‎Tea‎

‎EINSTEIN, ALBERT. - THE NOBEL-PRIZE PAPER.‎

‎Zur Theorie der Lichterzeugung und Lichtsabsorption" (Eingegangen 13. März 1906). (On the Theory of Light Production and Light Absorption).‎

‎(Leipzig, Johann Ambrosius Barth, 1906). No wrappers. Extracted from ""Annalen der Physik"" Vierte Folge. Bd. 20. Pp. 199-206. Clean and fine.‎

‎First printing of one of the papers for which Einstein was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1921. It was for the papers ""Ueber einen die Erzeugung und Verwandlung des Lichtes betreffenden heuristischen Gesichtspunkt"" of 1905 and ""Zur Theorie der Lichterzeugung...( Theory of light emission and absorption), the offered item, that Einstein received the prize: ""for his services to theoretical physics and especially for his discoveryof the law of the photoelectrical effect"" - his reward was not based on relativity.""The quantum theory has affected virtually every branch of physics. Its earliest and one of its most significant developments was Einstein's application of the theory to what is known as the 'photo-electrical effect'....Einstein explained this effext by suggesting that the classical view that light is emitted in the form of continous waves must be abandoned. The photo-electrical effect could be explained only as an example of quantum action where the waves of light or X-rays are emitted in minute particles or bullets. It is he size of the bullet (the wave-lenght of the radiation) which determines the number of electrons ejected. It was for this, and not for the theory of relativity, that Einstein was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1921. Einstein's two fundamental papers on this subject are ""Ueber einem Erzeugung...."" 1905 and Zur Theorie der Lichterzeugung (the paper offered here)"" (PMM the note to 391).Weil: 12 (with an asterix, denoting a major paper) - Boni:12.‎

Bookseller reference : 46956

‎"BERZELIUS, JÖNS JACOB. - THE INTERNATIONAL LANGUAGE OF CHEMISTRY INTRODUCED.‎

‎Experiments on the Nature of Azote, of Hydrogen, and of Ammonia, and upon the Degrees of Oxidation of which Azote is susceptible. (+) Essay on the Cause of Chemical Proportions, and on some Circumstances relating to them: together with a short and eas...‎

‎London, Robert Baldwin, 1813 a. 1814. 8vo. 2 contemp. hcalf. Marbled boards. Spines lacks and boards detached. In: ""Annals of Philosophy"" or Magazine of Chemistry, Mineralogy, Mechanics... By Thomas Thomson"". Vol. II and Vol. III. Entire volumes offered. Berzelius' papers: pp. 276-284, 357-368 (the first paper in vol. II), pp. 443-454 (vol. II) a. pp. 51-62, 93-106, 244-257 a. 353-364. (vol. III). Internally fine and clean.‎

‎First printing of these milestone papers in the history of chemistry, where Berzelius introduced his famous chemical symbolism whereby an element is generally represented by the first letter of its Latin name, or, in the event of elements having the same first letter, by the first two letters. Even though his atomic symbols were introduced in 1813 (see the note on p. 359 in the first paper), it was quite a few years before Berzelius's symbols were adopted by the chemistry community. But once accepted, they became the new international language of chemistry.Berzelius ""contributed more to the development of the atomic theory and to the setting up of accurate values of the atomic weights than did any other worker of the time. Of his contributions, moreover, to the development of the atomic theory and the advancement of chemical science, not the least valuable was the introduction of a chemical symbolism which, with slight modification, is in use at the present day. By giving his symbols a quantitative meaning - the symbol of an element representing one atomic proportion by weight - it was possible ""to show briefly and clearly the number of elementary atoms in each compound and, after the determination of their relative weights, present the results of each analysis in a simple and easely retained manner"". This symbolism was speedily adopted on the Continent but, in England, only after some considerable time.""(Findlay ""A Hundred Years of Chemistry"", p. 14.).Parkinson ""Breakthroughs"", 1813 C. - Leicester & Klickstein ""A Source Book in Chemistry"", p. 258 ff. - Holmberg 1813:28 a. The volume contains other notable papers THOMAS THOMSON ""On the Discovery of the Atomic Theory"", pp. 329-338. and JOHN DALTON ""Remarks on the Essay of Dr. Berzelius on the Cause of Chemical Proportions"", pp. 174-180 (Vol. III).‎

Bookseller reference : 46988

‎"CHADWICK, J. (JAMES) & E.S. BIELER. - THE DISCOVERY OF THE STRONG NUCLEAR FORCES.‎

‎The Collisions of alpha particles with Hydrogen Nuclei.‎

‎(London, Taylor and Francis), 1921. Blank wrapper. In: ""The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science"" Sixth Series, Vol.42, No. 252, December 1921. Pp. 873-1024, textillustr. a. 1 plate. (Entire issue offered). Chadwick & Bieler's paper: pp. 923-940, textillustr.‎

‎First printingof this milestone paper in which the strong nuclear forces are mentioned for the first time.""It was only in 1921 that Chadwick had first shown that, at very small distances, the interactions of alpha particles with the atomic nucleus did not follow exactly the inverse square law predicted from the repulsion of their positive electrical scharges. Chadwick concluded that his experiments showed that these nuclear forces are of ""very great intensity"". According to Pais, this is THE FIRST PUBLISHED STATEMENT ABOUT THE EXISTENCE OF A STRONG NUCLEAR FORCE. This 'new force' interpretation was disputed untill well into 1920s.""(Hey & Walters).""In any event, Chadwick and Bieler's final conclusion avoid all reference to a possible electromagnetic cause for the deviations from the simple theory: ""The present experiments do not seem to throw any light on the nature of the law of variation of the forces at the seat of an electric charge, but merely show that the forces are of very great intensity... It is our task to find some field of force which will reproduce these effects."" I consider this statement, made in 1921, as marking the birth of the strong interaction.""(Pais in ""Inward Bound"", p. 240).‎

Bookseller reference : 46992

‎FÆRØERNE - HOLM, P.A.‎

‎Skildringer og Sagn fra Færøerne. Med et Kaart og to Afbildninger. Andet, forøgede Oplag.‎

‎Kjøbenhavn, Schønbergs Forlag, 1860. Samtidigt hshirtbd. med rygforgyldning. (6),132 pp., litograferet kort samt 2 træsnitillustrationer, det ene helsides, det andet halvsides. Spredte brunpletter, mest bagerst.‎

Bookseller reference : 47002

‎"FRESNEL, A. (AUGUSTIN). - THE ""SECOND MEMOIR"" OF 1827, FIRST ENGLISH EDITION.‎

‎Memoir on Double Refraction. (From the Mémoires de l'Academie Royale des Sciences d l'Institut de France, tome vii. 1827).‎

‎London, Taylor and Francis, 1852. 8vo. Without wrappers. In: ""Scientific Memoirs, selected from Transactions of Foreign Academies of Science... Edited by Richard Taylor."", Vol. V, Part XVIII. With titlepage to Vol. V. Pp. (151-) 352 (entire part offered). Fresnel's paper: pp. 238-333. Clean and fine. Titlepage with a small faint stamp.‎

‎First appearance in English of Fresnel's famous memoir - the memoir of 1827, his so-called second memoir - in which some of his groundbreaking discoveries concerning light is stated. He applies the concept of transverse waves to double refraction and representing the final construction, in the form of an equation of the fourth degree.In the paper Fresnel also explained the fact,that in some cases of quartz the rotation of polarization is from left to right and in other cases from right to left.. He proposed the term 'helical' to denote the property of rotating the plane of polarization, exhibited by such bodies as quartz. The term 'natural rotatory polarisation' is however, generally used.This memoir contains the first printing of three unpublished memoirs from 1821 and 1822 (Mémoire sur la double refraction.Extrait Read 26. Nov., 1821 - Supplement, presented 22 January 1822 - Second Supplement, presented April 1, 1822. - Explication de la réfraction dans le système des Ondes from ""Bulletin Soc. Philom."", 1821. See Jed. Z. Buchwald ""The Rise of the Wave Theory of Light"", pp. 461-63.‎

Bookseller reference : 47019

‎"KORTEWEG, D.J. & G. DE VRIES - THE KORTEWEG-DE VRIES EQUATION FOR THE SOLITARY WAVE‎

‎On the Change of Form of Long Waves advancing in a Rectangular Canal, and on a New Type of Long Stationary Waves.‎

‎London,Taylor and Francis, 1895. 8vo. Contemp. hcalf. Gilt lettering to spine. A stamp at foot of titlepage. In: No wrappers. In: ""The London, Edinburgh and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science"", Vol. XXXIX, Fifth Series. VI,(1),552 pp. a. 7 plates. The paper: pp. 422-443. Internally clean and fine.‎

‎First appearance of the paper in which the authors set forth the equation which bears their name.The equation is named for Diederik Korteweg and Gustav de Vries who studied it, though the equation first appears in Boussinesqs work, 1877.""In mathematics and physics, a soliton is a self-reinforcing solitary wave (a wave packet or pulse) that maintains its shape while it travels at constant speed. Solitons are caused by a cancellation of nonlinear and dispersive effects in the medium.... Solitons arise as the solutions of a widespread class of weakly nonlinear dispersive partial differential equations describing physical systems. The soliton phenomenon was first described by John Scott Russell (1808-1882) who observed a solitary wave in the Union Canal in Scotland. He reproduced the phenomenon in a wave tank and named it the ""Wave of Translation"".Scott Russell's experimental work seemed at odds with Isaac Newton's and Daniel Bernoulli's theories of hydrodynamics. George Biddell Airy and George Gabriel Stokes had difficulty accepting Scott Russell's experimental observations because they could not be explained by the existing water wave theories. Their contemporaries spent some time attempting to extend the theory but it would take until the 1870s before Joseph Boussinesq and Lord Rayleigh published a theoretical treatment and solutions. In 1895 Diederik Korteweg and Gustav de Vries provided what is now known as the Korteweg-de Vries equation, including solitary wave and periodic cnoidal wave solutions."" (Wikipedia).‎

Bookseller reference : 47026

‎"COMPTON, ARTHUR HOLLY. - THE DISCOVERY OF THE COMPTON-EFFECT, NOBEL PRIZE PAPER.‎

‎A Quantum Theory of the scattering of X-Rays by Light Elements.‎

‎Lancaster, The Physical Review, 1923. Royal8vo. Contemp. full buckram. In:""The Physical Review"", Series II, vol. 21. (4),736 pp., Plates and textillustr. (Entire volume offered). A perforated stamp in upper margin on a few leaves. Compton's paper: pp. (483-) 501.‎

‎First printing of this milestone paper in quantum physics in which Compton verifies Planck's quantum postulate and found that some of the X-rays had, in scattering, lenghtened their wavelenght. This phenomena was called the ""Compton Effect"" in his honour. For this discovery Compton received the Nobel prize in physics in 1927.""Compton was able to account for this (lenghtening of wavelenght) by presuming that a photon of light struch an electron, which recoiled, subtracting some energy from the photon and therefore increasing its wavelenght. This made it seem that a photon acted as a particle: thus after more than a century, the particulate natuer of light, as evolved by Newton, was revived... What itamounted to was that Compton brought to fruition the view that electromagnetic radiation had both a wave aspect and a particle aspect, and that the aspect which was most evident depended on how the radiation was tested. De Broglie was, at the same time, showing that this held true also for ordinary particles, such as electrons."" (Asimov)Parkinson ""Breakthroughs"", 1923 P. - Sigmund Brandt ""The Harvest of as Century"", Episode 31.‎

Bookseller reference : 47061

‎"POINCARÉ, HENRI. - THE POINCARÉ RELATIVITY PRINCIPLE.‎

‎Sur la dynamique de l'electron. (Séance du Lundi 5 Juin 1905).‎

‎Paris, Gauthier-Villars, 1905. 4to. No wrappers. In: ""Comptes Rendus Hebdomadaires des Séances de L'Academie des Sciences"", Tome 140, No 23. Titlepage to vol. 140. Pp. (1497-) 1572. (Entire issue offered). Poincaré's paper: pp. 1504-1508. Titlepage with a stamp on verso. A bit of upper right corner gone. Leaves a bit fragile, caused by the poor paperquality. Clean.‎

‎First printing of this famous paper delivered to the Academy of Paris on its session of June 1905, as the first Poincaré relativistic text ""On the dynamic of electron"", where Poincaré set forth the essential element of relativity and the ""Lorentz Transformation"". Poincaré concludes ""It seems that this impossibility of demonstrating absolute motion is a general law of nature"" !! and that Newton's law need modification and that there should exist gravitational waves which propagate with the velocity of light !! - This famous paper gave rice to the controversy about priority around the discovery of special relativity as Poincaré's paper is from June 5 and Einstein's first paper on relativity was received by the ""Annalen"" on June 30, both 1905.""The official history tells us that Einstein, without having read the works of Lorentz and Poincaré past 1895 and without any prior publication on the subject, had written alone in Bern the ""founder paper"" of the Relativity in the last days of June 1905. For that reason, and a few other of less importance, the biographers of Einstein have called that year 1905 ""Annus mirabilis"" and its centenial is celebrated in 2005. However on June 5, 1905, after many other papers on this subject, Poincaré had presenteda note at the French Academy of Science, a text that contains the essential elements of Einstein paper: the relativity principle and the ""Lorentz transformation"". This coincidence involves the suspicion of a possible plagiarism of Poincaré by Einstein."" (C. Marchal ""Poincaré, Einstein and the Relativity: the Surprising Secret.""‎

Bookseller reference : 47065

‎"FERMI, E., E. AMALDI, O. D'AGOSTINO, F. RASETTI, E. SEGRÉ. - THE FIRST ARTIFICIAL RADIOACTIVITY BY NEUTRON BOMBARDMENT.‎

‎Artificial Radioactivity produced by Neutron Bombardment. (Communicated by Lord Rutherford) + Artificial Radioactivity produced by Neutron Bombardment - II. (Communicated by Lord Rutherford). 2 Papers.‎

‎London, Harrison and Sons, 1934 a. 1935. Royal8vo. Bound in 2 contemp. full cloth. Gilt lettering to spine. A stamp on verso of titlepages. In: ""Proceedings of the Royal Society"", Series A, Vol. 146 and vol. 149. VI,942 pp. + VIII,600 pp. (Entire volumes offered). The joint papers: pp. 483-500 (1934) and pp. 522-558 (1935).‎

‎These seminal papers constitutes the description of the first realization of artificial radioactivity produced by neutron bombardment, and it is the first demonstration of neutron-induced radioactivity. These highlights and his many other results have left their imprint on the most diverse parts of physics. Fermi was awarded the Nobel prize in 1938 for these discoveries.""Acting on this idea, (Fermi reasoned that neutrons should be more effective than alpha particles in producing radioactive elements because they are not repelled by the nuclear charge and thus have a much greater probability of entering the target nuclei) Fermi bombarded several elements of increasing atomic numbers with neutrons. He hoped to find an artificial radioactivity produced by the neutrons. His first success was with fluorine. The neutron source was a small ampul containing beryllium metal and radon gas. The detecting apparatus consisted of rather primitive Geiger-Müller counters. Immediately thereafter Fermi, with the help of Amaldi, D’Agostino, Rasetti, and Segrè, carried out a systematic investigation of the behavior of elements throughout the periodic table. In most cases they performed chemical analysis to identify the chemical element that was the carrier of the activity. In the first survey, out of sixty-three elements investigated, thirty-seven showed an easily detectable activity. The nuclear reactions of (n, a), (n, p), and (n, ?) were then identified, and all available elements, including uranium and thorium, were irradiated. In uranium and thorium the investigators found several forms of activity after bombardment but did not recognize fission. Fermi and his collaborators, having proved that no radioactive isotopes were formed between lead and uranium, put forward the natural hypothesis that the activity was due to transuranic elements. These studies, which were continued by Otto Hahn, Lise Meitner, Irène Joliot Curie, Frédéric Joliot, and Savitch, culminated in 1938 in the discovery of fission by Hahn and Fritz Strassmann.""(DSB).""The present papers are a summary of these letters (the letters from the team communicated almost weakly to ""Ricerca Scientifica"") for the English speaking readers. ""When we (Fermi and Segre) went to Cambridge, we discussed with him (rutherford), in great detail, our work. The work which had been accomplished up to that date by our group is summarized in a paper which was presented by Lord Rutherford to the Royal Society (Paper No. 98). The manuscript of this paper had been prepared in Rome and delivered to him in Cambridge. he read it immediately with great attention, made several corrections to improve our English, and turned it over to the Royal Society. I asked him whether it would be possible to obtain a speedy publication and he immediately answered ""What did you think I was President of the Royal Society for ?"" (Collected Papers of Enrico Fermi, Vol. I, p. 641).Volume 149 contains the importent joint paper on SUPERCONDUCTIVITY by the brothers FRITZ And H. LONDON ""The Electromagnetic Equations of the Superconductor"", pp. 71-88.""In 1933 shortly before Heinz London joined his brother at Oxford, W. Meissner and R. Ochsenfeld made a startling discovery. It was well known that currents in superconductors flow in such a way as to shield points inside the material from changes in the external magnetic field. This indeed is an obvious property of any resistance less medium, fully discussed by Maxwell in 1873 long before the discovery of superconductivity. But a superconductor does more. Whereas a zero resistance medium only counteracts changes in the field, it actually tends to expel the field present in its interior before cooling.... The London quickly saw its implications and in 1935 published a joint paper on the electrodynamics of superconductors, in which they replaced (paper by Deaver and Fairbanks) by a new phenomenological equation connecting the current with the magnetic rather than the electric field... ""(DSB).‎

Bookseller reference : 47070

‎"EINSTEIN, A. & N. ROSEN. - THE SILBERSTEIN-EINSTEIN CONTROVERSY.‎

‎Two-Body Problem in General Relativity Theory.‎

‎Lancaster, American Physical Society, 1936. 4to. In: ""The Physical Review"", Vol. 49, Second Series. X,971 pp. (Entire volume offered). Einstein & Rosen's paper: pp. 404-405.‎

‎First printing of Einstein and Rosen's answer to Silberstein's critique of Einstein's Theory of Relativity ..""Ludwik Silberstein, who initially was a supporter of the special theory, objected at different occasions against general relativity. In 1920 he argued that the deflection of light by the sun, as observed by Arthur Eddington et al. (1919), is not necessarily a confirmation of general relativity, but may also be explained by the Stokes-Planck theory of complete aether drag. However, such models are in contradiction with the aberration of light and other experiments (see ""Alternative theories""). And in 1935, Silberstein claimed to have found a contradiction in the Two-body problem in general relativity. However, also this claim was refuted by Einstein and Rosen (1935) (in the paper offered).""(Wikipedia).‎

Bookseller reference : 47073

‎[THE ECONOMIST].‎

‎The Economist, Weekly Commercial Times, Bankers' Gazette, and Railway Monitor: A Political Literary, and General Newspaper.‎

‎London, The Economist Office, 1876. Small folio. Bound in comtemporary half cloth with paper label pasted on to spine. Entire volume 34, July-December, 1876 of The Economist. Front hinge weak, internally very fine and clean. 761-1532 pp.‎

‎Original printing of The Economist - the most important and influential economic journal worldwide - from the year 1876.‎

Bookseller reference : 47088

‎"JOULE, J.P. (JAMES PRESCOTT) - ONE OF THE MOST IMPORTENT IMPROVEMENTS OF THE STEAM-ENGINE.‎

‎On the Surface-condensation of Steam. Received October 10, - Read December 13, 1860.‎

‎(London, Taylor and Francis, 1862). 4to. No wrappers as extracted from ""Philosophical Transactions"" 1862 - Vol. 151. Pp. 133-160, 1 large textillustration.‎

‎First appearance of Joule's paper in which he describes his importent improvement of the Steam-Engine, using the principles of the first law of thermodynamics which he himself helped to establish.""In addition, numerous other researches stand to Joules credit -- the work done in compressing gases and the thermal changes they undergo when forced under pressure through small apertures (with Lord Kelvin), the change of volume on solution, the change of temperature produced by the longitudinal extension and compression of solids, etc. It was during the experiments involved by the first of these inquiries that Joule was incidentally led to appreciate the value of surface condensation in increasing the efficiency of the steam engine. A new form of condenser was tested on the small engine employed, and the results it yielded formed the starting-point of a series of investigations which were aided by a special grant from the Royal Society, and were described in an elaborate memoir presented to it on the 13th of December 1860 (the paper offered). His results, according to Kelvin, led directly and speedily to the present practical method of surface-condensation, one of the most important improvements of the steam engine, especially for marine use, since the days of James Watt. Joule died at Sale on the 11th of October 1889.""(NNDB)‎

Bookseller reference : 47108

‎"BERNARD, CLAUDE. - THE DISCOVERY AND ISOLATION OF GLYCOGENE.‎

‎Sur le mécanisme de la formation du sucre dans le foie. (+) Suite Sur le mécanisme... (+) Remarques sur la formation de la matière glycogène du foie. (3 Papers).‎

‎Paris, Mallet-Bachelier, 1855 a. 1857. 4to. No wrappers. In: ""Comptes Rendus Hebdomadaires des Séances de L'Academie des Sciences"", Tome 41, No 13 and Tome 44, No 12 a. No. 26. Pp. 461-500, pp. 578-640 a. pp. 1293-1363 (3 entire issues offered). Bernard's papers: pp. 461-469, pp. 578-586 a. pp. 1325-1331. Some scattered brownspots to the first paper.‎

‎First printing of these two milestone-papers in physiology in which Bernard discovers and isolates glycogen from the liver, shows that it is converted into blood glucose, and discovers the process of gluconeogenesis. He further creates the concepts ""experimental determination"" and ""local interieur""Bernard undertook the task of tracing out the various transformations of food stuffs within the animal organism, beginning with the carbohydrates"" and he not only found, contrary to the accepted view, that sugar was formed in the liver, but he was also able to isolate a substance from the hepatic tissue which, though not sugar, was converted by fermentation into dextrose. He made a special study of its properties and called it ""glycogen"".""The culmination of Bernard's work on the glycogenic function of the liver. He invented the term ""internal secretion"", and can be said to have started the scientific investigation of the internal secretions, although for 30 years the significance of his work was not generally realized. By his research on glycogene Bernard showed that the body not only can break down, but can also build up, complex chemical substances.""(Garrison & Morton) .Claude Bernard (1813-78) was a key figure in French nineteenth-century science, and one of the world's great physiologists. With good reason he has been called the ‘father of experimental medicine’.Garrison & Morton No. 1000 a. 999.1‎

Bookseller reference : 47110

‎"BERNARD, CLAUDE. - PROOVING THE DOCTRINE OF IRRETABILITY.‎

‎Analyse physiologique des propriètés des systèmes musculaire et nerveux au moyen du curare.‎

‎Paris, Mallet-Bachelier, 1856. 4to. No wrappers. In: ""Comptes Rendus Hebdomadaires des Séances de L'Academie des Sciences"", Tome 43, No 18. Pp. (825-) 892. (Entire issue offered). Bernard's paper: pp. 825-829.‎

‎First printin of an importent paper in toxicology in which Bernard describes how he ""paralyzed motor nerve-endings with curare and demonstrated the independent excitability of muscle"" his paper is the classical proof of Haller's doctrine of irretability"" (Garrison & Morton).""Bernard was a true innovator in the study of the effects of toxic and medicinal substances. No one before him had understood so well the role of drug metabolization. He regarded poisoning as a local phenomenon, and advocated the use of certain poisons in physiological research. Curare and carbon monoxide had served him, he said, as ""chemical bistoury,"" making it possible to destroy specific structures selectively. ""(DSB).Garrison & Morton, No 616 and 2079.‎

Bookseller reference : 47113

‎"BRILLOUIN, LÉON.- THE INDTRODUCTION OF THE ""WKB METHOD"" IN QUANTUM MECHANICS.‎

‎La mécanique ondulatoire de Schrödinger"" une méthode générale de résolution par approximations successives.‎

‎Paris, Gauthier-Villars et Cie, 1926. 4to. Without wrappers. In: ""Comptes Rendus Hebdomadaires des Séances de L'Academie des Sciences"", Tome 183, No 1. Pp. (5-) 100. (Entire issue offered). Brillouin's paper: pp. 24-26.‎

‎First appearance of Brillouin's importent paper in which he introduced the WKB-method in quantum Mechanics.""In 1925 Brillouin was the only French theoretician to react competently to Werner Heisenberg’s new matrix mechanics. In two papers published in 1926, he contributed to the exploration of the mathematical content of Heisenberg’s theory. Brillouin’s first contribution in this field was important (the paper offered). Through a new method of semiclassical approximation, he discovered the relation between Schrodinger’s mechanics and the quantum theory of Niels Bohr and Sommerfeld. Presumably inspired by de Broglie’s early analogies between mechanics and optics, he found this approximation as the quantum mechanical counte)t of the approximation. In this procedure, stationary solutions of the Schrödinger equation are sought in the form eiS/h (as in the eikonal approximation of optics). In the first approximation (h small), S must be a solution of the Hamilton-Jacobi equation of classical mechanics, and the Bohr-Sommerfeld conditions (S = 2pnh on a closed trajectory) must be satisfied for the W function to be defined and singlevalued in all space. Subsequent corrections are proportional to successive powers of h. They intermix the various Bohr trajectories. thereby reintroducing the complex interplay of quantum states found in matrix mechanics, This method, published by Brillouin in July 1926 - anticipated by Harold Jeffreys in 1923 in a purely mathematical context, reinvented by Gregor Wentzel in September 1926. and perfected by Hendrik Kramers in November 1926 - is now called the (J) BWK method and is widely used in many quantum mechanical problems.""(DSB).See also Max Jammer ""The Conceptual development of Quantum Mechanics"", pp. 277 ff.‎

Bookseller reference : 47142

‎"PEARSON, KARL. - INTRODUCING THE ""CHI-SQUARED GOODNESS-OF-FIT TEST""‎

‎On the Criterion that a given System of Deviations from the Probable in the Case of a Correlated System of Variables is such that it can be reasonably supposed to have arisen from Random Sampling.‎

‎London, Taylor and Francis, 1900. Contemp. hcalf, spine gone and covers loose. In: ""The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science"", Vol. 50, Fifth Series. VI,(2),624 pp. a. 5 plates. (Entire volume offered). Pearson's paper: pp. 157-175. A stippled stamp on titlepage. Internally clean and fine.‎

‎In this fundamental paper in statistics, Pearson introduced his chi-squared test, the statistical procedure whose results are evaluated by reference to the chi-squared distribution, or the formula yielding a measure of how well a set of observations fits a theoretical hypothesis, the test of goodness of fit. A founding seminal paper in statistical testing theory.""Pearson’s many contributions to statistical theory and practice, many contributions to statistical theory and practice, this X2 text for goodness of fit is certainly one of his greatest"" and in its original and extended forms it has remained one of the most useful of all statistical tests."" (DSB).Parkinson ""Breakthroughs"" 1900 M.‎

Bookseller reference : 47148

‎"MICHELSON, ALBERT A. & EDWARD W. MORLEY - THE MICHELSON-MORLEY EXPERIMENT, THE ETHER DRAG.‎

‎On the Relative Motion of the Earth and the Luminiferous Ether.‎

‎New Haven, Conn., J.D. & E.S. Dana, 1887. 8vo. Contemporary half calf. Gilt lettering to spine. A small stamp to top of title-page. In: ""The American Journal of Science. Editors James D. and Edward S. Dana"", Third series Vol. XXXIV (July to December, 1887). VIII,500 pp., textillustr. and 10 plates. (Entire volume offered). The joint paper: pp. 333-345 and textillustr. (Apparatus). A few faint brownspots to titlepage, otherwise clean and fine.‎

‎First appearance of this classic paper which announced one of the most celebrated experiments in the history of physics and eventually led Einstein to his Relativity Theory.The experiment was expected to show the rate of the earth's movement through the ether"" they looked in vain for a difference between the speed of light in the direction of the earth's motion around the sun and the direction perpendicular to it. The failure of this experiment was a serious blow to classical scientific theories because it cast doubts on the existance of the universal ether which had been a basic principleof, for example, the Newtonian theories of the universe. (Vide PMM: 378, 401, 408).The paper appeared first in the ""American Journal of Science"" in November (as offered here), and was published a month later in ""Philosophical Magazine"" in a slightly modified form.""Michelson, trained at the U.S. Naval Academy, and Morley, minister turned chemist, began a series of experiments to determine the relation of ether drift and the velocity of light, effects of extremely minute values. They used a slightly silvered glass set angular to a ray of sunlight so that a part ofthe ray was transmitted, a part reflected out and again returned, thereby providing two paths, one perpendicular to the other. If drift existed, the superimposed rays would produce interference. None was observed, showing that the earth's motion did not affect the light's speed. The negative result held revolutionary implications which led directly thru Lorentz and Einstein to the acceptance of new standards of reference of time and space from geometry and cosmometry.""(Dibner)In 1919 Einstein met Michelson in California. At a dinner given in honor of them both, Einstein said in a speech ""You (Michelson) uncovered an insidious defect in the ether theory of light, as it existed, and stimulated the ideas of H.A. Lorentz and Fitzgerald, out of which the Special Theory of Relativity developed. Without your work this theory would today be scarcely more than an interesting speculation..."" In an interview in 1842 Einstein said: ""It is no doubt that Michelson's experiment was of considerably influence upon my work insofar as it strengthened my conviction concerning the validity of the Principle of relativity...On the other side I was pretty much convinced of the validity of the principle before I did know this experiment and its result. In any case, Michelson's experiment removed practically any doubt about the validity of the principle in optics and showed that a profound change of the basic concepts of physics was inevitable.""Michelson was awarded the 1907 Nobel Prize ""for his optical precision instrument (the inteferometer) and the spectroscopic and metrological investigations he has carried on.""Dibner: Heralds of Science: 161 (lising the later version from ""Philosophical Magazine"") - Norman 1505.- Magee ""A Source Book in Physics"", pp. 369 ff. (the later paper).The volume contains another paper by Michelson and Morley ""On a method of Making the Wave-lenght of Sodium Light the actual and practical Standard of Lenght"", pp. 427-430.‎

Bookseller reference : 47165

‎"BERRY, M.V. (MICHAEL VICTOR) - THE DISCOVERY OF THE ""BERRY-PHASE""‎

‎Quantal phase factors accompanying adiabatic changes.‎

‎London, Royal Society, 1984. Royal8vo. Full buckram, gilt lettering to spine.In: ""Proceedings of the Royal Society of London"", Series A, vol. 392. IV,478 pp. (Entire volume offered). Berry's paper: pp. 45-57. Clean and fine.‎

‎First printing of the paper in which Berry describes his discovery of the ""Berry phase"", a unifying concept in quantum mechanics.""In 1983, Berry made the surprising discovery that a quantum system adiabatically transported round a closed circuit in the space of external parameters acquires, besides the familiar dynamical phase, a non-integrable phase depending only on the geometry of the circuit. This Berry phase, which had been overlooked for more than half a century, provides us a very deep insight on the geometric structure of quantum mechanics and gives rise to various observable effects. The concept of the Berry phase has now become a central unifying concept in quantum mechanics, with applications in fields ranging from chemistry to condensed matter physics. In particular, the Berry phase plays an important role in modern magnetism, an allows to reach a deeper understanding of a broad range of phenomena such as the spin-orbit coupling, the Aharonov-Bohm effect, the quantum Hall effect, the anomalous Hall effect, the magnon dynamics, the tunneling of magnetization in molecular magnets, etc. Further, in the light of the Berry phase, a number of new phenomena can be predicted in ferromagnets with a textured magnetization or in semiconductors with spin-orbit coupling."" (Patrick Bruno).‎

Bookseller reference : 47169

‎"LE VERRIER (LEVERRIER), URBAIN JEAN JOSEPH. - THE EXISTANCE OF NEPTUNE PREDICTED.‎

‎Recherches sur les mouvements d'Uranus. (Séance du Lundi 1er Juin 1846).‎

‎Paris, Bachelier, 1846. 4to. No wrappers. In: ""Comptes Rendu hebdomadaires des Séances de l’Académie des Sciences"", Vol. 22, No 22. Pp. (893-) 928. (Entire issue offered). Le Verrier's paper: pp. 907-018.‎

‎First appearance of Le Verrier's paper in which he postulated the existance of a new planet on mathematical premises from the gravitational disturbencies of Uranus.""In 1846 John Cauch Adams... and Urban J. Leverrier... simultaneously and independently determined the location of a possible new planet... In 1845 he wrote of his findings of the mathematical location of a new planet to Sir George Bidell Airy,,, Because Adams was unknown, his letter was put aside. Meanwhile the same perturbations of Uranus had become of interest to Leverrier. On July 1(should be June !), 1846 he presented a paper ""Recherches sur les mouvements d'Uranus"" (the paper offered) to the Academie des Sciences inParis. When Airy realized that Leverrier and Adams had reached the same conclusions, he hastened to suggest that a search be made for the newplanert. Shortly hereafter it was seen bur not recognized. About a week before it was found in England, it was discovered by Galle in Berlin on information supplied by Leverrier. Thus, the honour of the discovery, or even co-discovery of the new planet, Neptune, was lost to Adams and credited to Leverrier.... Adams paper was reade before the Royal Astronomical Society, November 13, 1846, and was published in 1847. (Milestones p. 40).Milestones of Science No 132. - Dibner No. 16.‎

Bookseller reference : 47206

‎"BECQUEREL, EDMOND (ALEXANDRE-EDMUND). - BECQUEREL'S ""CONTINUING RAYS"" OR THE ""BECQUEREL PHENOMENA""‎

‎Mémoire sur le rayonnement chimique qui accompagne la lumiere solaire et la lumiere électrique. (3e Mémoire.- Extrait par l'auteur).‎

‎(Paris, Bachelier), 1840. 4to. No wrappers. In: ""Comptes Rendus Hebdomadaires des Séances de L'Academie des Sciences"", Tome XI (No.18). Pp. (667-) 716. (Entire issue offered). Becquerel's paper:pp. 702-703. Some marginal brownspots, margins slightly soiled, light browning an creasing.‎

‎First printing of an importent paper in the history of photochemistry as he here discovered some effects of coloured rays of the solar spectrum.""Edmund Becquerel seems to be the first person to observe, in 1840 (in the paper offered), that the latent daguerreotype image which had been underexposed could be intensified if re-exposed to the yellow and red rays of the spectrum and then developed with mercury... Explaining this phenomenon, Becquerel called the yellow-red continuing rays (""rayon continuateurs"") in contrast to the primary rays, which exicited or produced the light image and which he called exiciting rays (""rayons excitateurs"").... They are dependent on the wave lenght of the light.""(Eder ""History of Photography"", pp. 265 ff.)""Becquerel was an early experimenter in photography. In 1840 he discovered that the silver halides, natively insensitive to red and yellow light, became sensitive to that part of the spectrum in proportion to their exposure to blue, violet and ultraviolet light, allowing Daguerreotypes and other photographic materials to be developed by bathing in strong red or yellow light rather than by chemical treatment. In practice this technique was rarely used."" (Wikipedia).‎

Bookseller reference : 47213

‎"CALMETTE, (LÉON CHARLES ALBERT). - THE REACTION TEST FOR TUBERCULOSIS.‎

‎Sur un nouveau procédé de diagnostic de la tuberculose chez l'homme par l'ophtalmo-réaction à la tuberculine.‎

‎(Paris, Gauthier-Villars et Cie), 1907. 4to. Without wrappers. In: ""Comptes Rendus Hebdomadaires des Séances de L'Academie des Sciences"", Tome 144, No 24. Pp.(1309-) 1396. (Entire issue offered). Calmette's paper: pp. 1324-1326.‎

‎First printing of calmette's paper in which he introduced his conjunctival reaction test for tuberculosis.Garrison & Morton: 2337.‎

Bookseller reference : 47219

‎"PAULI, WOLFGANG. - ANNOUNCING THE ""EXCLUSION PRINCIPLE""‎

‎Über den Zusammenhang des Abschlusses der Elektronengruppen im Atom mit der Komplexstruktur der Spektrum. (On the Connexion between the Completion of Electron Groups in an Atom with the Complex Structure of Spectra).‎

‎Berlin, Julius Springer, 1925. 8vo. Contemp. full cloth. Spine lacks and covers detached (in need of a new spine). A stamp to front free endpaper (chinese). In: 'Zeitschrift für Physik', Volume 31. VIII,952 pp., textillustr. (Entire volume offered). Pauli's paper: pp.765-783.‎

‎First edition of the first announcement of Pauli's Exclusion Principle which gives a criterion for the electronic structure of atoms, and explains the periodic table and the combining properties of the elements.Pauli first formulated his exclusion principle in this article in an attempt to explain the structure of the periodic table. By introducing an additional quantum number, namely the spin of an electron, to the already known three quantum numbers in Bohr's atom model, and by postulating that no two electrons can have the same four quantum numbers, Pauli could explain the number of electrons allowed in the outermost shell, e.g., explaining the varying lengths of successive periods in the table. The exclusion principle turned out to be applicable to all fermions, and thus plays a role in a variety of physical phenomena. For example it explains the formation of degenerate matter in white dwarfs and neutron stars. In 1945 Pauli received the Nobel Prize in physics ""for the discovery of the Exclusion Principle, also called the Pauli Principle"".This volume also contains a paper by Heisenberg: 'Über eine Anwendung des Korrespondenzprinzips auf die Frage der Polarisation des Floureszenzlichtes' , A. Einstein: ""Bemerkung zu P. Jordans Abhandlung ""Zur Theorie der Quantenstrahlung""and another paper by Pauli: 'Über den Einfluss der Geschwindigkeitsabhängigkeit der Elektronenmasse auf den Zeemaneffekt' (Zeeman-Effect and the Dependence of Electron-Mass on the Velocity).‎

Bookseller reference : 47224

‎"PAULI, WOLFGANG. - ANNOUNCING THE ""EXCLUSION PRINCIPLE""‎

‎Über den Zusammenhang des Abschlusses der Elektronengruppen im Atom mit der Komplexstruktur der Spektrum. (On the Connexion between the Completion of Electron Groups in an Atom with the Complex Structure of Spectra).‎

‎Berlin, Julius Springer, 1925. 8vo. Contemp. hcloth. In: 'Zeitschrift für Physik', Volume 31. VIII,952 pp., textillustr. A circular stamp to titlepage.(Entire volume offered). Pauli's paper: pp.765-783. A fine and clean copy, internally as well as externally.‎

‎First edition of the first announcement of Pauli's Exclusion Principle which gives a criterion for the electronic structure of atoms, and explains the periodic table and the combining properties of the elements.Pauli first formulated his exclusion principle in this article in an attempt to explain the structure of the periodic table. By introducing an additional quantum number, namely the spin of an electron, to the already known three quantum numbers in Bohr's atom model, and by postulating that no two electrons can have the same four quantum numbers, Pauli could explain the number of electrons allowed in the outermost shell, e.g., explaining the varying lengths of successive periods in the table. The exclusion principle turned out to be applicable to all fermions, and thus plays a role in a variety of physical phenomena. For example it explains the formation of degenerate matter in white dwarfs and neutron stars. In 1945 Pauli received the Nobel Prize in physics ""for the discovery of the Exclusion Principle, also called the Pauli Principle"".This volume also contains a paper by Heisenberg: 'Über eine Anwendung des Korrespondenzprinzips auf die Frage der Polarisation des Floureszenzlichtes' , A. Einstein: ""Bemerkung zu P. Jordans Abhandlung ""Zur Theorie der Quantenstrahlung""and another paper by Pauli: 'Über den Einfluss der Geschwindigkeitsabhängigkeit der Elektronenmasse auf den Zeemaneffekt' (Zeeman-Effect and the Dependence of Electron-Mass on the Velocity).‎

Bookseller reference : 47228

‎"POISSON, (SIMÉON-DENIS). - INTRODUCING ""THE LAW OF LARGE NUMBERS""‎

‎Recherches sur la probabilité des jugements, principalement en matière criminelle. (+) Note sur la loi des grands nombres. (2 Papers).‎

‎(Paris, Bachelier), 1835-36. 4to. No wrappers. In: ""Comptes Rendus Hebdomadaires des Séances de L'Academie des Sciences"", Tome 1, Séance du Lundi 14 Décembre 1835 and tome 2, Séance Lundi 11 Avril 1836. Pp. (467-) 498 and (355-) 386. (2 entire issues offered. Poisson's papers: pp. 473-495 (1835) a. pp. 377-380 (1836).‎

‎First appearance of 2 importent paper in probability theory, serving as a preamble to Poissons's famous work published two years later, and with nearly the same title ""Recherches sur la probabilité des jugements en matiere criminelle et en matiere civile"" (1837). The paper offered introduces THE LAW OF LARGE NUMBERS (Loi universelle des Grandes nombres, pp. 478-79), a key concept in probability theory. Poisson states that all events of a moral as well as of a physical nature are subject to this universal law. His definition (in English translation) on p. 478 reads ""Things of every kind obey a universal lw that we may call the law of large numbers. Its essence is that if we observe a very large number of events of the same nature, which depend on constant causes and on causes that vary irregularly, sometimes in another, 1.e., not progressively in any determined sense, then almost constant proportions will be found among numbers"" (p. 478 in the first memoir).""Prior to the publication of the ""Rechearces"", Poisson presented his principal results and philosophical views to the Academie des Sciences in papers read at the sessions of 14 december 1835 and 11 April 1836. The first memoir became the ""Préambule"" of the ""Rechearches"" and outlined Poisson's criticism of Laplace's approach to the probability judgements, the universal applicability of the law of large numbers, and some of the results based on the Ministry of Justice's statistics.... Poisson's second memoir discussed his ""Law of Large Numbers"", with special attentuion to how it differed from bernoulli's theorem and how it was particularly well suited for applications to the moral sciences..."" (Lorraine Daston ""Classical Possibility in the Emlightment"", pp. 364-65).""In Recherches sur la probabilité des jugements en matière criminelle et en matière civile (1837"" (Research on the Probability of Criminal and Civil Verdicts), an important investigation of probability, the Poisson distribution appears for the first and only time in his work. Poisson’s contributions to the law of large numbers (for independent random variables with a common distribution, the average value for a sample tends to the mean as sample size increases) also appeared therein."" Encl. Britannica). - In fact the law appears here, two years before, in the offered paper."" (Encl. Britannica).‎

Bookseller reference : 47235

‎"BÉGUYER DE CHANCOURTOIS, (ALEXANDRE-ÈMILE). - THE TELLURIC HELIX - A PERIODIC TABLE FORERUNNER.‎

‎Mémoire sur un classement naturel des corps simples ou radicaux appelé vis tellurique. (7 Avril 1862). (+) Mémoire sur un classement naturel.... addition au Mémoire... du 7 Avril... (+) Sur un classement naturel des corps simples.... addition au Mémoi...‎

‎Paris, Mallet-Bachelier, 1862. 4to. No wrappers. In: ""Comptes rendus hebdomadaires des séances de l’Académie des sciences"", Vol. 54, No 13, No 15 a. No 17. Pp. (749- 772, pp. (806-) 868 a. pp. (941-) 992. And vol. 55, No 15. Pp. (583-) 631. (4 entire issues offered). With htitle and titlepage to vol. 54. Titlepage with a stamp in upper corner of titlepage on verso, shown on recto. Béguyer de Chancourtois's papers: pp. 757-761, 840-843, pp. 967-971 and pp. 600-601.‎

‎First appearance of Chancourtois's historical paper in which he conceived a way to arrange the chemical elements in a periodic manner, years before Mendelejeff and Lothar Meyer. He arranged the elements on a cylinder in the order of atomic weight. This importent paper was never published in full, but only as abstracts as offered here. His principle of the periodicity of the elements remained unnoticed until the first communication (of April 7) was translated by P.J. Hartog in Nature in 1889 under the title ""A Foreshadowing of the periodic law"".""Generalizing further from Élie’s ideas, Béguyer formulated a method for classifying chemical elements based ""in the last analysis upon the distribution of these elements in the crust of the globe."" His scheme, a precursor of the periodic table, was put forth in ""Vis tellurique, classement des corps simples ou radicaux au moyen d’une système de classification helicoïdal et numérique"" (1862). The model for his theory was the ""telluric screw,"" a helical graph wound about a cylinder. The base of the cylinder was divided by sixteen equally spaced points, and the screw thread was similarly divided on each of its turns"" the seventeenth point was on the second turn directly above the first, the eighteenth above the second, and so forth. Each point was supposed to represent the ""characteristic number"" of some element that could be deduced from its physical properties or chemical characteristics. Actually, Béguyer used unit equivalent weights as characteristic numbers, following Prout, who made hydrogen the unit. These weights were derived by measuring the specific heat of each element in a manner suggested by Regnault."" (DSB).Parkinson ""Breakthroughs"" 1862 C.‎

Bookseller reference : 47239