‎Physics‎

‎"HELMHOLTZ, HERMANN von.‎

‎Studien über electrische Grenzschichten. (Studies in Electrical Contact-layers).‎

‎Leipzig, Johann Ambrosius Barth, 1879. Without wrappers as issued in ""Annalen der Physik und Chemie. Hrsg. von G. Wiedemann."", Neue Folge Bd. 7, No. 7. Pp. 337-496 a. 1 plate. (Entire issue offered). Helmholtz paper: pp. 337-382.‎

‎First appearance of a famous paper in electrodynamics in which Helmholtz was able to explain the production of electricity by friction and succeeding ""in deriving the relations of the series of electrical tensions due to friction, and the theory of the electrical machine, satisfactorily from it.....In this paper....Helmholtz comes back repeatedly to the close connection between electrical and the chemical forces, as well as to the explanation of Volta's fundamental experiment......These researches of Hertz, the results of which were plainly foreseen by helmholtz, gave substantial support to the Faraday-Maxwell hypothesis of the nature of electricity, and confirmed Helmholtz in his opinion of the accuracty of Faraday's conceptions.""(Koenigsberger ""Hermann von helmholts"", pp. 317-321).‎

Bookseller reference : 45081

‎"HEISENBERG, WERNER.‎

‎The present situation in the theory of elementary particles. (In: Commemoration of the fiftieth anniversary of Niels Bohr's first papers on atomic constitution held in Copenhagen on 8-15 July, 1963. Session on elementary particles, on Wednesday, 10 Ju...‎

‎Copenhagen: Institute for Theoretical Physics, 1963. 4to. Cloth-backed printed wrappers. (2),79,(1) pp.‎

‎First edition of Heisenberg's paper. The volume also includes: Abraham Pais ""Invariance principles"" and Gian Carlo Wick ""Quantum field theories.""‎

Bookseller reference : 36952

‎"HELMHOLTZ, HERMANN von. - FOUNDING THE MODERN THEORY OF COLOUR.‎

‎Ueber Hrn. Brewster's neue Analyse des Sonnenlichts.‎

‎Leipzig, Johann Ambrosius Barth, 1852. Without wrappers as issued in ""Annalen der Physik und Chemie. Hrsg.von Poggendorff"", Dritte Reihe Bd. 26, Achtes Stück.(= Heft No. 8 of 1852). (The entire issue (No. 8) offered). Titlepage to vol. 26. Pp. 501-600. Helmholtz's paper: pp. 501-523. Clean and fine.‎

‎First appearance of this founding paper in the modern theory of colour, in which Helmholtz proved the surprising fact that there are only two among the colours of the spectrum, yellow and indigo-blue, which together yields pure white, that is, are complementary to each other, whereas their combination had always been supposed to produce green.""Helmholtz turned to the intricate problems of color vision in 1852 with an attack on Sir David Brewster's new theory of light. Brewster had maintained the objective reality of three primary colors by supposing, in opposition to Newton, that there exist three distinct kinds of light, each of which excites in the eye one of the sensations red, yellow, or blue. Helmholtz regarded the theory as still another confusion of physical stimulus and subjective responce....He also revived Young's theory of color visoin...only to refute it. He had discovered that spectral colors, when mixed, always yield a duller color of less-than-spectral saturation. Therefore the whole idea that all colors may be obtained from mixtures of three primary colors must be incorrect, he concluded, for the spectral colorss, at least, can never be obtained in their full saturation by mixing any three of their number....Although Helmholtz dismissed Young's theory in 1852, by 1858 he had changed his mind and become its formost advocate. In order to save Ypoung's theory....Helmholtz asumed that Young's physiological primaries are not spectral colors att all, but colors of far greater-than-spectral saturation...""(DSB VI, pp. 246-247). Garrison & Morton 1508.‎

Bookseller reference : 43564

‎"HERTZ, HEINRICH. - HERTZ'S DOCTORAL DISSERTATION.‎

‎Ueber die Vertheilung der Elektricität auf der Oberfläche bewegter Leiter.‎

‎Leipzig, Johann Ambrosius Barth, 1880. Without wrappers as issued in ""Annalen der Physik und Chemie. Hrsg. von G. Wiedemann."", Neue Folge Bd. 13, 6. Heft. Pp. 209-384 a. 1 folded plate, (entire issue offered ""Heft"" 6). Hertz's paper: pp. 266-275.‎

‎First printing of Hertz' doctoral dissertation on the electromagnetic induction in rotating conductors, a purely theoretical work that took him only three months to complete.""It was not a pioneering work but a thorough study of the problem that had been partially treated by many others, from Arago and Faraday to Emil Jochmann and Maxwell. He submitted the dissertation in January 1880 and took his doctoral examination the following month, earning a magna cum laude, a distinction rarely given at Berlin.""(DSB).‎

Bookseller reference : 44841

‎"HERTZ, H. (HEINRICH RUDOLF). - CONFIRMING THE ANALOGY BETWEEN ELECTRIC - AND LIGHTWAVES.‎

‎Ueber die Einwirkung einer geradlinigen Schwingung auf eine benachbarte Strombahn. (+) Ueber Inductionserschneinungen, hervorgerufen durch die electrischen Vorgänge in Isolatoren. (Aus den Sitzungsber. der Berl. Acad. vom 10. Nov. 1887, mit einem Zusa...‎

‎Leipzig, Johann Ambrosius Barth, 1888. Conemp. hcalf. 5 raised bands, gilt spine and gilt lettering to spine. A few scratches to spine. Small stamp on verso of first -and general- titlepage and small stamps to verso of plates. ""Annalen der Physik und Chemie. Hrsg. von G. Wiedemann."", Neue Folge Bd. 34,. VIII,1048 pp. a. 8 folded engraved plates. (Entire volume offered). Hertz' papers: pp. 155-170, pp. 273-285, pp. 551-569, pp. 609-623.‎

‎First appearance of 4 famous and importent papers (2 of them in their final form) in which Hertz established by experiments the similarities between electric waves and light waves.""Hertz followed up his determination of the finite velocity of electric waves by performing a series of more qualitative experiments in 1888 on the analogy between electric and light waves. Passing electric waves through huge prisms of hard pitch, he showed that they refract exactly as light waves do. He polarized electric waves by directing them through a grating of parallel wires, and he diffracted them by interrupting them with a screen with a hole in it. He reflected them from the walls of the room, obtaining interference between the original and the reflected waves. He focused them with huge concave mirrors, casting electric shadows with conducting obstacles. The experiments with mirrors especially attracted attention, as they were the most direct disproof of action at a distance in electrodynamics. They and the experiments on the finite velocity of propagation brought about a rapid conversion of European physicists from the viewpoint of instantaneous action at a distance in electrodynamics to Maxwell’s view that electromagnetic processes take place in dielectrics and that an electromagnetic ether subsumes the functions of the older luminiferous ether."" (DSB)-.‎

Bookseller reference : 44843

‎"HELMHOLTZ, HERMANN von. - FURTHER PROOF OF THE ""CONSERVATION OF ENERGY-PRINCIPLE""‎

‎Ueber galvanische Ströme, verursacht durch Concentrationsunterschiede"" Folgerungen aus der mechanischen Wärmetheorie. (On galvanic Currents caused by Differences in Concentration: Deductions from the Mechanical Theory of Heat).‎

‎Leipzig, Johann Ambrosius Barth, 1878. Without wrappers as issued in ""Annalen der Physik und Chemie. Hrsg. von G. Wiedemann."", Neue Folge Bd. 3, 2. Heft. Pp. 161-320 a. 1 folded plate. (entire issue offered). Helmholtz' paper: pp. 201-216. With titlepage to volume 3.‎

‎First apperance - in full - of this importent paper in which for the first time the 2 laws of thermodynamics were applied to electrical phenomena. Parts of the paper were published already in 1877.""In 1877 Helmholtz attempted to predict theoretically the electromotive force of a galvanic cell for different concentrations of a salt solution. Under certain conditions the cell can be treated as a reversible cycle and the laws of Carnot and Clapeyron applied to it. The theory was in substantial agreement with experimental data by James Moser.""(DSB). - The Moser-paper confirming Helmholtz theory is printed here on pp. 216-219, taken from Monatsberichte der Berl. Akad., 1877.""In his work 'On Galvanic Currents', Helmholtz was the first to apply the two laws of thermodynamics to electricity. In order to keep up a current of electricity through any conductor it is necessary to expend a certain amount of chemical or mechanical work"" the supply of positive electricity in the positive end of the conductor must be perpetually renewed, in order to oppose the repulsive force of the positive electricity there accumulated, and the same holds for the negative electricity at the negative end.""(Koenigsberger ""Hermann von helmholtz"", pp. 309-12).‎

Bookseller reference : 45034

‎"HERTZ, HEINRICH.‎

‎Untersuchungen ueber die Ausbreitung der elektrischen Kraft. Mit 40 Figuren im Text. - [FOUNDING THE BASIS FOR WIRELESS TELEGRAPHY (PMM 377).]‎

‎Leipzig, Johann Ambrosius Barth, 1892. 8vo. Contemporary half cloth. VI, (2), 295, (1) pp. Upper part of joints neatly repaired,otherwise a clean and fresh copy.‎

‎First edition of Hertz' seminal book on electromagnetic waves, which laid the foundation of radiotelegraphy and radiotelephony.While investigating Maxwell's conception of light as an electromagnetic phenomenon, Hertz exposed that waves of electricity could both be transmitted and received through space. This had profound consequences and led, amongst other things, to Marconi's perfection of wireless telegraphy. ""His [Hertz'] discovery of the properties of reflection, refraction, and polarization in electricity, with this wave theory of electrical motion, laid the foundation of radiotelegraphy and radiotelephony."" (Milestones of Science, p 47.)""Experimental proof by Hertz of the Faraday-Maxwell hypothesis that electrical waves can be projected through space was begun in 1887, eight years after Maxwell's death. The two main requirements were (a) a method of producing the waves, supposing that they existed, and (b) a method of detecting them once they were produced."" (PMM, 377.)""Hertz's researches on electrical waves vindicated the Helmholtz ideal of the physicist as one whose competences embraced both experiment and mathematics. Hertz entered physics at the right time for one of his abilities to make a critical contribution"" because the outstanding problem of physics was the disorderly condition of electrodynamics, what was needed was someone with the theoretical power to analyze the competing theories and with the experimental judgment to produce the evidence that would persuade the physical community that a decision between the theories had been reached."" (DSB, VI, 348b.)""In the early 1890's the young inventor Guglielmo Marconi read of Hertz's electric wave experiments in an Italian electrical journal and began considering the Possibility of communication by wireless waves. Hertz's work initiated a technological development as momentous as it physical counterpart."" (DSB, VI, 349a.).Honeyman, No. 1668 - PMM 377 - Sparrow, Milestones of Science Nr. 101‎

Bookseller reference : 42874

‎"HEITLER W. & F. LONDON.‎

‎Wechselwirkung neutraler atome und homöopolare Bindung nach der Quantenmechanik.‎

‎Berlin, Julius Springer, 1927. 8vo. In contemporary half cloth with gilt lettering to spine. In ""Zeitschrift für Physik"", Vol. 44. Entire volume offered. Stamp to front free end paper, otherwise a fine and clean copy. Pp. 455-472. [Entire volume: VIII,903 pp.].‎

‎First appearance of grounbreaking paper which was the first to explain the nature of the chemical bound using wave mechanics and thus explaining the forces active when atoms exchange electrons and creating molecules.""In June, Heitler and London published their famous paper on the hydrogen molecule in which they showed the existence of a new kind of saturable, nondynamic forces, the so-called ""exchange forces"" of attraction or repulsion between like particles, and developed a schematic theory of the homopolar valence which eventually BROUGHT THE WHOLE OF CHEMISTRY UNDER THE SOVEREIGNTY OF QUANTUM MECHANICS. These results not only lent weight to the concept of like particles, they also showed that like particles may be indistinguishable, that is, may lose their identity, a conclusion which follows from the uncertainty relations or, more precisely, from the impossibility of keeping track of the individual particles in case of interactions of like particles. (Jammer in ""The Conceptual Development of Quantum Mechanic"", pp. 343 ff.).Parkinson ""Breakthroughs"" 1927 C.‎

Bookseller reference : 49387

‎"HEISENBERG, W. (WERNER) und W. (WOLFGANG) PAULI. - ESTABLISHING QUANTUM FIELD THEORY.‎

‎Zur Quantendynamik der Wellenfelder. (I-) II. (2 papers).‎

‎Berlin, Julius Springer, 1929 u. 1930. Bound in 2 contemp. uniform hcloth over marbled boards. A stamp to top of titlepages. Gilt lettering to spine. In: ""Zeitschrift für Physik. Herausgegeben von Karl Scheel"", 56. und 59. Band. VII,867 pp. u. VII,874 pp. (2 entire volumes offered). Heisenberg & Pauli's paper: pp. 1-61 a. pp. 168-190. Internally clean and fine.‎

‎First appearance of these two papers of seminal importence as Heisenberg and Pauli here laid the foundation , by using a new method, for the quantum field theory, and gave the ""relativistic formulation of quantum electrodynamics in the presence off charges and currents""(Pais). They were the first to attempt a general formulation of quantum electrodynamics by setting up a general scheme for the quantization of fields which they hoped would be applicable to the Maxwell field.In the papers they also introduced what is today called ""gauge fixing"", which from then on are among the precious tools of field theory.""Heisenberg and Pauli thus established the basic structure of QFT which can be found in any introduction to QFT up to the present day"" (Stanford Encyclopaedia of Philosophy).‎

Bookseller reference : 48182

‎"HEISENBERG, WERNER.‎

‎Zur Theorie der ""Schauer"" in der Höhenstrahlung (+) Zur Theorie der explosionsartigen Schauer in der kosmischen Strahlung. II. - [HEISENBERG'S ""EXPLOSION SHOWERS"" OF COSMIC RAYS]‎

‎Berling, Springer, 1936 & 1939. 8vo. In two contemporary halv cloth bindings. In ""Zeitschrift für Physik"", Bd. 101, 1936 & 113, 1939. Entire volumes offered. Stamp to front free end-paper and titlepage, otherwise fine and clean. Pp. 513-538"" Pp. 673-702. [Entire volume: VII, (1), 790 pp.].‎

‎First printing of Heisenberg's two famous papers on ""explosion showers"" of cosmic rays"" a subject he himself considered ""the frontier of a wholly new and revolutionary physics."" (DSB). ""It appears to me that Heisenberg's experiences with the Fermi theory made a deep and lasting impact on him, which changed the course of his thinking. The strong increase of cross sections with energy he had found led him to surmise that physics may have to be revised at short distances. Already in his 1936 paper [the present] we find references to 'the introduction of a universal length which perhaps must be connected with a new change a principle in the formalism, just as for example the introduction of the constant c led to a modification of prerelativistic physics"". Note also that 1936 was the last year Heisenberg worked on quantum electrodynamics."" (Pais, Inward Bound).""While engaged in this political fight, Heisenberg vigorously pursued his search for a consistent quantum field theory. His tenacious adherence to what he believed to be the beginning of a new quantum revolution is in part attributable to his concern for the vitality of German research. In 1935 Heisenberg's research began to focus on high-energy collisions of elementary particles in cosmic rays, the highest energy phenomena then known. Examining the Fermi (weak) interaction in early 1936, Heisenberg discovered a mathematical minimum length, about the size of elementary particles, that appeared to trigger the onset of ""explosion showers"" of cosmic rays. The minimum length, a notion that he had earlier considered in the context of quantum eletrodynamics, marked, he belived, the boundary of quantum mechanics and the frontier of a wholly new and revolutionary physics.Heisenberg's revolutionary notions were challenged soon afterward by the alternative quantum electrodynamics of ""cascade showers."" generated by Bremsstrahlung and pair production. A controversy ensued, mainly between Heisenberg and several American physicists, over the existence of explosion showers and over allegiances to the two types of theories and their implications for the future course of physics. Fermi's weak-field theory soon proved inapplicable to the problem, but in 1939 Heisenberg extended his notions to Yukawa's (strong) meson theory of nuclear forces, revitalizing the controversy into the war years. A universal minimum length remained a permanent feature of Heisenberg's physics. Although explosion showers later called ""multiple processes,"" were discovered after the war in cosmic-ray events, the invention of renormalization techniques and the experimental confirmation of quantum electrodynamics to the highest energies left Heisenberg's physics with only minority support."" (DSB)Cassidy 1936b, 1939a.‎

Bookseller reference : 49169

‎"HEISENBERG, WERNER & MAX BORN & PASQUAL JORDAN & WOLFGANG PAULI.‎

‎Über quantentheoretische Umdeutung kinematischer und mechanischer Beziehungen. (Heisenberg). With: Zur Quantenmechanik. (Born a. Jordan). With: Zur Quantenmechanik II. (Born, Heisenberg a. Jordan). With: Über das Wasserstoffspektrum vom Standpunkte de... - [THE BIRTH OF QUANTUM MECHANICS]‎

‎Berlin, Julius Springer, 1925-26. Bound in 4 nearly uniform contemp. hcloth. Edges a little rubbed. Stamp on title-pages. In ""Zeitschrift für Physik. Hrsg. von Karl Scheel"", Vols 33,34,35 and 36. VII,950"VII,953VIII,954"VII,951 pp. The offered papers: pp. 879-893 (vol.33), pp. 858-888 (vol.34), pp.557-615 (vol.35) and pp.336-363 (vol. 36). Internally fine and clean.‎

‎First printings of these four absolutely fundamental papers, which together MARK THE TURNING POINT IN THE FABRICATION OF A NEW PHYSICS, Quantum Mechanics, also called ""Matrix Mechanics"".""In May 1925, Heisenberg took on a new and difficult problem, the calculation of the line intensities of the hydrogen spectrum. Just as he had done with Kramers and Bohr, Heisenberg began with a Fourier analysis of the electron orbits. When the hydrogen orbit proved too difficult, he turned to the anharmonic oscillator. With a new multiplication rule relating the amplitudes and frequencies of the Fourier components to observed quantities, Heisenberg succeeded in quantizing the equations of motion for this system in close analogy with the classical equations of motion.....in June Heisenberg returned to Göttingen, where he drafted his fundamental paper [the first paper offered], which he completed in July. In this paper Heisenberg proclaimed that the quantum mechanics of atoms should contain only relations between experimentally observable quantities. The resulting formalism served as the starting point for the new quantum mechanics, based, as Heisenberg's multiplication rule implied, on the manipulation of ordered sets of data forming a mathematical matrix....Born and his assistant, Pascual Jordan, quickly developed the mathematical content of Heisenberg's work into a consistent theory with the help of abstract matrix algebra [the second paper offered].Their work, in collaboration with Heisenberg, culminated in their ""three-man paper"" [""Dreimännerarbeit"" - the third paper offered] that served as the foundation of matrix mechanics. Confident of the correctness of the new theory, Heisenberg, Pauli, Born, Dirac, and others began applying the difficult mathematical formalism to the solution of lingering problems."" (DSB).In the last paper offered, the Pauli-paper, he shows that the hydrogen spectrum can be derived from the new theory. His starting-point constitutes, due to Lez, a method for integrating the classical equations of motion of a particle in a Coulomb field. Pauli's paper was received on January 17, 1926, but the main result must have been obtained before November 3, 1925, for on that date, Heisenberg writes Pauli: ""..Ich brauche Ihnen wohl nicht zu schreiben, wie sehr ich mich über die neue Theorie des Wasserstoffs freue..."" Pauli's paper convinced most physicists that Quantum Mechanics is correct. (Van der Waerden).‎

Bookseller reference : 39170

‎"HEISENBERG, WERNER KARL.‎

‎Über den anschaulichen Inhalt der quantentheoretischen Kinematik und Mechanik. (On the physical content of the quantum theoretical kinematics and mechanics). - [FIRST ANNOUNCEMENT OF THE UNCERTAINTY PRINCIPLE]‎

‎Berlin, Julius Springer, 1927. 8vo. Contemporary full cloth with gilt lettering to spine. A small paper-label pasted to lower part of spine. Very light edgewear. Corners a bit bumped. In: 'Zeitschrift für Physik', Volume 43, p.172-198. The entire volume offered,. VII,936 pp.‎

‎First appearance of the first announcement of Heisenberg's famous ""Uncertainty Principle"", stating that it is impossible to determine accurately and both members of specific pairs of atomic variables simultaneously, and that the minimum product of the two variables are proportional to Planck's constant 'h' - one of the most important and celebrated findings in modern physics.""Heisenberg's paper 'On the physical content of the quantum theoretical kinematics and mechanics' was received by the publishers on 23 March, after Bohr had returned - and had correctly criticized some substantial points in the manuscript. All the same Heisenberg's work is on a par with his discovery paper of quantum mechanics and represents a most solid contribution to its interpretation. It is THE FIRST PAPER IN WHICH THE QUESTION OF WHAT IS OBSERVABLE AND WHAT IS NOT IS QUANTITATIVELY DISCUSSED IN THE CONTEXT OF QUANTUM MECHANICS. His work marks the beginning of a subject on which volumes have since been written: the measurement problem in quantum physics."" (Pais in ""Niels Bohr's Times"", p. 304).‎

Bookseller reference : 43294

‎"HERMANN, GRETE.‎

‎Über die Grundlagen physikalischer Aussagen in den älteren und den modernen Theorien.‎

‎Berlin, Offentliches Leben, 1937. 8vo. In the original wrappers. With repair to lower part and lower right corner bended, otherwise a very nice and clean copy. [Hermann:] Pp. 309-398. [Entire issue: Pp. 273-504, (3) + frontispeice depicting Jakob Friedrich Fries.].‎

‎First printing of Hermann's publication on the historical development and foundation of physics. Today she if famous for her pioneering work with respect to the interpretation of quantum theory, the present paper being her most extensive on the philosophical aspects of the development of research in physics.Attempts to interpret and understand what was then new and very puzzling physics were of great contemporary importance when Grete Hermann entered the field, and her work in physics was mainly related to the interpretation of quantum mechanics. More specifically, her main work in physics was on the philosophical foundations of quantum mechanics, the significance of modern physics for the theory of knowledge, and causality in physics. She was one of the active early contributors to the historic debates on causality in quantum mechanics, and on the completeness of quantum mechanics and its description of reality.Hermann's work during the 1930s reveals the influence of her background in the neo-Kantian school, yet it also owes much to the way in which Heisenberg and Weizsäcker had interpreted Bohr's doctrine of the indispensability of classical concepts in the description of experience.Heisenberg has written that Grete Hermann came to Leipzig for the purpose of challenging the philosophical basis of atomic physics. Heisenberg devoted an entire chapter of his book ""Physics and Beyond: Encounters and Conversations"" to a reconstruction of discussions that he had on quantum mechanics and Kantian philosophy with Grete Hermann and Carl Friedrich von Weizsäcker.‎

Bookseller reference : 44830

‎"HEISENBERG, WERNER‎

‎Über quantentheoretische Umdeutung kinematischer und mechanischer Beziehungen. - [BIRTH OF MODERN QUANTUM MECHANICS]‎

‎Berlin, Julius Springer, 1925. 8vo. Bound in full cloth with library label to lower part of spine and library stamps to front free end paper. In ""Zeitschrift für Physik, 33. Band, 1925"". Front boards very loose and spine almost detached. Internally fine and clean. [Heisenberg) Pp. 879-893. [Entire issue: VII, (1), 950 pp.].‎

‎First printing of Heiseberg's seminal and groundbreaking paper which laid the foundation for matrix mechanics and thereby giving birth to modern quantum mechanics"" a theory that states quantum mechanics should be based ""exclusively on relationship between quantities which in principle are observable"" (From the abstract). ""The alternative, which he [Heisenberg] chose in his historic paper [the present] and which led to the development of matrix machanics, the earliest formulation of modern quantum mechanics, abandoned Bohr's description of motion in terms of classical physics altogether and replaced it by a description in terms of what Heisenberg regarded as observable magnitudes"" (Jammer, The Conceptual Development of Quantum Mechanics, P. 197).""After nearly two weeks on Helgoland, Heisenberg returned to Göttingen, where he drafted his fundamental paper ""Über die quantentheoretische Umdeutung kinematischer und mechanischer Beziehungen,"" which he completed in July. In this paper Heisenberg proclaimed that the quantum mechanics of atoms should contain only relations between experimentally observable quantities. Theresulting formalism served as the starting point for the new quantum mechanics, based, as Heisenberg's multiplication rule implied, on the manipulation of ordered sets of data forming a mathematical matrix."" (DSB)Before Heisenberg's discovery the Bohr-Sommerfeld quantum theory was the leading theory. By the early 1920's most physicists agreed that the Bohr-Sommerfeld theory had problems and that there was a need to replace it with a new quantum theory. Heisenberg's main achievement was to replace the idea of orbital path with what could be observed, namely the light emitted and absorbed by the atoms. Because of the unfamiliar mathematics which Heisenberg's new theory used, several physicists had doubts about its consistency. But Max Born soon realized that the laws, which the theory relied on, were the same as the laws, which apply to matrix algebra. In 1925 Born and his student Pascual Jordan published ""Zur Quantenmechanik"" which reformulated Heisenbergs theory in terms of matrices, in the special case of one degree of freedom. With ""Zur Quantenmechanik II"" (or the ""Three Man Paper"") published 1926, Heisenberg, Born and Jordan described the new theory in the general case of arbitrarely many freedom degrees.‎

Bookseller reference : 45483

‎"HEISENBERG, WERNER.‎

‎Über die Spektra von Atomsystemen mit zwei Elektronen.‎

‎Berlin, Springer, 1926. 8vo. Bound in contemporary half cloth. In ""Zeitschrift für Physik"", Bd. 39. Entire volume offered. Stamp to front free end paper. Fine and clean. Pp. 499-518. [Entire volume: IV, 948 pp].‎

‎First edition of this important paper in which Heisenberg - after inventing Quantum Mechanics the year before (1925) - investigates some of the fundamental aspects of the new theory. Heisenberg recognizes the invariance of the wave equation with respect to various transformations. ""It is clear that such invariance exists with respect to an interchange of the coordinates of identical particles, e.g. of two electrons in an atom of two nuclei of the same kind in a molecule. As a consequence, the wave function of a non-degenerate stationary state must either remain unchanged or may only change sign when the transformation is applied to it....Indeed, in this way Pauli's exclusion principle for electrons found a formulation in terms of wave mechanics.""(K. Kronik in Memorial Volume to Wolfgang Pauli).Cassidy 1926e‎

Bookseller reference : 49432

‎"HEISENBERG, WERNER.‎

‎Über Stabilität und Turbulenz von Flüssigkeitsströmen. - [HEISENBERG'S DISSERTATION]‎

‎Leipzig, Johann Ambrosius Barth, 1924. 8vo. In contemporary half cloth with gilt lettering to spine. In ""Annalen der Physik"", band 74, 1924, entire volume offered. Stamp to verso of title-page and hindges loose, otherwise fine. [Heisenberg's paper:] Pp. 577-627. [Entire volume:] VII, (1), 760 pp. + 3 plates.‎

‎First appearance of Heisenberg's doctoral dissertation on the stability and turbulence of fluid flow, which ""involved an approximate solution of the complicated equations governing the onset of hydrodynamic turbulence""(David C. Cassidy). It is widely regarded as being ""the most important early paper devoted to this subject"". (Yaglom, Hydrodynamics Instability and Transition to Turbulence).Despite Sommerfeld's positive evaluation of Heisenberg's thesis ""In the handling of the present problem, Heisenberg shows once again his extraordinary abilities: complete command of the mathematical apparatus and daring physical insight"" (Arnold Sommerfeld, evaluation of the thesis, 1923.), the oral presentation did not go as Heisenberg could have hoped for:""Acceptance of the dissertation brought admission of the candidate to the final orals, where in this case trouble began. The examining committee consisted of Sommerfeld and Wien, along with representatives in Heisenberg's two minor subjects, mathematics and astronomy. Much was at stake, for the only grades a candidate received were those based on the dissertation and final oral: one grade for each subject and one for overall performance. The grades ranged from I (equivalent to an A) to V (an F).As the 21-year-old Heisenberg appeared before the four professors on July 23, 1923, he easily handled Sommerfeld's questions and those in mathematics, but he began to stumble on astronomy and fell flat on his face on experimental physics. In his laboratory work Heisenberg had to use a Fabry-Perot interferometer, a device for observing the interference of light waves, on which Wien had lectured extensively. But Heisenberg had no idea how to derive the resolving power of the interferometer nor, to Wien's surprise, could he derive the resolving power of such common instruments as the telescope and the microscope. When an angry Wien asked how a storage battery works, the candidate was still lost. Wien saw no reason to pass the young man, no matter how brilliant he was in other fields."" (Cassidy, Uncertainty)The result was that Heisenberg received the lowest of three passing grades in physics and the same overall grade (cum laude) for his doctorate, both of which were an average between Sommerfeld's highest grade and Wien's lowest grade.There is an interesting epilogue to the story. When Heisenberg derived the uncertainty relations several years later, he used the resolving power of the microscope to derive the uncertainty relations - and he still had difficulty with it. When Bohr pointed out the error, it led to emotional difficulties for Heisenberg. Likewise, this time a positive result came of the affair: Heisenberg's reaction induced Bohr to formulate his own views on the subject, which ultimately led to the so-called Copenhagen Interpretation of quantum mechanics.Heisenberg was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1932 ""for the creation of quantum mechanics, the application of which has, inter alia, led to the discovery of the allotropic forms of hydrogen"".Cassidy 1924b.‎

Bookseller reference : 53518

‎"HEISENBERG, W.‎

‎Die Selbstenergie des Elektrons.‎

‎Berlin, Springer, 1930. 8vo. In contemporary halv cloth with gilt lettering to spine. In ""Zeitschrift für Physik"", Bd. 65, 1930. Entire issue offered. Stamp to front free end-paper, otherwise fine and clean. Pp. 4-13. [Entire volume: VIII, 876 pp.].‎

‎"HEISENBERG, W. (+) M. BORN.‎

‎Die Elektronenbahnen im angeregten Heliumatom.‎

‎[Berlin, Julius Springer, 1923]. 8vo. Extracted from ""Zeitschrift für Physik. Hrsg. von Karl Scheel. 16. Band"". No backstrip. Pp. 229-244.‎

‎"HEISENBERG, W. (WERNER) und W. (WOLFGANG) PAULI. - ESTABLISHING QUANTUM FIELD THEORY.‎

‎Zur Quantendynamik der Wellenfelder. (I-) II. (2 papers).‎

‎Berlin, Julius Springer, 1929 u. 1930. Bound in 2 contemp. uniform hcloth. Spine ends a bit worn, cloth broken on fronthinge to vol. 56. (binding not loose).. In: ""Zeitschrift für Physik. Herausgegeben von Karl Scheel"", 56. und 59. Band. VII,867 pp. u. VII,874 pp. (2 entire volumes offered). Heisenberg & Pauli's paper: pp. 1-61 a. pp. 168-190. Internally clean.‎

‎"HEISENBERG, WERNER & MAX BORN & PASQUAL JORDAN & WOLFGANG PAULI.‎

‎Über quantentheoretische Umdeutung kinematischer und mechanischer Beziehungen. (Heisenberg). With: Zur Quantenmechanik. (Born a. Jordan). With: Zur Quantenmechanik II. (Born, Heisenberg a. Jordan). With: Über das Wasserstoffspektrum vom Standpunkte de... - [THE BIRTH OF QUANTUM MECHANICS]‎

‎Berlin, Julius Springer, 1925-26. Bound in 4 nearly uniform contemp. hcloth. Edges a little rubbed. Stamp on title-pages. In ""Zeitschrift für Physik. Hrsg. von Karl Scheel"", Vols 33,34,35 and 36. VII,950" VII,953 VIII,954 "VII,951 pp. The offered papers: pp. 879-893 (vol.33), pp. 858-888 (vol.34), pp.557-615 (vol.35) and pp.336-363 (vol. 36). Internally fine and clean.‎

‎"HEISENBERG, WERNER KARL.‎

‎Über den Bau der Atomkerne, I-III. (In ""Zeitschift für Physik"", Band 77, 78 & 80). - [""THE TRANSITION TO THE MODERN VIEW ON NUCLEAR FORCES""]‎

‎Berlin, J. Springer, 1932-33. 8vo. Volume 77 and 78 bound in two uniform contemporary half cloth bindings with gilt lettering to spine. Volume 30 in a contemporary full cloth binding with black leather title-label to spine. Volume 78 and 78 with minor wear to spine, internally two very nice and clean copies. Volume 80 with wear to spine and minor overall soiling to extremities. Ex-library copy with library stamp [Bedford College] to pasted down front free end-paper and title page. Internally a clean copy. [Über den Bau der Atomkernen I, Vol. 77:] Pp. 1-11. [Über den Bau der Atomkernen II, Vol. 78:] Pp. 156-164. [Über den Bau der Atomkernen III, Vol. 80:] Pp. 587-596. [Entire volumes: VIII, 837 pp." VIII, 857 pp. " VIII, 844 pp.].‎

‎"HEISENBERG, WERNER.‎

‎Die 'beobachtbaren' Grössen in der Theorie der Elementarteilchen (+) Die beobachtbaren Grössen in der Theorie der Elementarteilchen. II. - [THE DISCOVERY OF S-MATRIX]‎

‎Berlin, Springer, 1943. 8vo. In contemporary halv cloth with gilt lettering to spine. In ""Zeitschrift für Physik"", Bd. 120, 1943. Entire volume offered. Stamp to front free end-paper and titlepage, otherwise fine and clean. Pp. 513-538" " Pp. 673-702. [Entire volume: VII, (1), 790 pp.].‎

‎"HEISENBERG, WERNER.‎

‎The present situation in the theory of elementary particles. (In: Commemoration of the fiftieth anniversary of Niels Bohr's first papers on atomic constitution held in Copenhagen on 8-15 July, 1963. Session on elementary particles, on Wednesday, 10 Ju...‎

‎Copenhagen: Institute for Theoretical Physics, 1963. 4to. Cloth-backed printed wrappers. (2),79,(1) pp.‎

‎"HEISENBERG, WERNER.‎

‎Zur Theorie des Ferromagnetismus. Mit 1. Abbindung. - [THE HEISENBERG-MODEL.]‎

‎Berlin, Springer, 1928. 8vo. In ""Zeitschrift für Physik"" bd. 49. Entire volume offered. In contemporary half cloth with marbled boards. Library stamp to front free end-paper. A fine and clean copy. Pp. 619-636. [Entire volume: VII, (1), 896 pp.].‎

‎"HEISENBERG, WERNER.‎

‎Über die Spektra von Atomsystemen mit zwei Elektronen.‎

‎Berlin, Springer, 1926. 8vo. Bound in contemporary half cloth. In ""Zeitschrift für Physik"", Bd. 39. Entire volume offered. Stamp to front free end paper. Fine and clean. Pp. 499-518. [Entire volume: IV, 948 pp].‎