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1920Very Good Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928) Original 10 b/w photos and photocards of Diyarbakir and Aleppo showing mostly their architectural works. 9x14 cm / 14x11 cm. Some of them has descriptive text on verso in modern and Ottoman Turkish with posted ones as well. 1-) Sen û Ben Bastion (Stamped and sealed). 2-) An architectural detail of bastion walls decorations. 3-) A view of Diyarbakir city including some buildings. 4-) An early rare photograph showing bastions and mosque. 5-) Bastions at the East. 6-) A rare view of a mosque from unidentified district with houses, children and streets. 7-) Regional School of Arts (Bölge San'atlar Okulu) in Diyarbakir. 8-) A Roman architectural work. 9-) "Alep panorama la citadelle", A city panorama of Aleppo. 10-) "Jardin public - Alep Ph. Archo." - Public garden from Aleppo.
1989Fine French Paperback. Cr. 8vo. (19 x 13 cm). In French. 15 p., many ills. Lettres encourageantes. OCLC 950879481.
1924Very Good Greek, Modern (post 1453) Paperback. Folio. (32 x 25 cm). In Greek. 4 p. [SHEET MUSIC] Se mia trellin Zanthoula. Lyrics by D. Tzeretapoulou. Music by N. Kokkinou. Sotiri Christides [sic. Christidis] who is contemporary of Andria, started music publications in the 1905's. Christides published in almost all the areas of music under the captions in Greek and Ottoman languages. He published some various Turkish marches and operettas' scores besides Western music. He gave as the address 'Edition S. Christides: Grand Rue de Pera, 215, Constantinople). He may be stated that he published almost 1000 musical scores [.]. (Source: Musical publications from Ottoman Empire up today, 1876-1986.; BÜLENT ALANER).
2009Fine English Paperback. Pbo. Roy. 8vo. (24 x 17 cm). In English. [xv], 454 p. The Armenian question. Basic knowledge and documentation.
2017New English Paperback. Roy. 8vo. (24 x 17 cm). Edition in English. 515 p., color and b/w ills. Mimar Sinan's Istanbul.
2021New English Paperback. Cr. 8vo. (20 x 14 cm). In English. 104 p. Mîrzâ Makhdûm was one of the most interesting characters of Ottoman history. He was a high-ranking bureaucrat in the Safavid State, but after taking refuge in the Ottoman Empire, he began a career as a judge in Diyarbakir, Tripoli and Haramayn in the late sixteenth century. He lived with a dilemma not only in the countries in which he lived, but also in his family life. Since, his mother's side is Sunni, his father's side is Shi'a. His work on the Qizilbash titled Al-Nawâkid li-Bunyân al-Rawâfid is crucial to understand the era. This study indicates the identity crisis of Mîrzâ Makhdûm via investigating the Sunni-Shia conflict through the eyes of a scholar and tries to understand how a scholar from Iran has reached high ranks in the Ottoman Empire. Also, this study provides an exciting opportunity to understand the Safavid policy in the sixteenth century, the bureaucracy in the ilmiye class and the attitude of the Ottoman bureaucrats towards the Safavid scholars.
2016New English Paperback. Pbo. 4to. (31 x 24 cm). In English and Turkish. 261 p., color and b/ ills. Kayseri with its Armenian and Greek cultural heritage.= Ermeni ve Rum kültür varliklariyla Kayseri. Introduction by Zeynep Oguz. The book traces the buildings that have been left behind by the Armenian and Greek communities of Kayseri through statistical information and visual sources, and, as such, presents a glimpse into the region's sociocultural past. The 'photograph' of this cultural heritage as it exists in 2015 attests to how Kayseri that we know today is a product of historical complexity, and cultural, ethnic, and religious diversity. At the end of 19th century, non-Muslims constituted one-third of the population of the Kayseri Province, and a significant number of their buildings have unexpectedly withstood to this day despite destruction that they were exposed to. However, this buildings are deteriorating at an alarming pace. The cultural heritage of the peoples who have been forcefully expelled from their homelands should not be neglected, but should instead be protected like other cultural heritage and provided with the conditions necessary for its survival. These are crucially important for the processes of facing the past. This work in your hands was prepared with the hope that it may contribute to efforts in this direction.
2020New English Paperback. 4to. (29 x 24 cm). In English. 34 4 p., color and b/w ills. Beyond the vessel: Myths, legends, and fables in contemporary ceramics around Europe. Mesher, a new exhibition space initiated by the Vehbi Koc Foundation, opens with its inaugural exhibition "Beyond the Vessel: Myths, Legends, and Fables in Contemporary Ceramics around Europe." The exhibition demonstrates how ancient myths have echoed down through generations, and now form an exciting new wave of contemporary art inspired by the human characteristics and archetypes they represent. It focuses on how clay, often used simply to manufacture vessels and other utilitarian objects, holds the potential of being one of the most refined, yet powerful materials in the hands of artists with exceptional skill and vision, expressing human emotion in the greatest degree of subtlety. In conjunction with the opening, Mesher publishes the exhibition catalogue including articles written by Catherine Milner, the exhibition s co-curator from Messums Wiltshire, Paul Greenhalgh, Director of Sainsbury Centre for Visual Arts at the University of East Anglia, and Glen R. Brown, Professor of Art History at Kansas State University. Designed by Ayse Bozkurt, the publication features photographs by Sylvain Deleu and Hadiye Cangökce.
2021New English Original cloth bdg. Folio. (31 x 26 cm). Edition in English. 352 p., color and b/w ills. Printed to 600 copies. FOREWORD Looking into the Balyan Architecture Archive / Arsen Yarman With Respect to the Balyan Family and Imperial Architects HAYCAR Solidarity Association of Architects and Engineers for the Revitalization and Research of Cultural Assets Remembering the Balyans / Kevork Özkaragöz PROLOGUE Chapter 1 BALYAN ARCHITECTURE ARCHIVE Beyond Function: Balyan Architecture with Myths and Prejudices Balyan Archive: Pile of Memories and Journey of Classification Architect Balyans Chapter 2 BALYAN FAMILY: PERSONAL HISTORIES Balyan Family and Its Origins Krikor Bal(i)yan (1764-1831) and the Birth of a Family Practice Senekerim Balyan (1768-1833) The Last Amira Architect Garabed Balyan (1800-1866) Education of Garabed Balyan's Children A Young Genius: Nigogos Balyan (1826-1858) Architect, Engineer and Versatile Tanzimat Elite Sarkis Balyan (1831-1899) Death of the Great Patron, Stroke of Fate and Final Period of Balyan Practice Sarkis Balyan as an Engineer-Mechanician and Inventor Art Patron and Intellectual Architect: Hagop Balyan (1837-1875) A Drawing Master and Imperial Draughtsman: Simon Balyan (1846-1894) Last Architect of the Balyan Practice: Levon Balyan (1855-1925) Chapter 3 BALYAN ARCHITECTURE AND ITS REPRESENTATIONS Imperial Palaces and Organization of Large Scale Construction Sites: Silence of the Construction Sites A Pledge of Progress and a Visual Negotiation: Photography in the Representation of Sarkis Balyan's Architecture Portrait of the Architect Chapter 4 BALYAN ARCHITECTURE IN THE TANZIMAT [REFORM] ERA Beyond Time and Geography: Multiple Sources of Balyan Eclecticism Balyan Practice as a Pioneer of Neo-Gothic Elements in Tanzimat Architecture History as an Encyclopedic Source An Egalitarian Demand: Influences on Çiragan and Beylerbeyi Palaces New Methodologies in the Search of a National Style and Ottoman Renaissance From Imperial Architect to Imperial Palace Master Builder: The Position of Architect in the Architectural Organization of Tanzimat Period Chapter 5 BALYAN ARCHIVE CATALOGUE Ottoman Palace and Residential Architecture in the Tanzimat Era Imperial Palaces on the Banks of Bosphorus The Çiragan Palace of Sultan Mahmud II Dolmabahçe: The Absolute Model of Tanzimat Palaces The Design Model Integrating the Old Palace into the New Complex: Beylerbeyi Nigogos Balyan's Facade Proposal for the New Çiragan Palace and Horror Vacui Sarkis and Hagop Balyan's Eastern, Polychrome Facade Proposals for the New Çiragan Palace The New Çiragan Palace Monumental Coastal Line from Çiragan to Fer'iye Palaces Sarkis Balyan's Expansion Project for Yildiz Palace Büyük Mabeyn Kiosk The Balyans and Imperial Feasts in the Tanzimat Period A Project by Antoine Bourgeois in the Balyan Archive In the Pursuit of an Ideal Plan: Kiosk and Pavilion Designs Kabatas Esma Sultan Mansion An Exception of Balyan Architecture: Middle Class Housing Designs Decoration for the Empire Decoration of the 19th Century Ottoman Palaces Perspective Drawings by "Serkis Bey" in the Nubar Library, Paris Parisian Furniture, Chandelier and Furniture Designs in the Balyan Archive A Conceptual Spolia: Re-use of Çiragan Palace's Mother-of-Pearl Inlaid Doors in Yildiz Sale Kiosk's Dining Hall New Spaces of the Ottoman Diplomacy Sarkis Balyan's Reorganization for Chamber of Deputies Sarkis Balyan's Bâb-i Âli Building Plan Proposals After the 1878 Fire Religious Buildings Tanzimat Period Mosques and Contributions of the Balyans Sarkis Balyan's Four-Minaret Selâtin Mosque Design: Aziziye Mosque The Second Set of Mosque Drawings in the Balyan Archive Church Designs Between the Imperial Capital and the East New Spaces of the Public Life Sarkis Balyan's Display Plan for the Collection of Antique Weapons at Hagia Irene Education Buildings Sarkis Balyan's Galatasaray Imperial High School Plan The Hospital Project in the Balyan Arc.
1913Very Good Armenian In modern full morocco. Roy. 8vo. (24 x 17 cm). In Armenian. 464 p., b/w plates and maps., 2 portraits of Lynch, bibliography. First and early banned Armenian edition printed in Istanbul (Constantinople) of Lynch's travel account of Armenia and Highlands. Original English First Edition published in 1901 as 2 volumes. Vol. 1 is the Russian provinces, 2 is the Turkish provinces. This Armenian edition contains selections from both volumes. "Henry Finnis Blosse Lynch was born in London in 1862, of Irish parentage. His family ran Lynch Brothers, a firm that traded with and ran shipping lines in Persia and Mesopotamia. Lynch had already traveled widely in those regions before their geographical closeness to Armenia, together with the growing importance of the "Armenian Question", attracted him to Armenia. Lynch later became a member of the British Parliament. He died suddenly in November 1913 of pneumonia. Lynch's two-volume work "Armenia: Travels and Studies" was published in London in 1901, and remains the definitive account in English of Armenia before the 1915 Deportation. An Armenian translation of the book was published in London in 1902, and another in Constantinople in 1913. In modern Turkey, the book was on the official list of banned books until at least the late 90s. "Armenia: Travels and Studies" was the result of two extensive visits he made to the Turkish and the Russian-controlled areas of Armenia - the first visit lasting from August 1893 to March 1894, and the second from May to September 1898. Lynch visited Ani ruins in October 1893 and his account of that visit, with the accompanying photographs, is reproduced below. His footnotes are on a separate page. The border graphic on this page is based on the decorative band on the binding of Lynch's book, was inspired by the vine-scroll relief on the church of the Holy Cross on Acht'amar island.". Source: Virtualani. First and Only Armenian Edition. Extremely rare. A censored and collectible item of Armenian literature.
1919Very Good English Paperback. Demy 8vo. (21 x 14 cm). In English. 157 p. It's not reproduced edition, it's original 1919 edition. Stains on front and back cover, otherwise a good copy. Extremely rare. It's an anti-propaganda compilation about the 1915 deportation and genocide claims in its period from the treatment of the non-muslim in general in the Ottoman Empire in Tanzimat (Reform) period to the reports of proceedings at the Hintchakist and Dashnakist Congresses, printed by the National Congress of Turkey. First Edition.
2012New New Turkish Original binding with original dust wrapper. Oblong Folio. (24 x 34 cm). Turkish Edition. 2 volumes set: (400 p.; 400 p.), b/w and color ills. Based on the historical data offered by 750 postcards published in 1900-1914 era, this book illustrates the story of the Armenians who lived in the borders of modern Turkey at the beginning of the 20th century. The cities, towns, villages and districts inhabited by Armenians, their role in the Ottoman economical and social life, their churches, schools and monasteries along with the papers and periodicals published by Armenians are displayed through a research using, for the first time, the Armenian, Turkish and western sources. = "Bu kitap, 20. yüzyil basinda bugünkü Türkiye sinirlari içinde yasayan Ermenileri, çogunlugu 1900-1914 yillari arasinda hazirlanmis 750 kartpostalin sundugu verilere dayanarak anlatiyor. Ermenilerin yasadigi sehir, kasaba ve köyler; bulunduklari yerlesim yerlerinin iktisadi ve sosyal hayatindaki rolleri; Ermenilere ait, kilise, manastir ve okullar; yayimladiklari gazete ve dergiler, Türkiye'de ilk kez Ermeni, Türk ve batili kaynaklara dayanarak yapilmis bir arastirmayla ortaya konuyor. Kitapta yer alan kartpostallardan olusan "Sireli Yegpayris" (Sevgili Kardesim)" adli sergi 8-19 Ocak 2005. tarihlerinde Istanbul'da açilmis ve çok kisa süre açik kalmasina karsin 100'e yakin ziyaretçiyle Türkiye'nin son yillarda en çok gezilen sergisi olmustu.".
1996New New Turkish Original bdg. Dust wrapper. Folio. (32 x 24 cm). In Turkish. 294 p., color ills. Osmanli gümüs damgalari. First and Rare Turkish Edition of Ottoman silver marks by Kürkman. Tugra Composition of the tugra Other marks Tugra on coins Tugra on silver ware Positioning of silver marks Tugra on weights Foreign marks on Ottoman silver Ottoman marks on foreign silver ware Why Ottoman silver ware so rarely survived Silver marks not encountered on any articles Imperial tugra on silver ware Counterfeit tugra marks Assaying and the SAH mark Silver standards and marks Gold standards and marks Silver ingot marks MAKERS? MARKS Silversmiths Silver divit makers Positioning of makers? marks on divit and inkwells Inscriptions and decoration inside inkwell lids Spoon makers Makers listed by town Divit and inkwell makers Silver divit makers ASSAY OFFICES Tugra marks used at the assay offices SILVER WARE Silver Pen-Case Tobacco Case APPENDIX DOCUNENTS Ottoman sultans and their reigns List of silversmiths List of goldsmiths List of silversmiths in the register of the Bostancibasi List of silversmiths, goldsmiths, gilders, engravers, mihlayici (craftsmen who did studded jewel work), gold thread makers, silver sheet makers, and sadekar (makers of undecorated gold or silver ware) who paid tax to the Armenian Patriarchate in 1872. Bibliography and index.
1913Fine Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928) Original wrappers. Cr. 8vo. (20 x 14 cm). In Ottoman script (Old Turkish with Arabic letters). 120 p., ills. and many plans, one folded map (50x67 cm) of the Galata quarter surrounded by the Bosphorus and the Golden Horn of Constantinople, including Genoese and Byzantine architectural buildings. First edition of this rare and the early book on old Genoese and Byzantine buildings in the Galata quarter of Constantinople, written by Turkish art historian Celal Esat Arseven (1876-1972). The Galata quarter first appeared in Late Antiquity as Sykai or Syca. By the time the Notitia Urbis Constantinopolitanae has compiled in ca. 425 AD, it had become an integral part of the city as its 13th region. According to the Notitia, it featured public baths and a forum built by Emperor Honorius, a theatre, a portico street, and 435 mansions. It is also probable that the settlement was enclosed by walls in the 5th century. In the 11th century, the quarter housed the city's Jewish community, which numbered some 2,500 people. In 1171, a new Genoese settlement in the area was attacked and nearly destroyed. In 1233, during the subsequent Latin Empire (1204-1261), a small Catholic chapel dedicated to St. Paul was built in place of a 6th-century Byzantine church in Galata. This chapel was significantly expanded in 1325 by the Dominican friars, who officially renamed it the Church of San Domenico, but local residents continued to use the original denomination San Paolo. In 1407, Pope Gregory XII, in order to ensure the maintenance of the church, conceded indulgences to the visitors of the Monastery of San Paolo in Galata. The building is known today as the Arap Camii (Arab Mosque) as per its conversion into a mosque a few years later (between 1475 and 1478) under the rule of Ottoman Sultan Mehmed II with the name Galata Camii. In 1261, the quarter was retaken by the Byzantines, but Emperor Michael VIII Palaiologos granted it to the Genoese in 1267 in accordance with the Treaty of Nymphaeum. This rare book includes the history and the plans of the buildings such as the Arap Mosque (Church of San Domenico) (1325), Galata Tower (1348), Church of Saint Benoit (1427), Zülfaris Synagogue (1823), Church of Saints Peter and Paul (1843), Camondo Steps (1880), St. George's Austrian High School (1882), Ashkenazi Synagogue (1900), Italian Synagogue (1931), Neve Shalom Synagogue, etc. ABOUT THE AUTHOR: Celal Esat Arseven was a Turkish art professor and historian. Born the son of a pasha in Istanbul, Celal Esat Arseven graduated from Besiktas Military School in 1888 and studied drawing at a fine arts school for a year before going to military college. He continued writing and painting while in the army, from which he resigned in 1908. In the years before World War I, he worked at the humor magazine Kalem with Cemil Cem, one of the great early caricaturists of Turkey. Arseven was a writer and artist of diverse talents. In 1918, he wrote a libretto for one of the first Turkish operas and went on to write several musical plays performed at the Istanbul municipal and state theaters. In addition to being an accomplished watercolorist, he was also a professor of architecture and municipal planning at the Istanbul Fine Arts Academy from 1924 to 1941. He published a five-volume art encyclopedia between 1943 and 1954, and many books on Turkish painting and architecture throughout his lifetime. Before his death, he was awarded a doctoral degree by Istanbul University. He was also a delegate to the Turkish Grand National Assembly during its seventh and eighth sessions. (Sources: And, Metin. "Opera and Ballet in Modern Turkey." In The Transformation of Turkish Culture: The Atatürk Legacy, edited by Günsel Renda and C. Max Kortepeter. Princeton, NJ: Kingston Press, 1986). Özege 5112.; TBTK 4748.
2015Fine English In original leather bdg. Roy. 8vo. (24 x 17 cm). In Armenian and Arabic. 605, [xx] p. Kur'an-i Kerim ve Bati Ermenice meali. [= The Glorious Qur'an in West Armenian]. Translated by Yavuz Aydin.
1875Very Good English In contemporary cloth bdg. with flowers embossing. Some foxing and stains on the first pages. Roy. 8vo. (24 x 16 cm). In Armenian and English. [2], [xxx], 786 p., 1 folded table describes the Armenian alphabet with its letters, sound, and pronunciation. With a parallel title page and additional half-title in Armenian and a list of errata and corrigenda. Double-column text. Preface bilingual in Armenian and English. Following that, the second title is 'Short Armenian grammar'. After abbreviations, the dictionary section begins. In the preface, there is a short history and origin of the Armenian language written by Bedrossian according to the conjuncture of the period, followed by his mentions of the necessity of this dictionary for the literature, etc. Rare first edition of this early Armenian - English dictionary printed in Venice by Venetian Mekhitarists. In 1875, Matthias Bedrossian undertook to update earlier Armenian dictionaries, and he succeeded in producing a completely reworked Armenian-English dictionary. The most flourishing period of Venetian Armenians was in the 16th and 17th centuries, especially when Julfa and New Julfa merchants were based in the city. During the same period, Venice also became one of the most important Armenian publishing centers. It was in Venice (1512) that the first Armenian book was published by Hagop Meghabard. Until the founding of the Mekhiterists' printing press in San Lazzaro, there were 19 Armenian printing presses in Venice. (Source: Keghart). Only two copies in OCLC as printed copy in Bibliothèque nationale et universitaire. OCLC 156112892.
2020New New English Original bdg. Dust wrapper. Large roy. 8vo. (25 x 18 cm). Papers in English and Turkish. 560 p., color and b/w ills. The Fifth International Symposium of Mount Ararat and Noah's Ark.= V. Uluslararasi Agri Dagi ve Nuh'un Gemisi Sempozyumu.
2010New English Paperback. Oblong small 4to. (25 x 22.5 cm). In English, Turkish and Armenian. B/w photos. 127 p. Armenien fishermen at Kumkapi.= Kumkapi Ermeni balikçilari.= Gumgapum Haykakan dzknorsnery, 1952. ARMENIANS Social life Istanbul - Constantinople Fisherman Photography Ara Güler.
2012New English Paperback. Roy. 8vo. (23 x 16 cm). In English. Ills. 184 p. "One of the strongest desires of the Hrant Dink Foundation, from the very first day it was founded, was to create a memory repository on the Armenians of Turkey, based on various documents shedding light on oral history records, culture and identity. This work is the first material outcome of that desire. It aims to recover the traces of the political and cultural memory of Armenians living in Turkey and of the Armenian community, to reveal the continuity in a cultural existence, to find out how individuals with an Armenian identity perceive themselves and the 'others', and in so doing, to reflect the reality of Armenians still living in Turkey in all its political, cultural and historical dimensions. To reflect this reality, it was carried out as an oral history research study. To this end a working group under the guidance of Ferda Balancar got in touch with Armenians living in Istanbul and in various cities of Anatolia. Interviews were held with 40 people, 21 of whom were women and 19 men. 12 researchers participated in this study. This book contains 15 of those interviews. You will read the stories of people ranging from 19 to 70 years of age as they themselves told them. You will see that the stories tell not only of their remembrance of history but of their lives today. Because today is important too. And since this is so, then the last word should go to Hrant: "Come, let's understand each other first. Come, let's respect each other's suffering first. Come, let's let each other live first." (From the preface of Ali Bayramoglu). ARMENIANS Social history Non-Mulism minority.
1919Very Good English Original wrappers. 8vo. (22 x 12 cm). In English. 36 p. First edition of the scarce English translation of this journal written by the Russian Lieutenant Tverdokhlyebov during WW 1, and published for anti-propaganda purposes against the Armenians in the Ottoman Empire. It's described the publishing purpose of this book as "Certain passages of this journal show up the atrocities committed by the Armenians towards the Mussulmans. Those who do have further details on the oppression and iniquities so cruelly inflicted on the Turks may advantageously consult the memoirs of Lieutenant-Colonel Twerdo Khlebof, commander of the 2nd Russian Fortress Artillery Regiment at Erzeroum, recently published.".
2005IN 8° gr.( cm.26 X 18 ), pp.283. LEGATURA EDITORIALE IN TUTTA TELA RIGIDA ROSSA CON TITOLO IN ORO SOVRAIMPRESSO RIPORTATO ANCHE AL DORSO. NEL LIBRO, SI PARLA DELL'ABERRANTE OPINIONE CHE NEGA LA REALTA' DI UN GENOCIDIO DEL POPOLO ARMENO E IN CUI SI AUSPICA CHE UN GIORNO DELLA MEMORIA ARMENA IN TURCHIA POSSA ESSERE CELEBRATO - SEGNERA' LA PIENA VITTORIA DELLA SUA DEMOCRAZIA, LA CHIUSURA DEI PONTI CON IL PASSATO E L'INGRESSO IN EUROPA. EDIZIONE ITALIANA A CURA DI ANTONIO ARSLAN, PRESENTAZIONE DI DARIO FERTILIO. PRIMA EDIZIONE ITALIANA. MANTENUTO IL COFANETTO EDITORIALE IN TUTTA TELA RIGIDO ROSSO. OTTIMA CONSERVAZIONE.
2015New English Paperback. Pbo. Oblong large 8vo. (22 x 24 cm). In English and Turkish. 196 p., color and b/w ills. Dildilian Brothers. Memories of a lost Armenian home: Photography and the story of an Armenian family in Anatolia, 1888-1923. Dildilyan Kardesler. Kayip bir Ermeni evinin hatiralari: Anadolu'da Bir Ermeni ailenin fotograflari ve öyküsü , 1888-1923.
Fine English Paperback. Pbo. Roy. 8vo. (24 x 17 cm). In Turkish. 192 p., color and b/w ills. Local history of Viransehir, Mersin. Includes from Cilicia (archaeological history), Armenians; Seljuks, Ottoman Empire and Turkish Republic with architectural art. Geçmisten günümüze Viransehir.
1993New English Paperback. Roy. 8vo. (23 x 16 cm). In English. [xix], 537 p., 3 b/w maps. Minorities and the destruction of the Ottoman Empire.
2015New English Original bdg. HC. Small 4to. (23 x 20 cm). In English, Turkish and Armenian. 200 p., ills. Keghi in ruins.= Virane Kigi.= Averak Kigin. History of the village of Kigi, a village where 3900 Armenians, 1000 Turks and Kurds lived before April 24, 1915 (Armenian deportation).