Electricite

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DUFAY (DU FAY), CHARLES FRANCOIS DE CISTERNAY - THE DISCOVERY OF POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE CHARGE OF ELECTRICITYBiblio.com

Premier- Quatrième Mémoire sur L'Électricitè. 1. Histoire de L'Électricité. 2. Quels sont les Corps qui sont susceptibles d'Électricité. 3. Des Corps qui sont le plus vivement attirés par les matiéres électriques & de ceux qui sont les plus p.

1735rif. 46590Paris L'Imprimerie Royale 1735. 4to. Without wrappers. Extracted from "Mémoires de l'Academie des Sciences. Année 1733". Pp. 23-39 pp. 73-84 pp. 233-254 a. 1 engraved plate pp. 457-476. With titlepage to the volume 1733/1735. Margins of titlepage with a few brownspots. First appearance of these milestone papers in the histroy of electricity in which Dufay explains his discovery of two kinds of electricity and the relation between them attraction and repulsion shocks and sparking and the full recognition of electrostatic repulsion. He formulates the two-fluid theory of electricity. He further showed that "not all bodies can become electrified themselves" by friction and went on to show "that they can all acquire a considerable electrical virtue when the tube of rubbed glass wood metals or liquids are brought near them" provided only that they are insulated by beiing stood on "a support of glass or of sealing-wax".Dufay "TRANSFORMED A COLLECTION OF MISCELLANEOUS WEEDS INTO THE FIRST GARDEN OF EUROPE" Heilbron"Dufay's substantive discoveries - ACR the two electricities shocks and sparking - are but one aspect and perhaps not the most significant of his achievement. His insistence on the impiortence of the subject on the universal character of electricity on the necessity of organizing digesting and regulariizing known facts before grasping new ones all helped to introduce order and professionel standards into the study of electricity at precisely the moment when the accumulation of data began to require them. He foundthe subject a record of often capricious disconnected phenomena the domain of the polymaths textbook writers and prfesional lecturers and left a body of knowledge that invited and rewarded prolonged scrutinity from serious physicists." Heilbron "Electricity in the 17 & 18 Centuries" p. 260.Parkinson "Breakthroughs" 1734 P - Ronalds Library p. 145. - Not in Wheeler Gift Cat. unknown

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APINUS (AEPINUS), FRANZ ULRICH THEODOSICUS - THE ANALOGY BETWEEN ELECTRICITY AND MAGNETISMBiblio.com

Mémoire concernant quelques nouvelles Experiences électriques remarquables.

1758rif. 46557Berlin Haude et Spener 1758. 4to. No wrappers as issued in "Mémoires de l'Academie Royale des Sciences et Belles-Lettres" 1756 tome XII. Pp. 105-121. With titlepage to the volume printed in red/blac and with engraved titlevignette. Also having the parttitlepage. Titlepage with 2 small wormtracts. First appearance of a milestone paper in the history of electricity as Aepinus here found that a heated tourmaline attracted and repelled light bodies. He decided that the effect was electrical and that its ends was carrying charges of opposite sign much as soft iron is magnetized by a lodestone. This paper is a forerunner of his "Tentamen Theoriae electricitatis et magnetismi" - published 1759 and one of the most original and important books in the history of electricity. It is the first reasoned fruitful exposition of electrical phenomena based on action-at-a-distance."Aepinus’ first reseraches on the thermoelectric properties of this stone Tourmalin which was then of extreme rarity were fundamental. He recognized the electrical nature of the attractive power of a warmed tourmaline and attempted not altogether successfully to reduce its apparent capriciousness to rule. He was particularly struck by the formal similarity between the tourmaline and the magnet in regard to polarity which inspired him to reconsider the possibility then occasionally discussed that electricity and magnetism were basically analogous. This thought became the This thought became the theme for his masterwork Tentamen theoriae electricitatis et magnetismi 1759."DSB."Aepinus is known in the history of electricity for his attempt to develop the one fluid theory of Franklin. His theory was for a while generally adopted but was gradually displaced by the two fluid theory in consequence chiefly of the necessity of ascribing to uncharged matter repulsions of the same force as those which were ascribed to electrical charges. His theory exhibits interesting similarities to the present theory of the constitution of matter"Magie "A Source Book in Physics" pp.406-8.Ronalds p. 4. unknown

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FARADAY, MICHAEL- CHEMICAL AFFINITY IS ELECTRICITY - SELF-INDUCTION DISCOVERED AND INVESTIGATEDBiblio.com

Achte Reihe von Experimental-Untersuchungen über Elektricität. § 14. ueber die Elektricität der voltaschen Säule ihre Abkunft Menge Stärke und ihre allgemeinen Kennzeichnen. Neunte Reihe von Experimental-Untersuchungen über Elektricität. § 15. .

1834rif. 48203Leipzig Johann Ambrosius Barth 1834. 8vo. Contemp. hcalf. Spine gilt and with gilt lettering. Spine slightly rubbed. In: "Annalen der Physik und Chemie. Hrsg.von Poggendorff" Bd. 35. X6308 pp. a. 5 folded lithographed plates. Entire volume offered. Faraday's papers: pp. 1-45 a. 222-226 1 plate 8. Reihe - pp. 413-444 9. Reihe. Stamp to verso of titlepage and verso of plates. Clean and fine printed on good paper. First appearance in German - prepared by Faraday himself for publication in Annalen - of two groundbreakings papers in chemistry and physiscs.In the FIRST PAPER 8. Reihe Faraday brings forth the idea "that the atoms of matter are in some way endowed or associated with electrical powers to which they owe their most striking qualities and amongst them their mutual chemical affinity." He showed how natural it is to suppose that the electricity which passes through the electrolyte is exact equivaklent of that which is possessed by the atoms separated at the electrode: which implies that there is A CERTAIN ABSOLUTE QUANTITY OF THE ELECTRIC POWER ASSOCIATED WITH EACH ATOM OF MATTER.- Faraday further verifies that the electricity of the violtaic pile is proportionate in its intensity to the intensity of the affinities concerned in its production. - Dealing with the the decompositions in electrolysis he shows that THE FORCES TERMED CHEMICAL AFFINITY AND ELECTRICITY ARE THE SAME.In the SECOND PAPER 9. Reihe Faraday independent of Henry's discovery of the same phenomena in 1832 discovers SELF-INDUCTION or the "extra current" and points out the importent influence it must have in the construction of electro-magnetic machines electro-motors."Faraday showed that the powerful momentary current which was observed when the circuit was interrupted was really an induced current governed by the same laws as all other induced currents but with this peculiarity that the induced and inducing current now flowed in the same circuit. In fact the current in its steady state establishes in the surrounding region a magnetic field whose lines of force are linked with the circuit; and teh removal of these lines of forcewhen the circuit is broken originates an induced current which reatly reinforces the primary current just before its final extinction."Whittaker in "A History of the Aether and Electricity""In the series of experiments which are detailed in this paper the author inquires into the causes of some remarkable phenomena relating to the action of an electrical current upon itself under certain circumstances wherby its intensity is highly exalted and occasionally increased to ten twenty or even fifty times that which it originally possessed."Abstract. unknown

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BRAUN, FERDINAND - THE INVENTION OF THE CATHODE-RAY INDICATOR TUBE - SEEING BY ELECTRICITYBiblio.com

Ueber ein Verfahren zur Demonstration und zum Studium des zeitlichen Verlaufes variabler Ströme; On a Method for the demonstration and study of currents varying with time.

1897rif. 43448Leipzig Johann Ambrosius Barth 1897. No wrappers. In "Annalen der Physik und Chemie Neue Folge" Bd. 60 No 3. Pp. 401-576 textillustr. and 2 folded plates. the entire issue offered "Heft 3". Braun's paper: pp. 552-559 a. 6 textillustrations showing the Braun tube and its operations. Clean and fine. First printing of this groundbreaking paper being the first description of the principles governing the "BRAUN TUBE" which moves the elctron beams of alternating voltage the principle on which ALL TELEVISON TUBES operate. - Braun shared the Nobel Prize for 1909 with Marconi "in recognition of their contributions to the development of wireless telegraphy"."Cold cathode tube with side anode annular diaphragm to control spot size and built-in fluorescent screen. Beam deflection by one external coil with the trace viewed indirectly in a rotating mirror or by two coils at right angles for direct viewing. Excitation by hand-drive influence machine friction generator or by an induction coil. This "indicator tube" which enabled Braun to demonstrate how a variety of periodic and transient electrical phenomena could be visually examined is the ancestor of electric oscilloscopes televison picture tubes and other electron-beam display devices." Shiers & Shiers "Early Televison. A Bibliography to 1940" No. 263."The first oscilloscope or Braun tube was introduced in 1897. In order to study high-frequency alternating currents Braun used the alternating voltageto move the electron beam within the cathode tube. The trace on the face of the cathode tube represented the amplitude and frequency of the alternating-current voltage. He then produced a graph of this trace by use of a rotating mirror. The Braun tube was a valuable laboratory instrument and modifications of it are a basic devise in electronic testing and research. The principle of the Braun tube moving a electron beam by means of alternating voltage is the principle on which all televison operate."DSB II pp. 427-428.In 1909 he shared the Nobel Prize for physics with Guglielmo Marconi for their development of wireless telegraphy. unknown

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FARADAY, MICHAEL - ANIMAL ELECTRICITYBiblio.com

Experimental Researches in Electricity. - Fifteenth Series. § 23. Notice of the character and direction of the electric force of the Gymnotus. Sections 1749-1795. Received November 15 - Read December 6 1838.

1839rif. 42286London Richard and John E. Taylor 1839. 4to. No wrappers as extracted from "Philosophical Transactions" 1839 - Part I. Pp. 1-12. 1 textillustr. Some discolouring to the 2 first leaves. First appearance of this paper in which Faraday finds by experimenting with a species of Gymnotus a group of electric fishes one was send to him by Humboldt proves that its electricity is of the same nature as all other kinds of electricity "The skock in very varied circumstances of position was procured: the galvanonmets affected magnets were made a wire was heated polar chemical decomposition was effected and the spark obtained."Abstract.From 1831 to 1852 Michael Faraday published his "Experimental Researches in Electricity" in The Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society. These papers contain not only an impressive series of experimental discoveries but also a collection of heterodox theoretical concepts on the nature of these phenomena expressed in terms of lines of forces and fields. He published 30 papers in all under this general title.They represents Faraday's most importent work are classics in both chemistry and physics and are the experimental foundations for Maxwell's electro-magnetic theory of light using Faraday's concepts of lines of force or tubes of magnetic and electrical forces. His many experiments on the effects of electricity and magnetism presented in these papers lead to the fundamental discoveries of 'induced electricity' the Farday current the electronic state of matter the identity of electricity from different sources equivalents in electro-chemical decomposition electrostatic induction hydro-electricity diamagnetism relation of gravity to electricity atmospheric magnetism and many other."Among experimental philosophers Faraday holds by universal consent the foremost place. The memoirs in which his discoveries are enshrined will never ceaseto be read with admiration and delight; and future generations will preserve with an affection not less enduring the personal records and familiar letters which recall the memory of his humble and unselfish spirit."Edmund Whittaker in A History of the Theories of Aether and Electricity. unknown

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NOLLET, (JEAN ANTOINE). - THE THEORY OF THE "DOUBLE FLUX" IN ELECTRICITYBiblio.com

Recherches sur les Causes Particulieres des Phénoménes Électriques Et sur les effets nuisibles ou avantageux qu'on peut attendre. Troisieme Edition.

1753rif. 44319Paris Freres Guerin 1753. Small 8vo. Cont. full mottled calf. Top of spine with wear. Raised bands richly gilt spine. Some wear to titlelabels. Small tear to hinges at upper compartment hinges not loosening. Spine a little rubbed. Small loss of leather at at lower right corner of frontcover. XXIII444 pp. and 8 large folded engraved plates showing apparatus and experiments with electricity. Internally clean printed on good paper. From the library of le Comte de Caumia Baillenx "en son Chateau d'Andrain" and with his mongram blindtooled on both covers. In this work Nollet the discoverer of the theory of double flux describes among other experiments the famous experiments with the Leyden jar. "The author lay down a theory according to which the cause of electrical phenomena is the effluence and affluence of a subtile fluid which is everywhere present. Some interesting experiments are described with vacuum tubes also on the influence of electric charges on the growth of plants." Wheeler 355 but not listing this edition. - Poggendorff II:296."Nollet's system effluence and affluence was much superior to earlier theories of double flux. such as Moliere's or Hauksbee's. A cheif difficulty with them as with the theory of pulsating atmospheres had been to explain why attraction occurs first.follwed by contact and then repulsion. Nollet answered that the effluent and affluent flows differ not only in direction but in velocity and spatial distribution as well.The effluent stream consists of many jets each of which spreads out into a cone with apex at one of the scattered exit pores. The affluent current being a hodgepodge of differently directed effluent streams is approximately isotropic."Heilbron p. 284 hardcover

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