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Cortical lesions of the brain. A collection and analysis of the American cases of localized cerebral disease.

1884Best.-Nr. 688281884. Am. J. M. Sc. 88. - Philadelphia The American Journal of the Medical Sciences July 1884 8° 51 1 pp. 2 Figs. orig. wrappers. Rare Offprint! "The localization of brain functions has been raised from the level of an hypothesis to that of a definitely ascertained fact within the past ten years. Meynert was the first to discard the doctrine of Flourens that the brain acted as a whole and on anatomical grounds declared that different portions possessed different powers. The study of aphasia led French observers independently to the same result. Fritsch and Hitzig in Germany and Ferrier in England arrived at a similar conclusion soon after by means of their well-known physiological experiments upon animals and the results reached by them have been confirmed in a most striking manner by Munk Dalton and others. But while anatomical study demonstrating a connection between various organs of the body and definite regions of the surface of the brain may furnish grounds for a priori reasoning as to the function of those regions; and while physiological experiments upon animals may afford valuable suggestions as to the probable effect of limited brain disease in man an accurate determination of the question of localization can only be reached by a study of clinical cases. The appreciation of this fact has led Charcot Ferrier Nothnagel Exner Wernicke and others to collect the cases on record in which a limited area of disease whose position was determined by a careful autopsy had given rise to definite symptoms. From the comparison and classification of these eases certain general conclusions have been reached and it is now possible to refer many symptoms occurring in the course of brain disease to a destruction of a definite area of the surface." Starr Moses Allen Starr 1854-1932 'Professor of Neurology in the College pf Physician and Surgeons at Columbia University New York City' "had plans for a career in classical culture when he graduated from Princeton and embarked for Germany to study Greek and Roman history. In Berlin however several visits to Helmholtz's laboratory revived a latent interest in natural science. He returned to his native New York graduated from the College of Physicians and Surgeons P&S Columbia University did a residency at Bellevue Hospital then returned to Europe to work at Heidelberg Vienna and Paris. On return to New York he set up a laboratory in his home and in 1884 published an essay on the sensory tracts of the central nervous system elucidating some of the then-current questions of myelination. Starr's regard as an American pioneer in the field of cerebral localization stemmed from his participation in a symposium on that subject with the famous English neurologist David Ferrier and neurosurgeon Victor Horsley who were delegates to the 1888 Congress of American Physicians and Surgeons in Washington D.C. He became professor of nervous diseases at the Montreal Neurological Institute. During neurosurgical operations they electrically stimulated the surface of the exposed unanesthetized brains of patients who were talking. On-going speech was blocked by excitation of the parietal-temporal area the inferior frontal area and the supplemental motor area of the left hemisphere Penfield & Roberts 1959. Those experimental protocols were a continuation of Penfield's long quest to add to the knowledge of body representations on the neocortex." H.W. Magoun & L. Marshall; American Neuroscience in the Twentieth Century 2005 pp.383-384 unknown

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