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FARADAY, MICHAEL - THE FIRST ELECTRIC MOTOR - INTRODUCING "LINES OF FORCE" AND THE UNIVERSE OF "FIELDS" (GERMAN EDITION).Biblio.com

Ueber electrisch-magnetische ewegungen und die Theorie des Magnetismus; von Faraday chem. Assistenten in d. Roy. Inst. geschrieben London d. 11 Sept. 1821: mit Anmerkungen von einem Freunde des Hrn Ampère. Frei bearbeitet und mit einigen Erläuterun.

1822rif. 43751Leipzig Johann Ambrosius Barth 1822. Without wrappers as extracted from "Annalen der Physik und der Physikalischen Chemie. Hrsg. Ludwig Wilhelm Gilbert" Bd. 71. Titlepage to vol. 71 pp. 124-171 a. pp. 172-176 and 1 folded engraved plate showing experimental apparatus. Clean and fine. First German edition of Faraday's famous paper "On some new Electro-Magnetical Motion and on the Theory of Magnetism. By Michael Faraday Chemical Assistant in the Royal Institution. 1821" recording one of the most influential discoveries in physics in the 19th Century as Faraday here as the very first showed how to CONVERT THE ELECTRICAL AND MAGNETIC FORCES INTO CONTINUAL MECHANICAL MOVEMENT thus creating the first electric motor using the principle of electromagnetic rotation. In the first paper he introduced for the first time the concept of "LINE OF FORCE" and hereby deliniating "a picture of the universe as consisting of fields of various types one that was more subtle flexible and useful than the purely mechanical picture of Galileo and Newton. The FIELD UNIVERSE was to be recognized with Maxwell half a century later and with Einstein after an interval of another halfcentury."Asimov."Ever since Hans Christian oersted's announcement of the discovery of electromagnetism in the summer of 1820 editors of scientific journals had been inundated with articles on the phenomenon. Theories to explain it had multiplied and the net effect was confusion. Were all the effects reported real Did the theories fit the facts It was to answer these questions that Phillips turned to Faraday and asked him to review the experiments and theories of the past months and separate truth from fiction.Faraday agreed to to undertake a short historical survey.His entusiasm was aroused in September 1821 when he turned to the investigation of the peculiar nature of the magnetic force created by an electrical current. Oersted had spoken of the "electrical conflict" surrounding the wiree and had noted that "this conflict performs circles".Yet as he experimented he saw precisely what was happening. Using a small magnetic needle to map the pattern of magnetic force he noted that oneof the poles of the needle turned in a circle as it was carried around the wire. He immediately realized that a single magnetic pole would rotate unceasingly around a current-carrying wire so long as the current flowed. He then set about devising an instrument to illustrate this effect. His paper "On some new Electro-Magnetical Motion and on the Theory of Magnetism" appeared in the 21 October 1821 issue of the "Quarterly Journal of Science" The paper offered in the first German edition. It records the first conversion of electrical into mechanical energy. It also contained the first notion of the line of force."DSB IV pp. 533. unknown

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CLAUSIUS, R (RUDOLF). - THE HEATH-DEATH OF THE UNIVERSE - ESTABLISHING THE SECOND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICSBiblio.com

Ueber eine veränderte Form des zweiten Hauptgesatzes der mechanichen Wärmetheorie.

1854rif. 46907Leipzig Johann Ambrosius Barth 1854. Contemp. marbled boards. In: "Annalen der Physik und Chemie. Hrsg. von J.C. Poggendorff" Vierte Reihe Bd. 3 = Poggendorff Bd. 93. Entire volume offered. Two stamps to titlepage. X632 pp. and 4 folded engraved plates. Clausius's paper: pp. 481-506. Internally clean and fine. First printing of this milestone paper in thermodynamics which together with his paper from 1850 established the second law of thermodynamics. In the offered paper Clausius introduces the symbol T for the universal function of temperature a 1 and he introduces the concept of "entropy" the greek word for 'transformation' but without using the word Clausius introduced the word later in 1865 he calls this new theorem "the principle of the equivalence of transformations". This principle paints a dramatic picture of the end of the world the so-called "heath-death of the universe"."Entropy on the other hand of the complementary experience of water seeking its own level of hot bodies cooling of springs untensing of magnetism wearing off and electrical charges leaking away of a destiny suchThat no life lives forever; - That dead men rise up never; that even the weariest river Winds somewhere safe to sea: a world getting old and running down."Gillespie in "The edge of Objectivity" p. 400-01."Clausius discovered that if he took the ratio of the heat content of a system and its absolute temperature this ration would always increase in any process taken place in a closed system. A closed system is one that loses no energy to the outside world and gains no energy from it. With perfect efficiency which is never realized in the real world of course the ratio would remain constant but i would never under any circumstances decrease."Asimov. - Parkinson: Breakthroughs 1854 C. hardcover

Herman H. J. Lynge & Søn A/S · Danimarca15.000,00 DKK≈ 2006,75 €

LIEBIG, JUSTUS - FOUNDING THE METHODS OF ORGANIC CHEMICAL ANALYSISBiblio.com

Ueber einem neuen Apparat zur Analyse organischer Körper und über die Zusammensetzung einiger organischen Substanzen.

1831rif. 43326Leipzig Johann Ambrosius Barth 1831. Contemp. hcalf raised bands gilt spine with gilt lettering. A few scratches to binding. In "Annalen der Physik und Chemie. Hrsg.von Poggendorff" Bd. 21. VIII63022 pp. and 6 engraved plates. The entire volume offered. Small stamps to verso of titlepage and plates. Liebig's paper: pp. 1-42. Internally fine and clean. First printing of Liebig's milestone work describing the methods for analyzing organic compounds by the "combustion method for determining carbon and hydrogen in organic compounds a method still in use. The paper was first published in "Annalen" in 1831 the paper offered. His insistence that chemistry could be applied to agriculture marks the beginning of the practical applications of chemistry which dominated his life."Dibner "Heralds of Science" No 46. - He notably introduced a method for determining the amount of urea in a solution. This substance is found in blood and urine of mammalss and was the first organic compound to be sunthetized that is to be built up from inorganic substances.The work is more often referred to under the title "Anleitung zur Analyse organischer Körper" published 6 years later in 1837 this is the case for both Dibner and Horblit. Horblit in "Milestones of Science" No. 67 adds that it "Appeared earlier in "Annalen der Physik und Chemie vol. 31.the paper offered He calls it "Importent publication of the constitution of organic compounds with descriptions in detail of the modern method of chemical analysis"."Organic compounds generally had molecules of far more complicated structure than those of inorganic ones and methods for analyzing the former quantiiavily lagged. Gay-Lussac and Thénard had worked out a way of burning organic compounds and measuring the quantity of carbon dioxide and water that was formed. By 1831 Liebig had taken this technique in hand and perfected it to a point where from the figures on carbon dioxide and water formed accurate measurements of the carbon and hydrogen in the original compound could be obtained."Asimov.Dibner No 46 - Horblitt No 67.The volume contains other importent papers Sefström "Ueber das Vanadium." discovery of Vanadium August von Strombeck H. Hess Humboldt Sérullas 2 more by Liebig Liebig & Wöhler "vermischte Bemerkungen." Gay-Lussac transl. into German A. Fresnel "Auszug aus einer Abhandlung über .Doppelbrechung." August von Seebeck Hansteen Rose Brewster etc. hardcover

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RONTGEN, WC (WILHELM CONRAD ROENTGEN). - THE SECOND SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION BEGINS W CBiblio.com

Ueber eine neue Art von Strahlen. Erste- Zweite Mittheilung Weitere Betrachtungen über die Eigenschaften der X-Strahlen. Dritte Mittheilung. 3 Papers all.

1898rif. 48742Leipzig Johann Ambrosius Barth 1898. Contemp. hcloth A small nick to boards on frontcover. Light wear to spine ends. Gilt lettering to spine. A stamp to verso of title-page. In Annalen der Physik und Chemie Neue Folge Band 64. VIII2812 a. 2 plates. Röntgen's papers: 1. pp. 1-11 pp. 12-17 a. pp. 18-37. Internally clean and fine. First full exposition of Röntgen's discovery of X-rays the foundation stones of roentgenology unveiling a new form of matter and offering a new revolutionary method for medical diagnosis.In order to ensure priority for his discovery Röntgen first published the two first papers Erste-Zweite Mittheilung as offprints from "Sitzungsberichte der Physikalisch-medicinischen Gesellschaft zu Würtzburg" in 1895-96 but his discovery only finds its full form in the offered papers as "Dritte Mittheilung" appears here."Aside from its obvious applications Roentgen's discovery galvanized the world of physics and led to a rash of further discoveries that so completely overturned the old concepts of the science that the discovery of X-rays is sometimes considered the first stroke of the Second Scientific Revolution. The First Scientific Revolution is of course that which included Galileo and his experiments on falling bodies. Within a matter of months investigations of X rays led to the discovery of radioactivity by Becquerel.The importence of the discovery was well recognized in its own time. In 1896 Roentgen shared the Rumford Medal with Lenard and in 1901 when Nobel Prizes were set up.the first to be honoured with a Nobel Prize in Physics was Roentgen." Asimov.Garrison & Morton No 2683 only listing 1. paper - PMM No 380 listing only 2 parts - Dibner: 162 listing only 2 parts. hardcover

Herman H. J. Lynge & Søn A/S · Danimarca14.500,00 DKK≈ 1939,85 €

RONTGEN, WC (WILHELM CONRAD). - THE SECOND SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION BEGINS W CBiblio.com

Ueber eine neue Art von Strahlen. Erste- Zweite Mittheilung Weitere Betrachtungen über die Eigenschaften der X-Strahlen. Dritte Mittheilung. 3 Papers all.

1898rif. 48027Leipzig Johann Ambrosius Barth 1898. Contemp. hcalf spine gilt and with gilt lettering. Some scratches to spine and corners bumped and with wear. Some scratching to boards.Stamps to titlepage and one leaf. In: "Annalen der Physik und Chemie" Neue Folge Band 64. VIII2812 a. 2 plates. Entire volume offered. Röntgen's papers: 1. pp. 1-11 pp. 12-17 a. pp. 18-37. Internally clean. First full exposition of Röntgen's discovery of X-rays the foundation stones of roentgenology unveiling a new form of matter and offering a new revolutionary method for medical diagnosis.In order to ensure priority for his discovery Röntgen first published the two first papers Erste-Zweite Mittheilung as offprints from "Sitzungsberichte der Physikalisch-medicinischen Gesellschaft zu Würtzburg" in 1895-96 but his discovery only finds its full form in the offered papers as "Dritte Mittheilung" appears here."Aside from its obvious applications Roentgen's discovery galvanized the world of physics and led to a rash of further discoveries that so completely overturned the old concepts of the science that the discovery of X-rays is sometimes considered the first stroke of the Second Scientific Revolution. The First Scientific Revolution is of course that which included Galileo and his experiments on falling bodies. Within a matter of months investigations of X rays led to the discovery of radioactivity by Becquerel.The importence of the discovery was well recognized in its own time. In 1896 Roentgen shared the Rumford Medal with Lenard and in 1901 when Nobel Prizes were set up.the first to be honoured with a Nobel Prize in Physics was Roentgen." Asimov.Garrison & Morton No 2683 only listing 1. paper - PMM No 380 listing only 2 parts - Dibner: 162 listing only 2 parts. hardcover

Herman H. J. Lynge & Søn A/S · Danimarca12.500,00 DKK≈ 1672,29 €

BRAUN, FERDINAND - THE INVENTION OF THE CATHODE-RAY INDICATOR TUBE - SEEING BY ELECTRICITYBiblio.com

Ueber ein Verfahren zur Demonstration und zum Studium des zeitlichen Verlaufes variabler Ströme; On a Method for the demonstration and study of currents varying with time.

1897rif. 43448Leipzig Johann Ambrosius Barth 1897. No wrappers. In "Annalen der Physik und Chemie Neue Folge" Bd. 60 No 3. Pp. 401-576 textillustr. and 2 folded plates. the entire issue offered "Heft 3". Braun's paper: pp. 552-559 a. 6 textillustrations showing the Braun tube and its operations. Clean and fine. First printing of this groundbreaking paper being the first description of the principles governing the "BRAUN TUBE" which moves the elctron beams of alternating voltage the principle on which ALL TELEVISON TUBES operate. - Braun shared the Nobel Prize for 1909 with Marconi "in recognition of their contributions to the development of wireless telegraphy"."Cold cathode tube with side anode annular diaphragm to control spot size and built-in fluorescent screen. Beam deflection by one external coil with the trace viewed indirectly in a rotating mirror or by two coils at right angles for direct viewing. Excitation by hand-drive influence machine friction generator or by an induction coil. This "indicator tube" which enabled Braun to demonstrate how a variety of periodic and transient electrical phenomena could be visually examined is the ancestor of electric oscilloscopes televison picture tubes and other electron-beam display devices." Shiers & Shiers "Early Televison. A Bibliography to 1940" No. 263."The first oscilloscope or Braun tube was introduced in 1897. In order to study high-frequency alternating currents Braun used the alternating voltageto move the electron beam within the cathode tube. The trace on the face of the cathode tube represented the amplitude and frequency of the alternating-current voltage. He then produced a graph of this trace by use of a rotating mirror. The Braun tube was a valuable laboratory instrument and modifications of it are a basic devise in electronic testing and research. The principle of the Braun tube moving a electron beam by means of alternating voltage is the principle on which all televison operate."DSB II pp. 427-428.In 1909 he shared the Nobel Prize for physics with Guglielmo Marconi for their development of wireless telegraphy. unknown

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CLAUSIUS, R (RUDOLF). - A MAIN PAPER ON THE KINETIC THEORY OF GASESBiblio.com

Ueber die mittlere Länge der Wege welche bei der Molecularbewegung gasförmiger Körper von den einzelnen Molecülen zurückgelegt werden; nebst einigen anderen Bemerkungen über die mechanische Wärmetheorie.

1858rif. 43056Leipzig Johann Ambrosius Barth 1858. Contemp. hcalf. 5 raised bands gilt spine and gilt lettering to spine. A few scratches to spine. Small stamp on verso of first -and general- titlepage. In: "Annalen der Physik und Chemie. Hrsg. von J.C. Poggendorff" Vierte Reihe Bd. 15 =Poggendorff Bd. 105. X636 pp. and 4 folded lithographed plates. Clausius's paper: pp. 239-258. The entire volume offered. Fine and clean. First printing of this main paper in the working out of the Kinetic Theory of Gases in which Clausius announced his determination of the equation governing the mean free path lenght of a molecule moving freely in gases. By this he inscribed his name as one of the founders of the Kinetic Theory of Gases."Clausius was one of the founders of the kinetic theory of gases and of the science of thermodynamics. He and Lord Kelvin at about the same time and independently announced the Second Law of thermodynamics. Clausius particularly developed the theory of thermodynamics by applying it to the study of gases and vapors."Magie in "A Source Book in Physics" p. 228."In order to analyze the process of molecular collisions Clausius adopted a simplified model for his admittedly complicated molecule. He assumed that whatever the actual patterns on intermolecular forces one could suppose that there is some advantage distance between the centers of molecules which would represent a general boundary between attractive and repulsive forces. If two molecules were to approach each other within that boundary repulsion would generally occur. Thus the very complex problem of intermolecular action was reduced to a "billiard ball" model." DSB III p. 307-06. - Parkinson Breakthroughs C/P 1858. hardcover

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CLAUSIUS, R (RUDOLF) - ANNOUNCING THE "TEOREM OF EQUIVALENCE"Biblio.com

Ueber die Anwendung des Satzes von der Aequivalenz der Verwandlungen auf die innere Arbeit. Vorgelen in der Züricher naturforschenden Gesellschaft am 27. Januar 1862.

1862rif. 45071Leipzig Johann Ambrosius Barth 1862. Without wrappers. In "Annalen der Physik und Chemie. Hrsg. von J.C. Poggendorff" Bd. 116 No. 5. Pp. 1-192 a. 1 folded lithographed plate. Entire issue offered. Clausius' paper: pp. 73-112. With titlepage to volume 116. First appearance of the paper in which Clausius makes importent contributions to the generalization and understanding of the Second Law of Thermodynamics by introducing the concept of disgregation and proving the equivalence of the transformation of heat."Clausius began that search for understanding in 1862 by introducing the concept of disgregation a concept that he said was based on an idea he had long held: that the force of heat for performing mechanical work both internal and external together was proportional to the absolute temperature.13 Clausius had never stated this idea explicitly before although he had argued in 1853 by adopting an analogy between a reversible steam engine and a thermocouple that the potential difference at a thermocouple junction should be proportional to the absolute temperature. In any event he now wished to assert that the work which can be done by heat in any change of the arrangement of a body is proportional to the absolute temperature multiplied by a function of molecular arrangement the disgregation Z. Given this assumption and his postulate that the heat in a body H was only a function of temperature he was able 1 to prove his theorem of the equivalence of transformations and 2 to separate the equivalence function entropy into a temperature-dependent term and a configurational-dependent term."DSB.The issue contains other notable papers Plücker "Ueber recurrente Ströme und ihre Anwendung zur Darstellung von Gasspectra" pp. 27-54 Tyndall "Ueber Strahlung und Absorption der Wärme durch gasförmige Materie" pp. 1-27. unknown

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CLAUSIUS, RUDOLF - INTRODUCING THE SECOND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICSBiblio.com

Ueber die bewegende Kraft der Wärme und die Gesetze welche sich daraus für die Wärmelehre selbst ableiten lassen.

1850rif. 53436Leipzig Johann Ambrosius Barth 1850. Contemp. marbled boards. Gilt spine titlelabel with gilt lettering. Light wear to spineends corners and edges. Stamps on title-page Gusstahlfabrik Fried. Krupp. In "Annalen der Physik und Chemie" Dritte Reihe 19. Band 79. Band der ganzen Reihe. IX1580 pp. and 3 folded engraved plates. Entire volume offered. Endpapers and the first and last few leaves with brownspots. Clausius's paper: pp. 368-397 a. pp. 500-524. Internally clean. First edition of this monumental famous paper in thermodynamics in which Clausius for the first time states the Second Law of Thermodynamics one of the most importent laws of Nature having a huge impact on the development of physical theory cosmology communications and information theory. The law states that a the energy of the Universe is constant and b the Entropy of the Universe tends to a maximum."Clausius' contribution to thermostatics is comparable to those of Newton and Maxwell to mechanics and electromagnetism respectively. In the obituary J.W. Gibbs remarked that Clausiu's first memoir "marks an epoch in the history of physics."" Chowdhury and Stauffer in "Principles of Equilibrium Statistical Mechanics".In "The Nature of the Physical World" Eddington writes: "The Law that entropy increases - the Second Law of Thermodynamics - holds I think the supreme position among the laws of Nature. If someone points out to you that your pet theory of the Universe is in disagreement with Maxwell's equations - then so much the worse for Maxwell's equations. If it is found to be contradicted by observation - well these experimentalists do bungle things sometimes. But if your theory is found to be against the Second Law of Thermodynamics I can give You no hope; there is nothing for it but to collapse in deepest humiliation.".Parkinson "Breakthroughs" 1850 P. hardcover

Herman H. J. Lynge & Søn A/S · Danimarca28.500,00 DKK≈ 3812,82 €

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