that excluded the transgender community. Under the leadership of Carol Beecroft the organization became more inclusive forming alliances with LGBTQ groups and helping to form the Southern Comfort Conference a gathering of transgender people. This issue edited by Carol Beecroft. Includes make up tips and an article describing the trouble faced by a teenage "transvestite" in their household. GOOD condition. Large dampstain affecting most of the zine resulting in brownish discoloration and some rippling to the paper. Minor soiling and staining. Tri-Sigma Sorority, Publisher unknown
1917rif. List3648New York City: Leo. Feist Inc. and others 1917. Five pieces of sheet music see full inventory below. Overall very good plus. Julian Eltinge 1881–1941 was the most commercially successful and popular female impersonator of his time. Beginning with drag performances in his adolescence he developed a convincing portrayal of female characters—shocking audiences at the end of shows by revealing that he was in costume—and had a successful career on the vaudeville circuit and on Broadway followed by appearances in several silent films and as mores around crossdressing changed in nightclubs. Offered here are five pieces of sheet music written for Eltinge three of which are from the 1910 musical comedy The Fascinating Widow. A New York Times review of the Widow remarks that “once over the initial unpleasantness of the idea of female impersonation which is not easy for people of delicate sensibilities there is nothing especially displeasing about Mr. Eltinge’s efforts at femininity” and notes Eltinge’s popularity and ability to draw crowds.1 Titles Included: “In the Land of Wedding Bells.” Howard Johnson and Geo. W. Meyer. New York: Leo. Feist Inc. 1917. 4 pp. Very good plus. “The Crinoline Girl”. Julian Eltinge and Percy Wenrich. New York: Leo. Feist 1914. 6 pp. Very good. “The Fascinating Widow”. E. Ray Goetz and Kerry Mills. New York: F.A. Mills Inc. 1911. 8 pp. Near Fine. The Fascinating Widow “Jack-O-Lantern Moon”. Julian Eltinge Jack Mahoney and Percy Wenrich. New York: The Wenrich-Howard Co. 1913. 6 pp. Very good. The Fascinating Widow “With Down-Cast Eye”. Otto Hauerbach and Karl Hoschna. New York Chicago San Francisco London and Paris: M. Witmark & Sons 1910. 6 pp. Excellent. 1 “Eltinge in Musical Play. Female Impersonator Seen at the Liberty in ‘The Fascinating Widow.’” The New York Times September 12 1911. Leo. Feist Inc. and others unknown books
rif. 022741San Francisco: No Publisher. Unbound. Good. no date circa 1981. Single sheet pink paper stock 8 ½ by 14 inches. Printed in landscape format. Really awesome illustration of the Sluts a Go-Go present. A flyer promoting The Blonde Sin show held at Hotel Utah from November 1980 through 1981. Blonde Sin was the third iteration of Doris Fish and the Sluts a Go Go's debut performance. The debut began in 1979 was rewritten in early 1980 and rewritten again for a debut in November of 1980. As the Doris Fish Forever website notes this show "established the Sluts a Go-Go as San Franciso drag stars" See the Doris Fish Forever website for previous and following information. Doris Fish was a noted drag performer both in her original home country of Australia and in San Francisco. She performed in some drag shows in Australia as part of Sylvia and the Synthetics in the early 1970s but gained fame for her work with the Sluts a Go-Go in the 1980s. GOOD condition. Horizontal and vertical fold creases present. Remnants of cellophane tape at the corners. Minor soiling. No Publisher unknown
1917rif. List3648New York City: Leo. Feist Inc. and others 1917. Five pieces of sheet music see full inventory below. Overall very good plus. Julian Eltinge 1881–1941 was the most commercially successful and popular female impersonator of his time. Beginning with drag performances in his adolescence he developed a convincing portrayal of female characters—shocking audiences at the end of shows by revealing that he was in costume—and had a successful career on the vaudeville circuit and on Broadway followed by appearances in several silent films and as mores around crossdressing changed in nightclubs. Offered here are five pieces of sheet music written for Eltinge three of which are from the 1910 musical comedy The Fascinating Widow. A New York Times review of the Widow remarks that “once over the initial unpleasantness of the idea of female impersonation which is not easy for people of delicate sensibilities there is nothing especially displeasing about Mr. Eltinge’s efforts at femininity” and notes Eltinge’s popularity and ability to draw crowds.1 Titles Included: “In the Land of Wedding Bells.” Howard Johnson and Geo. W. Meyer. New York: Leo. Feist Inc. 1917. 4 pp. Very good plus. “The Crinoline Girl”. Julian Eltinge and Percy Wenrich. New York: Leo. Feist 1914. 6 pp. Very good. “The Fascinating Widow”. E. Ray Goetz and Kerry Mills. New York: F.A. Mills Inc. 1911. 8 pp. Near Fine. The Fascinating Widow “Jack-O-Lantern Moon”. Julian Eltinge Jack Mahoney and Percy Wenrich. New York: The Wenrich-Howard Co. 1913. 6 pp. Very good. The Fascinating Widow “With Down-Cast Eye”. Otto Hauerbach and Karl Hoschna. New York Chicago San Francisco London and Paris: M. Witmark & Sons 1910. 6 pp. Excellent. 1 “Eltinge in Musical Play. Female Impersonator Seen at the Liberty in ‘The Fascinating Widow.’” The New York Times September 12 1911. Leo. Feist Inc. and others unknown
