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CLAUSIUS, R (RUDOLF). - A MAIN PAPER ON THE KINETIC THEORY OF GASESBiblio.com

Ueber die mittlere Länge der Wege welche bei der Molecularbewegung gasförmiger Körper von den einzelnen Molecülen zurückgelegt werden; nebst einigen anderen Bemerkungen über die mechanische Wärmetheorie.

1858ref. 43056Leipzig Johann Ambrosius Barth 1858. Contemp. hcalf. 5 raised bands gilt spine and gilt lettering to spine. A few scratches to spine. Small stamp on verso of first -and general- titlepage. In: "Annalen der Physik und Chemie. Hrsg. von J.C. Poggendorff" Vierte Reihe Bd. 15 =Poggendorff Bd. 105. X636 pp. and 4 folded lithographed plates. Clausius's paper: pp. 239-258. The entire volume offered. Fine and clean. First printing of this main paper in the working out of the Kinetic Theory of Gases in which Clausius announced his determination of the equation governing the mean free path lenght of a molecule moving freely in gases. By this he inscribed his name as one of the founders of the Kinetic Theory of Gases."Clausius was one of the founders of the kinetic theory of gases and of the science of thermodynamics. He and Lord Kelvin at about the same time and independently announced the Second Law of thermodynamics. Clausius particularly developed the theory of thermodynamics by applying it to the study of gases and vapors."Magie in "A Source Book in Physics" p. 228."In order to analyze the process of molecular collisions Clausius adopted a simplified model for his admittedly complicated molecule. He assumed that whatever the actual patterns on intermolecular forces one could suppose that there is some advantage distance between the centers of molecules which would represent a general boundary between attractive and repulsive forces. If two molecules were to approach each other within that boundary repulsion would generally occur. Thus the very complex problem of intermolecular action was reduced to a "billiard ball" model." DSB III p. 307-06. - Parkinson Breakthroughs C/P 1858. hardcover

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CLAUSIUS, R (RUDOLF) - ANNOUNCING THE "TEOREM OF EQUIVALENCE"Biblio.com

Ueber die Anwendung des Satzes von der Aequivalenz der Verwandlungen auf die innere Arbeit. Vorgelen in der Züricher naturforschenden Gesellschaft am 27. Januar 1862.

1862ref. 45071Leipzig Johann Ambrosius Barth 1862. Without wrappers. In "Annalen der Physik und Chemie. Hrsg. von J.C. Poggendorff" Bd. 116 No. 5. Pp. 1-192 a. 1 folded lithographed plate. Entire issue offered. Clausius' paper: pp. 73-112. With titlepage to volume 116. First appearance of the paper in which Clausius makes importent contributions to the generalization and understanding of the Second Law of Thermodynamics by introducing the concept of disgregation and proving the equivalence of the transformation of heat."Clausius began that search for understanding in 1862 by introducing the concept of disgregation a concept that he said was based on an idea he had long held: that the force of heat for performing mechanical work both internal and external together was proportional to the absolute temperature.13 Clausius had never stated this idea explicitly before although he had argued in 1853 by adopting an analogy between a reversible steam engine and a thermocouple that the potential difference at a thermocouple junction should be proportional to the absolute temperature. In any event he now wished to assert that the work which can be done by heat in any change of the arrangement of a body is proportional to the absolute temperature multiplied by a function of molecular arrangement the disgregation Z. Given this assumption and his postulate that the heat in a body H was only a function of temperature he was able 1 to prove his theorem of the equivalence of transformations and 2 to separate the equivalence function entropy into a temperature-dependent term and a configurational-dependent term."DSB.The issue contains other notable papers Plücker "Ueber recurrente Ströme und ihre Anwendung zur Darstellung von Gasspectra" pp. 27-54 Tyndall "Ueber Strahlung und Absorption der Wärme durch gasförmige Materie" pp. 1-27. unknown

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CLAUSIUS, RUDOLF - INTRODUCING THE SECOND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICSBiblio.com

Ueber die bewegende Kraft der Wärme und die Gesetze welche sich daraus für die Wärmelehre selbst ableiten lassen.

1850ref. 53436Leipzig Johann Ambrosius Barth 1850. Contemp. marbled boards. Gilt spine titlelabel with gilt lettering. Light wear to spineends corners and edges. Stamps on title-page Gusstahlfabrik Fried. Krupp. In "Annalen der Physik und Chemie" Dritte Reihe 19. Band 79. Band der ganzen Reihe. IX1580 pp. and 3 folded engraved plates. Entire volume offered. Endpapers and the first and last few leaves with brownspots. Clausius's paper: pp. 368-397 a. pp. 500-524. Internally clean. First edition of this monumental famous paper in thermodynamics in which Clausius for the first time states the Second Law of Thermodynamics one of the most importent laws of Nature having a huge impact on the development of physical theory cosmology communications and information theory. The law states that a the energy of the Universe is constant and b the Entropy of the Universe tends to a maximum."Clausius' contribution to thermostatics is comparable to those of Newton and Maxwell to mechanics and electromagnetism respectively. In the obituary J.W. Gibbs remarked that Clausiu's first memoir "marks an epoch in the history of physics."" Chowdhury and Stauffer in "Principles of Equilibrium Statistical Mechanics".In "The Nature of the Physical World" Eddington writes: "The Law that entropy increases - the Second Law of Thermodynamics - holds I think the supreme position among the laws of Nature. If someone points out to you that your pet theory of the Universe is in disagreement with Maxwell's equations - then so much the worse for Maxwell's equations. If it is found to be contradicted by observation - well these experimentalists do bungle things sometimes. But if your theory is found to be against the Second Law of Thermodynamics I can give You no hope; there is nothing for it but to collapse in deepest humiliation.".Parkinson "Breakthroughs" 1850 P. hardcover

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HERTZ, H (HEINRICH RUDOLF). - CONFIRMING THE ANALOGY BETWEEN ELECTRIC - AND LIGHTWAVESBiblio.com

Ueber die Einwirkung einer geradlinigen Schwingung auf eine benachbarte Strombahn. Ueber Inductionserschneinungen hervorgerufen durch die electrischen Vorgänge in Isolatoren. Aus den Sitzungsber. der Berl. Acad. vom 10. Nov. 1887 mit einem Zusa.

1888ref. 44843Leipzig Johann Ambrosius Barth 1888. Conemp. hcalf. 5 raised bands gilt spine and gilt lettering to spine. A few scratches to spine. Small stamp on verso of first -and general- titlepage and small stamps to verso of plates. "Annalen der Physik und Chemie. Hrsg. von G. Wiedemann." Neue Folge Bd. 34. VIII1048 pp. a. 8 folded engraved plates. Entire volume offered. Hertz' papers: pp. 155-170 pp. 273-285 pp. 551-569 pp. 609-623. First appearance of 4 famous and importent papers 2 of them in their final form in which Hertz established by experiments the similarities between electric waves and light waves."Hertz followed up his determination of the finite velocity of electric waves by performing a series of more qualitative experiments in 1888 on the analogy between electric and light waves. Passing electric waves through huge prisms of hard pitch he showed that they refract exactly as light waves do. He polarized electric waves by directing them through a grating of parallel wires and he diffracted them by interrupting them with a screen with a hole in it. He reflected them from the walls of the room obtaining interference between the original and the reflected waves. He focused them with huge concave mirrors casting electric shadows with conducting obstacles. The experiments with mirrors especially attracted attention as they were the most direct disproof of action at a distance in electrodynamics. They and the experiments on the finite velocity of propagation brought about a rapid conversion of European physicists from the viewpoint of instantaneous action at a distance in electrodynamics to Maxwell’s view that electromagnetic processes take place in dielectrics and that an electromagnetic ether subsumes the functions of the older luminiferous ether." DSB-. hardcover

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HITTORF, JOHANN WILHELM - INTRODUCING THE NOTION OF "TRANSPORT NUMBERS" OF IONSBiblio.com

Ueber die Wanderungen der Ionen während der Elektrolyse. Erste-Zweite und Dritte Mittheilung Rechtfertigung seiner Mittheilungen "Ueber Wanderungen der Ionen". Elektrolyse einer lösung zweier Salze. 4 papers.

1853ref. 43082Leipzig Johann Ambrosius Barth 1853 1856 1858 1859. Without wrappers in "Annalen der Physik und Chemie. Hrsg. von J.C. Poggendorff" Dritte und Vierte Reihe Bd. 89 No. 6 u. 7 Bd. 98 No 5 Bd. 103 No 1 Bd. 106 No. 3. The 5 entire issues offered. Hittorf's papers pp. 177-211 Bd. 89 pp. 1-33 Bd.98 pp. 1-56 Bd.103 pp.337-411 a. 513-586 Bd. 106. In all 7 engraved plates. All issues fine and clean. First printing of all 4 fundamental papers on electrochemistry where Hittorf states his concepts of ionic migration and transport numbers concepts that should be the foundation stones of the later evolved theory of ionization culminating in Svante Arrhenius's famous discovery of electrolytic dissociation."After Faraday's experimental investigations in 1834 it was accepted that the electricity passing through an electrolytic cell was carried by the movement of charged ions produced from the decomposition of the compounds making up the solution. Daniell had extended these ideas in 1839 and showed that salts were compounds not of acid anhydrides and metallic oxides as had been thought but of metallic cations and elemental or compound acid anions. Believing that the conductivity of solutions was due to these ions he began a study of their transference. In 1853 Hittorf took up the problem. He extended the ideas of Daneill by reasoning inthe following manner: Cations and anions exist in solutions and migrate under the influence of current through the solution. The migration of the cation toward the cathode and away from the anode and the deposition of the anode on the positive electrode together result in a decrease of teh salt in the neighborhood of the anode. A similar analysis shows that there is also a decrease in the concemtration of the salt in the neighborhood of the cathode. If the motion of the two dissimilar ions were the same the decrease in the concentration of the salt would be the same at the two electrodes.Hwe concluded that the speeds of migration.were different and he characterized this fact by defining "transport numbers" which specified the portion of the transport of electricity carried by each ion. DSB VI p. 439. - Leicester & Klickstein "A Source Book of Chemistry" p. 400-406.In the 2 issues of 1853 are contained 2 papers by Helmholtz of fundamental cjharacter both in physiology and on the theory on the conservation of energy. HERMAN HELMHOLTZ: "Ueber einige Gesetze der Vertheilung elektrischer Ströme in körperlichen Leitern mit Anwendung auf die thierisch-elektrischen Versuche Ueber einige Gesetze.Schluss. 2 papers. 1853. Bd. 89 No.6 a. 7. Pp. 211-233 a. pp. 353-377."In this work the papers offered Helmholtz for the first time enters the field of mathematical physics and physiology with the full equipment of the higher mathematical analysis of which he was the only master in its application to the latter science.This very interesting and fundamental work on the distribution of electrical currents in material conductors is purely mathematical in character owing to Helmholtz's method of proving the theorems which are intelligible enough from the physical point of view It is essentially connected with the treatise on the CONSERVATION OF ENERGY since helmholtz merely substitutes for the expression 'free tension' there employed the identical concept of Gauss's potentia or Green's potential function."Koenigsberger in "Hermann von helmholtz" p. 99-103. unknown

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