Isaac

Isaac — marelibri

1771réf. 53117Amsterdam: Marc Michel Rey 1771. First Edition. Very Good. Octavo. xvi 128 8: "Etat des Finances en Angleterre" 129-384 2: errata; blankpp. Woodcut ornaments; 4 half-titles. Collation: 8 A-H8 H4 I-Z8 Aa8 chi1 = 205 leaves. Contemporary marbled calf lightly rubbed at extremities gilt-tooled spine with raised bands gilt morocco lettering piece; edges stained red; marbled endleaves. Small patch of marginal damp staining to bottom corner of first 15 and final 10 leaves; signature Aa mildly embrowned else text crisp and clean throughout. Overall a very good copy. Rare complete first edition of "one of the great documents in the history of political economy" EJ. In addition to the brief discursus on English finances inserted between the second and third parts of the main treatise our copy includes the usually missing supplement pp. 369-384 "Addition au Traité de la Circulation et du Crédit. Mémoire pour la suppression du Belasting" along with the concluding errata leaf. The present Treatise is a refutation of the physiocrats who had advocated a primarily agricultural economy. Arguing against Hume de Pinto seeks to defend the economically productive role of the national debt which he sees exemplified in the current British system. While Marx notoriously described de Pinto as "the Pindar of the Amsterdam stock exchange" for his advocacy of speculation Werner Sombart regarded him as the "beginner of the modern age of economics and the first to understand the growth of credit" EJ. De Pinto's other works include Essai sur le luxe and Du jeu de cartes both reprinted in the present work and the later Precis de arguments contre les matérialistes The Hague 1774. The main treatise is divided into four parts followed by six brief works: 1. Lettre sur la jalousie du commerce Letter on the Jealousy of Commerce; 2. Tableau ou Exposé de ce qu'on appelle le Commerce ou plutôt le Jeu d'Actions en Hollande A Presentation of What is Called Commerce or the Game of Actions in Holland; 3. Methode dont on se sert en Hollande pour faire la perceptions des taxes & des impôts sur les biens fonds; & comment on en verse le provenu dans la Caisse de l'Etat The Method Used in Holland to Collect Duties and Real Estate Taxes and How the Proceeds Are Payed into the State Treasury; 4. Essai sur le luxe An Essay on Luxury first printed at Amsterdam 1762; 5. Lettre de l'autheur à Mr. D. sur le jeu des cartes The Author's Letter to Mr. Diderot on Card Playing first printed at London 1768; 6. Mémoire pour la suppression du Belasting ou Impôt sur les Actions de Compagnie des Indes Orientales A Memorandum for the Suppression of the "Belasting" or Tax on the East India Company Shares. The final opuscule which appears in relatively few copies of the Traité is published here for the first time. Isaac de Pinto 1717-1787 was the scion of a wealthy Sephardic family which traced their origins back to Portugal and had emigrated to the Dutch Republic. "He had a broad education and had mastered many languages in which he corresponded with famous philosophers and maintained contact with the European elite of his day including the court of the Dutch stadholder. In 1748 he helped to finance Stadholder William IV's war against France" Bernfeld & Wallet. "For his services in arranging favorable terms for English trade in India at the Treaty of Paris which ended the Seven Years' War 1756-63 Pinto was lavishly rewarded by the East India Company a few years later 1767" EJ. His correspondents included David Hume and Denis Diderot. De Pinto made a name for himself when he responded to Voltaire's mocking article on the Jews which appeared in the latter's Dictionnaire Philosophique with his Apologie pour la nation juive Amsterdam 1762. Presenting himself as a proud Portuguese he argued that "Voltaire had neglected to draw a distinction between the often wealthy Sephardim with their refined manners and the Ashkenazim whom he regarded as far poorer and sometimes unprincipled as a result of persecution and economic misery" Bernfeld & Wallet. Barbier 4: 752; T. L. Bernfeld & B. Wallet Jews in the Netherlands: A Short History Amsterdam Univ. Press 2023 p. 89; Enc. Jud. 13: 553-554; Goldsmiths' 10792; Kress 6812. Full title and Imprint: Traité de la Circulation et du Crédit. Contenant une Analyse raisonnée des Fonds d'Angleterre & de ce qu'on appelle Commerce ou Jeu d'Actions ; un Examen critique de plusieurs Traités sur les Impôts les Finances l'Agriculture la Population le Commerce &c. précédé de l'Extrait d'un Ouvrage intitulé Bilan général & raisonné de l'Angleterre depuis 1600 jusqu'en 1761 ; & Suivi d'une Lettre sur la Jalousie du Commerce où l'on prouve que l'intérêt des Puissances commerçantes ne se croise point &c. avec un Tableau de ce qu'on appelle Commerce ou plutôt Jeu d'Actions en Hollande. Par l'auteur de l'Essai sur le Luxe & de la Lettre sur le Jeu des Cartes qu'on a ajoutés à la fin. A Amsterdam chez Marc Michel Rey. MDCCLXXI. Marc Michel Rey unknown books

[Piracy - Atlantic Trade - Peninsular War] Galindo, James (Notary); Hawkins, Isaac (Commander); Ignacio, Don Jose et alBiblio.com

A Manuscript 'Public Statement of protest' Recording the Hostile Actions of a French Privateer Against a Portuguese Merchantman in June 1813

1813réf. List1947Plymouth 1813. Plymouth Devon England: 21st July 1813. Folio 7 pages 13 1/8 x 8 ¼ inches duty blindstamp small ink stamp to upper inner margin of the first page two seals to the last page signed twice by Galindo. Toned some small repaired tears using reversible archival ph-neutral paper-repair tape very good to near fine. Very Good. An interesting document of privateering in the Peninsular war this 'Public Instrument of Protest' documents a Portuguese captain and crew complaint in detail to an English notary. After sailing from Calcutta to Brazil and then from Rio to just outside of Lisbon their ship the 700-ton 'Oceano' was seized and comprehensively ransacked by a French privateer the 'Lion' out of Lorient. Most of the crew and passengers were offloaded onto a passing American vessel the 'Leda' bound for Lisbon. Meanwhile the 'Lyon' escorted her prize towards the nearest French port but before a friendly haven was reached they were both set upon by the brigantine HMS 'Achates'. The 'Lyon' escaped but the 'Ocean' was captured by Commander Morrison and the 'Achetes'. The 'Ocean' was taken to Plymouth and moored in the Hamoaze. The remaining Portuguese crew who had been forced to remain aboard the 'Ocean' by the French got a message to the 'Ocean's Master Dn. Ignacio Joze Martins and he and the boatswain made their way to Plymouth as quickly as possible. The sworn statement presented here is in English thanks to the translation given by Francisco Martins d' Magalhaens master of a Portuguese ship "now dwelling in Plymouth" The 'Oceano' sailed from Calcutta to Brazil arriving 10th February 1813. She left Rio on 4th April all was plain sailing until the afternoon of the 7th June off the Rock of Lisbon when the 'Lion' showed up first under false British colors then French. The fighting was fierce the privateer was driven off once but eventually the 'Oceano' was taken. The night of the 7th June was spent by the French 'conveying everything Moveable and Valuable from the Ocean to the Privateer'. The 'Leda' the US vessel landed the majority of the 'Ocean's crew including the Master in Lisbon on the evening of the 9th June.Monday 14th June the 'Lyon' engaged in a running battle with HMS 'Achates' and escaped but the 'Achates' did capture the 'Ocean'. Wednesday 16th June the 'Ocean' arrived in Plymouth under the watchful eye of the 'Achates'. Receiving the crew's message the Captain of the 'Ocean' left Lisbon for Falmouth and then Plymouth arriving on the 20th July. The document was dated 21st July 1813. Full transcription available. unknown

Auger Down Books · États-Unis600,00 $US≈ 536,05 €

[Piracy - Atlantic Trade - Peninsular War] Galindo, James (Notary); Hawkins, Isaac (Commander); Ignacio, Don Jose et alABAA

A Manuscript 'Public Statement of protest' Recording the Hostile Actions of a French Privateer Against a Portuguese Merchantman in June 1813

Auger Down Books · États-Unis600,00 $US≈ 536,05 €

[PRAYER BOOK]. EIZERLOHN, Aaron ben Isaac (editor).Biblio.com

Selichoth Mi'Kol HaShanah. Penitential prayers for the whole year according to the Ashkenazic rite.

réf. 109036Amsterdam Widow and Orphans of Joseph Proops 1800. . 8vo two vols; publishers embossed leather boards with gilt ornamental borders to front and back and decorations to spine red morocco pastedowns to spine with gilt title in Hebrew spine corners rubbed and chipped with a piece missing from the top of the spine of vol. I hinges cracked but holding; all edges gilt contemporary Dutch marbled endpapers leaves clean; 1 52 120; 1 52 186 ll. Ashkenazic rite prayer-book with Judeo-German translation and commentary by Hadrath Kodesh edited by Aaron ben Isaac Eizerlohn. Title with ornamental border with atypical cupids to the top. The Proops family were a dynasty of well known Hebrew printers publishers and booksellers in Amsterdam. Solomon Ben Yosef d. 1734 whose father may have been a Hebrew printer as well was an established bookseller in Amsterdam and in 1704 had set up his own Hebrew press which produced mainly liturgical books as well as works on halakhah Kabbalah Jewish ethics and history. From 1715 productions by Proops carried advertisements of books he had published and in 1730 he issued a sales catalogue the first such Hebrew publication. After his death appointed guardians continued to operate the press and even when his three sons took over they continued trade under the old name until 1751 and later - under their own names. In 1785 Joseph Proops sold most of his work to Kurzbeck of Vienna and when Proops died a year later his widow and sons continued printing on a small scale with various partners until 1812. Solomon ben Abraham Proops grandson of Solomon Ben Yosef split from the family printing house in 1797 and continued to work alone until 1827. Vinograd Amsterdam 2293. Amsterdam, Widow and Orphans of Joseph Proops, 1800. hardcover

Shapero Rare Books · Royaume-Uni1 900,00 £GB≈ 2 269,25 €

[ROYAL SOCIETY]. [NEWTON, Isaac; HOOKE, Robert; HALLEY, Edmond; FLAMSTEED, John; BOYLE, Robert; et al]Biblio.com

Philosophical Transactions: giving some Accompt of the Present Undertakings Studies and Labours of the Ingenious in many Considerable Parts of the World. Vol. I. For Anno 1665 and 1666 - Vol. XXXVII. For the Years 1731 1732

1732réf. 6441London: Various printers to the Royal Society 1732. 1665-1732. First edition of the first 426 issues an unbroken run from March 1665 to December 1732 of the world's oldest continuous scientific journal and the record in which scientific discoveries and inventions were first announced. It contains Newton's seventeen optical papers of 1672-1676 beginning with his first printed contribution to science and research by Halley Hooke Boyle Flamsteed Leeuwenhoek Cassini and Huygens with Bradley's discovery of the aberration of light and Gray's founding conduction experiments. The set contains both issues of the celebrated number 27 of 1667 - the suppressed original announcing the first blood transfusion performed on man printed while Oldenburg sat in the Tower and Oldenburg's replacement - a pairing preserved in only a handful of recorded sets. Provenance: armorial bookplate of Sir Marcus Beresford later Earl of Tyrone 1694-1763; contemporary inscription noting one issue's donation by Robert Hooke; manuscript corrections and notes on more than eighty pages. Long unbroken runs of the early decades are now rare. . The World's Oldest Continuous Scientific Journal. First edition of the first 426 issues an unbroken run from March 1665 to December 1732 of the world's oldest continuous scientific journal and the record in which scientific discoveries and inventions were first announced and communicated. It contains Newton's seventeen optical papers of 1672-1676 beginning with his first printed contribution to science and research by Halley Hooke Boyle Flamsteed Leeuwenhoek Cassini Hevelius Huygens and many others in astronomy physics chemistry mathematics medicine and natural history. The set moreover contains both issues of the celebrated number 27 for 1667 - the suppressed original announcing the first blood transfusion performed on a human being and the replacement Oldenburg issued to supersede it - a pairing preserved in only a handful of recorded sets. Thomas Henry Huxley observed in his 1866 address On the Advisableness of Improving Natural Knowledge that if every book in the world apart from the Philosophical Transactions were destroyed the foundations of physical science would remain secure. The intellectual progress of the last two centuries would he added be largely recoverable. Long unbroken runs of the first four-and-a-half decades are now rare: only two comparable sets have appeared at auction in the last three decades. These are the Norman set Christie's New York 15 June 1998 lot 716 $112500 and the Macclesfield set Sotheby's 25 October 2005 lot 1782 £96000 = $171400. A seven-volume run containing Newton's papers on light realised $75600 at Christie's in April 2022. Provenance: contemporary inscription at the end of one issue January 1692/3 noting its donation by Robert Hooke; armorial bookplate of Sir Marcus Beresford 1694-1763 Anglo-Irish peer and politician created Earl of Tyrone in 1746 on the front pastedowns - the plates lettered with the style he bore between 1720 and 1746 'Lord Viscount Tyrone' and so contemporary with the uniform binding of the mid-1730s; numerous manuscript corrections on more than sixty pages additional notes on about twenty pages and eight pages of manuscript notes on the measurement of the Earth bound in at the end. The journal began as Oldenburg's monthly newsletter to his correspondents. In November 1660 following a Gresham College lecture by Christopher Wren twelve men - John Wilkins Robert Boyle and Wren himself among them - agreed to form a philosophical society that would meet weekly to exchange information and to conduct experiments. The society received its charter from the newly restored Charles II in 1662 and Henry Oldenburg a German-English diplomat and friend of Boyle was installed as one of its two secretaries. One of the charter's terms called for the exchange of information with other learned societies and Oldenburg almost at once began a sustained correspondence - with the Cimento Academy in Florence the Montmor Academy in Paris and after its foundation in 1666 the Académie Royale des Sciences - and with hundreds of working natural philosophers in places that had no scientific society of their own. Fluent in German Dutch French English and Latin he was able to translate most foreign correspondence himself including Antoni van Leeuwenhoek's letters on his microscopical investigations and the communications of Johannes Hevelius of Gdansk and Marcello Malpighi of Bologna. After some years writing letters without salary Oldenburg decided to compile a monthly newsletter summarising a month's Royal Society activities and send it out to his correspondents in a single printing. On 6 March 1665 Old Style; 16 March by the Gregorian calendar then in use on the continent the first issue of the Philosophical Transactions appeared: letter-excerpts reviews and summaries of recently published books and accounts of observations and experiments from European natural philosophers. Some of the pieces Oldenburg wrote himself summarising the minutes of Society meetings; others he translated or adapted from printed sources; still others were composite pieces assembled from the letters of several correspondents on a common subject. After his death in 1677 the journal passed through the hands of a succession of editors frequently also Secretaries of the Society - Edmond Halley and Hans Sloane the best-known among them - and through a succession of printers its form and content broadly reflecting the priorities of the current editor and to a degree of the Society. The Royal Society assumed financial responsibility for the journal only in 1752. Until the last third of the seventeenth century most original contributions to science appeared in books in which an author's own findings were embedded within a systematic exposition of a larger subject. The chartering of the Royal Society in 1662 and of the Académie Royale des Sciences in 1666 and the launching in 1665 of the Journal des Sçavans at Paris and the Philosophical Transactions at London gave institutional expression to a new conception of science as a cooperative enterprise: the immediate objective of the individual scientist became the experimental contribution to an eventual system of nature rather than the construction of the system itself and the journal article began to replace the book as the unit in which that contribution was made. Newton was the first to use the new medium to argue from experiment that an established theory should be torn up and replaced - and the quarrel his proposal ignited was fought out internationally in the journal's own columns with every party shifting ground until a professional consensus took hold. Scientific advance has kept that rhythm - announce publicly debate in print converge - ever since Kuhn in Cohen Isaac Newton's Papers and Letters on Natural Philosophy 2nd ed. 1978 pp. 27-29. Newton's seventeen optical papers run as a single intellectual sequence across the 1670s: the 1672 New Theory paper No. 80 pp. 3075-3087 introducing the prism experiment and the spectral analysis of white light; the catadioptrical-telescope paper No. 81; a series of exchanges with the French Jesuit Pardies Nos. 84 85 with Christiaan Huygens via an 'ingenious person from Paris' Nos. 96 97 and with the Liège Jesuits Linus and Lucas Nos. 110 121 123 128 - together more than half of the seventeen papers all responding to objections raised against the New Theory. Newton's answer to Hooke's objections No. 88 is the most polemical of the set prefiguring the priority dispute that would dominate the Principia years; the answer to Sir Robert Moray on behalf of the Royal Society No. 83 the most measured. Across the six volumes containing them the papers transformed optics from a body of empirical reports into a quantitative experimental science driven by decisive testing among hypotheses and supplied the methodological core that Newton would eventually assemble decades later into the Opticks of 1704. These papers together constitute the first major contribution to science made through a technical journal - the medium that rapidly became the standard mode of communication among scientists - and as Christianson puts it if Newton had published nothing else the optical papers alone would guarantee him a place among the immortals of modern science Christianson In the Presence of the Creator 1984 p. 150. They also show a Newton whom the Principia and the Opticks keep out of sight: those works bury their maker under formality and apparatus whereas the hurried argumentative letters to Oldenburg printed here catch him as his notebooks do in the act of creation Kuhn in Cohen pp. 27-29. When Newton was first appointed Lucasian Professor at Cambridge in 1669 he chose optics for the subject of his first lectures and researches building on the prism work he had begun in the plague years of the mid-1660s: the decomposition of a beam of white light into rays of different colours the complete explanation of the rainbow following from this discovery. These results formed the subject of his first Lucasian lectures and their principal conclusions were communicated to the Royal Society in February 1672 and printed soon afterwards in the Transactions No. 80. Before Newton light had been believed to be a homogeneous substance and colour was held to be produced by the mixture of light with darkness - the prism in the standard account supplying the darkness that coloured the light with all rays of white light striking the prism at the same angle being equally refracted. Newton's experiments led him to the radically different conclusion that white light is a mixture of rays of many distinct types each refracted at a slightly different angle and each responsible for producing one spectral colour. He set up a prism near his window at Trinity College and projected the spectrum onto a wall twenty-two feet away; to prove that the prism refracted light rather than colouring it he refracted the beam a second time back to white. The crucial experiment was to isolate a narrow ray of a single colour from the first spectrum and pass it through a second prism where no further elongation or separation occurred - a demonstration that each spectral ray was itself unmixed and uniformly refrangible. The reception of the paper was mixed. Many contemporaries simply ignored it; Pardies raised theoretical objections which he withdrew once Newton had clarified the experiments; Linus in Liège claimed in letters of 1674-75 to have failed to replicate them and Newton's invitation to repeat the trials with greater care settled nothing for the Liège circle; Mariotte's disconfirming report of 1681 kept French opinion sceptical for a generation. Others - Hooke among them who confirmed the experiments himself before a committee of the Royal Society in April 1676 - conceded the results but held that they could be accommodated by minor modification of existing theories making Newton's radical interpretation unnecessary. The controversy ran for four years in the journal's own pages and privately with the Liège critics until 1678 and left Newton conspicuously wary of publication. Newton's invention of the reflecting telescope reported in the issue immediately following his first optical paper No. 81 had in fact prompted the optical work rather than the other way round: the chromatic aberration of refracting lenses - their inability to bring different colours of light to a single focal point - was the original stimulus for Newton's investigation of the nature of light. Newton had sent Oldenburg his letter describing the telescope before his letter describing the new theory and had hoped to present the telescope as a practical test-piece for the theory. Oldenburg however printed the material in the reverse order the theory first followed by the description of the instrument. The telescope made a considerable impression at the Royal Society which promptly elected Newton a Fellow; a corresponding notice appeared in the Journal des Sçavans in February 1672 with emphasis on the instrument's compactness and it was the telescope rather than the theory of light that first made Newton's name known on the Continent DiLaura Bibliotheca Opticoria 1475-1925 2021 pp. 235-236. Newton published three non-optical papers in the Transactions all anonymously. His only published paper on chemistry Scala Graduum Caloris No. 270 April 1701 pp. 824-829 states what has since become known as Newton's law of cooling - that the rate at which a hot body loses heat is proportional to the difference between its temperature and that of its surroundings - and describes the construction of a thermometer capable of measuring temperatures up to almost 1000 °C. An Account of the Book entituled Commercium Epistolicum Collinii & Aliorum De Analysi promota No. 342 February 1715 pp. 173-224 is Newton's anonymous review of the Commercium epistolicum the official report of the committee appointed by the Royal Society to adjudicate between Newton and Leibniz over priority in the invention of calculus - the most bitter and consequential priority dispute in the history of science; the Account purports to be impartial but was in fact written like the Commercium epistolicum itself by Newton. In the same volume No. 347 March 1716 pp. 399-400 appeared his Problematis Mathematicis Anglis Nuper Propositi Solutio Generalis the response to a challenge problem set by Johann Bernoulli to the English mathematicians; tradition has it that Newton solved it in a single evening after returning from a day's work at the Mint. With the exception of this minor paper none of Newton's original work on gravitation or on mathematics was published in the Transactions. Edmond Halley's review of the Principia however appeared soon after its publication No. 186 pp. 291-297 - Halley was then the journal's editor - prefaced by an advertisement apologising that the Transactions had been delayed for some months because Halley had had the entire care of the Principia's own edition and had therefore as he put it been more serviceable to the Commonwealth of Learning than he would have been in issuing his own periodical on time. Halley pointed out with justice that one of the most striking features of the Principia was Newton's great skill in using the new mathematics - by which Halley meant Newton's own method of infinite series. Edmond Halley 1656-1742 made a long series of important contributions of his own to the Transactions. The best-known is Astronomiae cometicae synopsis No. 297 March 1705 pp. 1882-1899 the first journal printing of the theory according to which comets belong to the solar system and move in eccentric elliptical orbits; it was here that Halley set out his method of computing the motion of comets of establishing their periodicity and of identifying the comet that would bear his name DSB. The confirmation of the comet's return - sighted again on Christmas Day 1758 and through perihelion in March 1759 long after Halley's death - was the first time that a body other than a planet had been shown to orbit the Sun and the earliest successful observational test of Newtonian physics; the comet was named after Halley by the French astronomer Nicolas-Louis de Lacaille in 1759. Halley's other major contributions include his Methodus singularis No. 348 June 1716 pp. 454-464 challenging the international astronomical community to use the transits of Venus predicted for 1761 and 1769 to measure the Earth-Sun distance - a challenge astronomers took up organising expeditions to the farthest corners of the globe; A short History of the several New-Stars No. 346 December 1715 pp. 354-356 observing that the new stars of 1572 and 1604 Tycho's and Kepler's stars were not the only changing stars on record others having been observed in 1596 1600 1670 and 1686 one of them - Mira - waxing and waning with a regular 330-day period; An Account of several Nebulae or lucid Spots like Clouds No. 347 March 1716 pp. 390-392 the first list of known nebulae with their discoverers crediting the Great Nebula in Orion to Huygens the Andromeda nebula to Boulliau and the two spherical nebulae in Centaurus and Hercules to himself; the paired papers 'Of the infinity of the sphere of fix'd stars' and 'Of the number order and light of the fix'd stars' No. 364 April 1720 pp. 22-26 posing what later generations would call Olbers's paradox a century before Olbers; and outside astronomy the paper on the Breslaw life table No. 196 January 1692/3 pp. 596-610 which produced the first life table based on sound demographic data and gave the first correct calculation of annuities using essentially the methods still in use today. John Flamsteed 1646-1719 was with Halley the leading English observational astronomer of his generation; his major works are the Historiae coelestis first published in 1712 without his consent by Halley and Newton and the Atlas coelestis published posthumously in 1729 but he also contributed more than thirty articles to the Transactions chiefly on observational astronomy. Among the early Astronomers Royal Flamsteed stands apart for what he did with his measurements once made: where Bradley would leave behind a mountain of raw observations for others to digest Flamsteed worked his own data through to usable form himself - a discipline in which as the DSB observes no holder of the office matched him before Airy. Robert Boyle 1627-1691 contributed some thirty-seven papers to the Transactions Fulton p. 138 among them his influential questionnaire General Heads for the Natural History of a Country a number of major experimental essays that sometimes filled a whole issue and most revealingly An Experimental Discourse of Quicksilver growing hot with Gold No. 122 February 1675/6 pp. 515-533 - a paper on a kind of mercury that would incalesce when amalgamated with gold suggesting that Boyle had achieved the long-sought alchemical philosophical mercury capable of transmuting base metals. Boyle's trials went back to 1652 when he had received the recipe from his American mentor George Starkey; his decision to go public in 1676 signalled a newly intense period of alchemical activity on his part. The paper drew from Newton - himself a committed alchemical enthusiast - a letter to Oldenburg urging that such matters were not to be communicated without immense damage to the world if there should be any truth in the Hermetic writers; Oldenburg took the hint and the incalescence paper remained a one-off in the Transactions Hunter Alchemy in the Transactions Royal Society blog 1 July 2015. The Dutch microscopist Antoni van Leeuwenhoek 1632-1723 contributed 116 articles to the Transactions over the half-century 1673-1723; the most famous of them the letter on the protozoa No. 133 March 1677 pp. 821-831 gives the first detailed description of protists and bacteria in a range of environments. Leeuwenhoek is universally acknowledged as the father of microbiology: he discovered both protists and bacteria - a world that Hooke's and Power's published microscopy of the 1660s had not touched because no one had sought living creatures at that scale and no instrument before Leeuwenhoek's deceptively simple single-lensed microscopes could have resolved them. Nor did he merely observe: he conducted ingenious experiments exploring and manipulating his microscopic universe with a curiosity that belied his lack of any map or bearings. The verification of Leeuwenhoek's new world by the natural philosophers of the Royal Society set out the ground rules that still define experimental science today Lane The unseen world: reflections on Leeuwenhoek 1677 Philosophical Transactions B370 2015 pp. 1-10. Martin Lister 1639-1712 contributed in 1673 what is now regarded as the earliest journal article on palaeontology: A description of certain stones figured like plants No. 100 pp. 6181-6191 on the preservation of St Cuthbert's beads - crinoid remains - in the approximately 350-million-year-old Carboniferous limestones of northern England. The biological nature of fossils was then controversial: Kircher had argued that they formed by abiogenic plastic forces within the rock while Hooke and Steno had suggested they were the remains of living organisms. Lister was seemingly the first to explore how direct observation could decide between the two making observations about what modern geobiology calls taphonomy and biogenicity criteria - observations that presage current debates about the earliest signs of life on Earth and Mars Brasier Philosophical Transactions A373 2015 pp. 1-16. Other natural-historical papers scattered through the journal's first century - Account of a very odd monstrous calf Some experiments and observations on May-dew Some observations on strange swarms of insects - are in places fanciful but in many others acute; Hooke's own contributions began in the very first issue March 1665 with A spot in one of the belts of Jupiter sometimes identified with Jupiter's Great Red Spot. The early volumes also contain the record of the world's first experiments with blood transfusion begun in England in the mid-1660s. The procedure was first carried out between dogs with arteries and veins in the animals' necks opened and blood transferred from one to another through quills most likely of goose feather inserted into the vessels and clamped with running knots; in the physician Richard Lower's account No. 20 pp. 353-358 the transfusion came to an end when the emittent dog fell into convulsions and died. Shortly afterwards Boyle published a remarkable set of questions about the likely effects of transfusion on the animal receiving blood No. 22 pp. 385-388 asking whether transfusion might change a dog of one breed into another alter its temperament render a fierce dog cowardly transmit satiety or hunger obliterate learned behaviours or make a dog forget its master - a sequence of questions which as Holly Tucker has observed reads like an alchemical programme turned inward upon the living body Tucker Blood Work 2011. Researchers soon proposed transfusion into a human subject. Since the procedure generally killed the emittent a human-to-human transfusion was thought impossible and a sheep was settled upon as donor. The choice of English recipient fell in November 1667 upon Arthur Coga - mentally unstable but sufficiently educated to report in Latin on the effects of the procedure - and the operation was performed by Lower and the physician Edmund King No. 30 pp. 557-559 who judged that Coga had received nine or ten ounces of sheep's blood. A few days afterwards Coga reported back to the Society in Latin and Samuel Pepys meeting him at a dinner party shortly thereafter found him to speak very reasonably though cracked a little in his head. The most storied issue in the set however is number 27 and this set contains it twice. In June 1667 the Paris physician Jean Denis working under the patronage of Henri-Louis de Montmor had transfused lamb's blood into a human patient - the first blood transfusion performed on man five months before Coga's - and his letter to Montmor announcing it with the claim that the whole project had been conceived 'about ten years agoe' in Montmor's own academy was printed in Paris and sent to the Royal Society. It arrived at a helpless moment. Oldenburg had been arrested under warrants of 20 June 1667 for indiscreet remarks about the conduct of the Dutch war and sat in the Tower of London until 26 August. While he was imprisoned an issue numbered 27 and dated 22 July 1667 appeared - probably the doing of Wilkins the Society's other secretary; there is no record of its being licensed by the council - consisting entirely of an English translation of Denis's letter. The number is immediately recognisable: it carries no Philosophical Transactions masthead and no imprint opening directly into the Denis letter at p. 489. On his release Oldenburg convinced that priority in transfusion belonged to the English experimenters suppressed the number and replaced it with a new no. 27 covering July August and September dated 23 September 1667 which opens with 'An Advertisement concerning the Invention of the Transfusion of bloud' reasserting the English claim through Lower's experiments of 1665-66. The suppression was effective: Farr surveying British holdings could locate only eight surviving copies of the Denis printing five of them standing in sets that also preserve the replacement and Kronick found the same pattern in America where only two of eight sets examined contained both. The present set preserves both issues their pagination duplicated. Nor does the run thin toward its close. Volume XXXV contains Bradley's letter to Halley giving an account of 'a new discovered Motion of the Fix'd Stars' No. 406 pp. 637-661 read to the Society in January 1729 - the discovery of the aberration of light. Begun as the letter's own opening records in hopes of verifying the parallax observations Hooke had claimed decades earlier Bradley's work furnished instead the first observational proof that the Earth moves around the Sun and from the aberration constant a measurement of the speed of light - 8 minutes 12 seconds for light to cross the Earth-Sun distance within a few percent of the modern figure Evans 21. And volume XXXVII prints Stephen Gray's letter to Cromwell Mortimer containing his experiments concerning electricity No. 417 pp. 18-44 in which the electric virtue was shown for the first time to be communicable from body to body and carried along hundreds of feet of packthread - the founding demonstration of electrical conduction and of the distinction between conductors and insulators for which Gray received the first Copley Medal in 1731. Other contributors in these decades include Cassini on the satellites of Jupiter Huygens on mechanics and optics Malpighi Swammerdam Borelli Steno Fahrenheit and Redi whose experimental refutation of spontaneous generation appeared in the journal alongside a steady stream of material from Harvey Wren Ray Petty Locke Wallis Winthrop Tyson Lancisi Leibniz and Hales; and within two decades of the run's close Benjamin Franklin's Experiments and Observations on Electricity 1751 - itself first reported to the Society in letters of just this kind - would carry forward the electrical programme Gray had begun in these pages. References: Grolier/Horblit 95b - Norman 1694 - PMM 148 Vol. 1 - Evans 21 Bradley - Macclesfield 1782 - Brasier Deep questions about the nature of early-life signals: a commentary on Lister 1673 Philosophical Transactions A373 2015 pp. 1-16 - Christianson In the Presence of the Creator 1984 - Cohen ed. Isaac Newton's Papers and Letters on Natural Philosophy 2nd ed. 1978 - DiLaura Bibliotheca Opticoria 1475-1925 2021 - Farr 'The First Human Blood Transfusion' Medical History 24 1980 pp. 143-162 - Fulton A Bibliography of the Honourable Robert Boyle 1932 - Kronick 'Notes on the Printing History of the Early Philosophical Transactions' Libraries & Culture 25 1990 pp. 243-268 - Lane The unseen world: reflections on Leeuwenhoek 1677 Philosophical Transactions B370 2015 pp. 1-10 - Tucker Blood Work: A Tale of Medicine and Murder in the Scientific Revolution 2011. 37 vols bound in 22 4to 215 × 165 mm containing all issues from March 1665 No. 1 through December 1732 No. 426 with 380 engraved plates 306 folding 176 woodcut illustrations and diagrams and 7 folding tables. The suppressed number 27 of 22 July 1667 - the Denis transfusion letter printed without masthead or imprint pp. 489-504 signature Ccc - is present together with its replacement dated 23 September 1667 the pagination duplicated between them. Occasional damp-staining a few tears and small holes occasionally affecting a word or two a few headlines shaved the plate in No. 56 map of part of Languedoc with a 7 cm tear that in No. 60 apparatus shaved at head and that in No. 196 with bottom corner repaired with loss of about a quarter of the plate relating to the dissection of a rat. Uniformly bound in eighteenth-century probably mid-1730s sprinkled calf spines ruled and tooled in gilt in compartments with red title-labels and black volume-number labels some joints cracking but firm a few labels missing slightly rubbed. Generally very clean and well-preserved. . Various printers to the Royal Society unknown

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